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FM100 5
FM100 5
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FM 100-5
OPERATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
CHAPTER 1 CHALLENGES FOR THE US ARMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
THE ROLE OF DOCTRINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
THE AMERICAN VIEW OF WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
THE TRAINING AND READINESS CHALLENGE . . . . . 1-5
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARMY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . 2-0
THE RANGE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . 2-0
JOINT, COMBINED, AND INTERAGENCY
OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
INTEGRATION OF ARMY CAPABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
DISCIPLINED OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
THE FOUNDATION OF ARMY OPERATION . . . . . . . . . 2-4
COMBAT POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
CHAPTER 3 FORCE PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
FORCE-PROJECTION CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
FORCE-PROJECTION OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
CHAPTER 4 JOINT OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
JOINT RELATIONSHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
THEATER STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
CHAPTER 5 COMBINED OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
PLANNING AND CONDUCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
CHAPTER 6 PLANNING AND EXECUTING OPERATIONS . . . . . . .6-0
THE STRATEGIC LINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-0
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-3
THE BATTLEFIELD FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
OFFENSE AND DEFENSE AT THE TACTICAL AND
OPERATIONAL LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
CONFLICT TERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
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OPERATIONS
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FM 100-5
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OPERATIONS
PREFACE
The mission of the United States Army is to protect and defend the Constitution of the United
States of America. The Army does this by deterring war and, when deterrence fails, by achieving
quick, decisive victory on and off the battlefield anywhere in the world and under virtually any
conditions as part of a joint team. How the Army thinks about accomplishing its mission is the subject
of this manual.
The US Army is doctrine-based doctrinally capable of handling large campaigns as well as combat
in a variety of scenarios. FM 100-5 is the Army’s keystone warfighting doctrine. It is a guide for
Army commanders. It describes how to think about the conduct of campaigns, major operations,
battles, engagements, and operations other than war. It addresses fundamentals of a force-projection
army with forward-deployed forces. It applies to the Total Army, active and reserve components as
well as Army civilians. Finally, FM 100-5 furnishes the authoritative foundation for subordinate
doctrine, force design, materiel acquisition, professional education, and individual and unit training.
Army operations doctrine builds on the collective knowledge and wisdom gained through recent
conduct of operations combat as well as operations other than war numerous exercises, and the
deliberate process of informed reasoning throughout the Army. It is rooted in time-tested principles
and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and diverse threats to national security.
This keystone manual links Army roles and missions to the National Military Strategy, of which
power projection is a fundamental principle. Thus, force projection the military’s ability to respond
quickly and decisively to global requirements is fundamental to Army operations doctrine. The Army
recognizes that it will normally operate in combination with air, naval, and space assets to achieve the
overall strategic aim of decisive land combat. It also recognizes that operations outside the United
States will usually be in conjunction with allies.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to
men.
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FM 100-5
INTRODUCTION
The Army’s doctrine lies at the heart of its professional competence. It is the authoritative guide to how
Army forces fight wars and conduct operations other than war. As the Army’s keystone doctrine, FM 100-5
describes how the Army thinks about the conduct of operations. FM 100-5 undergirds all of the Army’s
doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leader development, and soldier concerns.
Never static, always dynamic, the Army’s doctrine is firmly rooted in the realities of current capabilities.
At the same time, it reaches out with a measure of confidence to the future. Doctrine captures the lessons of
past wars, reflects the nature of war and conflict in its own time, and anticipates the intellectual and techno-
logical developments that will bring victory now and in the future.
Winning wars is the primary purpose of the doctrine in this manual. Since wars are fought for strategic
purposes, the doctrine addresses the strategic context of the application of force. Since battle is translated
into strategic objectives by operational art, a major portion of the manual addresses the operational level of
war. And, since all operations must be based on sound tactics, a major portion of the text covers tactics.
The manual also addresses the related fields of joint and combined operations, logistics, the environment of
combat, and operations other than war. But, its primary focus is warfighting and how commanders put all
the elements together to achieve victory at least cost to American soldiers.
Doctrine derives from a variety of sources that profoundly affect its development: strategy, history,
technology, the nature of the threats the nation and its armed forces face, interservice relationships, and
political decisions that allocate resources and designate roles and missions. The advent of Active Defense in
1976 was preceded by the emergence of a new order of weapon lethality that was dramatically revealed in
the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. The doctrine of that era also reflected a decreased role for the US Army in the
evolving national strategy that followed the country’s decade-long experience in Southeast Asia. The 1976
doctrine set as its priority the defense of NATO Europe against a quantitatively superior Warsaw Pact. It
accepted force ratios as a primary determinant of battle outcomes and argued the virtues of armored warfare
and the combined arms team.
By 1982, rising defense budgets and a stronger recognition of the possibility of worldwide commitment
of Army forces combined with a sharpened appreciation of operational depth and maneuver to formulate a
more fluid doctrine. The notion of stronger interservice integration, introduced as “air-land battle” in 1976,
solidified to AirLand Battle doctrine in the 1982 version of FM 100-5. The ability to see deep translated
into recognition of the need to fight deep a reality fully achieved after the publication of the Army’s revised
AirLand Battle doctrine in 1986, which emphasized operational art.
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OPERATIONS
The Army’s ideas about warfighting were evolving in a number of key areas: from service independence (an unequivocal
claim in the 1954 FM 100-5) to service interdependence; from defense to offense and then to a more proper balance between
the two; from battlefield linearity to greater fluidity; from set-piece battle to simultaneous operations throughout the depth
of the battlefield. Throughout, doctrine reflects the adaptation of technology to new weapons systems and capabilities,
organizations, missions, training, leader development, and soldier support. In this way, doctrine continues to be the Army’s
engine of change.
The 1993 doctrine reflects Army thinking in a new, strategic era. This doctrine recognizes that the Cold War has ended
and the nature of the threat, hence the strategy of the United States as well, has changed. This doctrine reflects the shift to
stronger joint operations, prompted by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. This doctrine considers the high quality of
Army leaders and soldiers. It causes AirLand Battle to evolve into a variety of choices for a battlefield framework and a
wider interservice arena, allows for the increasing incidence of combined operations, recognizes that Army forces operate
across the range of military operations. It is truly doctrine for the full dimensions of the battlefield in a force-projection
environment.
This doctrine retains the best of all the doctrine that has gone before and expands upon it as appropriate. The battlefield
framework has been revised to allow practitioners of Army operations a wider range of options in which to organize their
forces on the terrain. It also recognizes that the Army is the only national contingency force capable of achieving land
dominance.
This manual offers a doctrine for full-dimension operations. And, despite the removal of the Army’s tactical nuclear
weapons from its inventories, this doctrine recognizes that the primary purpose of the Army is deterrence; but, should
deterrence fail, the Army’s purpose is to win the nation’s wars by fighting as part of a joint force of the United States. The
doctrine provides for a force-projection army that can build and sustain substantial combat power in remote regions of the
globe.
As with all previous Army keystone doctrine, this doctrine provides direction for the Army and reflects its progress
through the years. Baron von Steuben’s 1779 Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States
(the antecedent of our modern-day FM 100-5) was not penned in a setting of well-ordered formations and well-disciplined
troops; but it allowed for their creation and led to a highly professional Army that generations later stands foremost in the
world. It reflects the collective wisdom of our Army against the background of history. It reflects the lessons learned from
recent experiences and the setting of today’s strategic and technological realities. It considers the nature of today’s threats.
It is a doctrine for the entire Army, one that seeks nothing less than victory for the United States—now and in the future.
vi CHAPTER 1
CHALLENGES FOR THE US ARMY
The United States Army exists to support and defend the Constitution of the United States. It does that by deterring war
and, if deterrence fails, by providing Army forces capable of achieving decisive victory as part of a joint team on the
battlefield—anywhere in the world and under virtually any conditions.
_______________________________________________________________
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OPERATIONS
The Army’s ideas about warfighting were evolving in a number of key areas: from service
independence (an unequivocal claim in the 1954 FM 100-5) to service interdependence; from
defense to offense and then to a more proper balance between the two; from battlefield linearity to
greater fluidity; from set-piece battle to simultaneous operations throughout the depth of the battle-
field. Throughout, doctrine reflects the adaptation of technology to new weapons systems and
capabilities, organizations, missions, training, leader development, and soldier support. In this
way, doctrine continues to be the Army’s engine of change.
The 1993 doctrine reflects Army thinking in a new, strategic era. This doctrine recognizes that
the Cold War has ended and the nature of the threat, hence the strategy of the United States as well,
has changed. This doctrine reflects the shift to stronger joint operations, prompted by the Goldwater-
Nichols Act of 1986. This doctrine considers the high quality of Army leaders and soldiers. It
causes AirLand Battle to evolve into a variety of choices for a battlefield framework and a wider
interservice arena, allows for the increasing incidence of combined operations, recognizes that
Army forces operate across the range of military operations. It is truly doctrine for the full dimen-
sions of the battlefield in a force-projection environment.
This doctrine retains the best of all the doctrine that has gone before and expands upon it as
appropriate. The battlefield framework has been revised to allow practitioners of Army operations
a wider range of options in which to organize their forces on the terrain. It also recognizes that the
Army is the only national contingency force capable of achieving land dominance.
This manual offers a doctrine for full-dimension operations. And, despite the removal of the
Army’s tactical nuclear weapons from its inventories, this doctrine recognizes that the primary
purpose of the Army is deterrence; but, should deterrence fail, the Army’s purpose is to win the
nation’s wars by fighting as part of a joint force of the United States. The doctrine provides for a
force-projection army that can build and sustain substantial combat power in remote regions of the
globe.
As with all previous Army keystone doctrine, this doctrine provides direction for the Army and
reflects its progress through the years. Baron von Steuben’s 1779 Regulations for the Order and
Discipline of the Troops of the United States (the antecedent of our modern-day FM 100-5) was
not penned in a setting of well-ordered formations and well-disciplined troops; but it allowed for
their creation and led to a highly professional Army that generations later stands foremost in the
world. It reflects the collective wisdom of our Army against the background of history. It reflects
the lessons learned from recent experiences and the setting of today’s strategic and technological
realities. It considers the nature of today’s threats. It is a doctrine for the entire Army, one that
seeks nothing less than victory for the United States—now and in the future.
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FM 100-5
CHAPTER 1
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OPERATIONS
be called upon to operate. The global realities of to- Army forces will have to deploy rapidly to operational
day are in a period of significant change. Army forces areas. Doctrine cannot assume that Army forces are
may find themselves called upon to fight under condi- in place when the conflict begins. Doctrine must pro-
tions of rapid force projection that can build to major vide an understanding of and prepare Army forces for
sustained operations in war and peace or that can ter- the difficulty of getting to the region of conflict with
minate quickly only to lead to other commitments else- the appropriate force to accomplish the mission.
where. Doctrine must be relevant to these conditions
to be effective. It must be solid enough to weather the Doctrine seeks to meet the challenges facing the
winds of turmoil and, at the same time, sufficiently Army by providing the guidance to deal with the range
dynamic to capture the relevant aspects of change. of threats to which its elements may be exposed. It
reflects the strategic context in which Army forces will
Doctrine should reflect new technology and its operate, sets a marker for the incorporation of devel-
potential for the future, as well as its effects on Army oping technologies, and optimizes the use of all avail-
operations. The US has a major strength in technol- able resources. It also incorporates the lessons of war-
ogy. When fielded and incorporated into doctrine, fare and the wisdom of the Army’s collective leader-
technology affords a significant advantage to soldiers ship in establishing a guide to action in war and op-
one that enables the employment of overwhelming and erations other than war.
decisive combat power while minimizing risk to the
force. Doctrine seeks to be sufficiently broad and for- THE AMERICAN VIEW OF WAR
ward looking so that it rapidly accommodates major The Army reflects the highest ideals of the nation
technological opportunities to give soldiers a battle- it represents—a nation built on a unique set of values
field advantage. It sets the conditions to exploit tech- and aspirations expressed in the Declaration of Inde-
nologies that afford a significant increase in lethality, pendence and the Constitution. These enduring val-
offers major improvement for protection of forces, ues influence virtually every facet of American soci-
exploits key vulnerabilities of potential adversaries, ety, its laws, domestic programs, and foreign rela-
and offers a capability that presents an adversary with tions. A special relationship exists within any nation
multiple threats simultaneously. Advances in technol- among the government, the people, and the military;
ogy are continually changing the way warfare is con- national values address this relationship.
ducted at a pace now greater than ever before.
Microprocessing, miniaturization, communications, The Constitution of the United States establishes
and space tech- nologies have combined to permit al- the fundamental parameters of the national defense
most real-time intelligence and information sharing, structure, while national attitudes affect the nature and
distributed decision making, and rapid execution of employment of US armed forces. Members of the
orders from a wide variety of forces and systems for Army swear to support and defend the Constitution
concentrated effect. At the same time, however, war- against all enemies, foreign and domestic. The Army
fare remains a test of the soldier’s will, courage, en- serves as a repository of its national values and em-
durance, and skill. Freezing rain, muddied foxholes, beds them into its professional ethos. Proper subordi-
blistering heat, physical exertion, and imminent dan- nation to political authority, loyalty, duty, selfless ser-
ger will remain the domain of the soldier. vice, courage, integrity, respect for human dignity, and
a sense of justice are all part of the Army’s identity.
Resources and force dispositions—themselves re- These values directly influence the Army’s behavior
flective of national strategy—contribute to the devel- in peace and war.
opment of doctrine. Decreases in forward-deployed
Army forces necessitate an Army that is prepared to The criteria for deciding to employ military forces
deploy forces anywhere in the world on short notice exemplify the dynamic link among the people, the gov-
from the continental United States (CONUS) and from ernment, and the military. The people of the United
forward-deployed locations. The Army is likely at States do not take the commitment of their armed forces
any time to be involved in contingency operations at lightly. They charge the government to commit forces
home and abroad. Force projection replaces forward only after due consideration of the range of
defense as a more likely employment of Army ele- options and likely outcomes. Moreover, the people
ments. Doctrine has to accommodate that reality.
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FM 100-5
expect the military to accomplish its missions in com- are worldwide and long-range. Strategy is concerned
pliance with national values. The American people with national or, in specific cases, alliance or coali-
expect decisive victory and abhor unnecessary casu- tion objectives. The operational level provides the vital
alties. They prefer quick resolution of conflicts and link between strategic objectives and tactical employ-
reserve the right to reconsider their support should any ment of forces. At the operational level, military forces
of these conditions not be met. They demand timely attain strategic objectives through the design, organi-
and accurate information on the conduct of military zation, and conduct of campaigns and major opera-
operations. tions. Tactical battles and engagements are fought to
achieve operational results.
The responsibility for the conduct and use of mili-
tary forces is derived from the people and the govern- The tactical level of war is concerned with the ex-
ment. The Army commits forces only after appropri- ecution of battles and engagements. On the battle-
ate direction from the National Command Authorities field, the primary focus of the tactical commander is
(NCA). In the end, the people will pass judgment on winning battles and engagements in which he executes
the appropriateness of the conduct and use of military maneuvers and fires to achieve a specific objective.
operations. Their values and expectations must be met. Tactical-level commanders are moved in and out of
battles and engagements by higher commanders. Suc-
In an age of instant communication, capabilities cesses and failures at the tactical level, as viewed by
available to the media have had increasingly impor- the operational-level commander, set the conditions
tant impacts on military operations. They serve as a for operational maneuver. The interrelationships of the
conduit of information not only to the American pub- different levels of war are discussed in greater detail
lic but also to the rest of the world. Dramatic visual in Chapter 6.
presentations can rapidly influence public—and there-
fore political—opinion so that the political underpin- NATIONAL SECURITY
nings of and operations other than war may suddenly STRATEGY AND POLICIES
change with no prior to the commander in the field. The United States approaches its global commit-
The higher the echelon of command, the more likely ments with a national security strategy founded on de-
the impact of media coverage. Strategic direction and, terrence and the capability to project power to safe-
therefore, the range of operations and their duration, guard its national security interests and objectives.
may be dramatically affected. Successful military operations may not, by themselves,
achieve the desired strategic goals, but their failure
THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT will ensure eventual defeat. Operations across the full
The detailed formulation of national strategic di- range of military activities must complement the other
rection is beyond the scope of this manual. Neverthe- elements of national power directed to accomplish
less, national military strategy, derived from national political aims. National security policies establish the
security policy, provides the basis for all operations. strategic goals and objectives for specific situations.
The levels of war apply not only to war but also to The Army has a role in each of these requirements.
operations other than war. The strategic perspectives
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OPERATIONS
The national military strategy provides the follow- signed to support a strategic end state that ensures a
ing strategic principles to guide the employment of lasting victory. Military forces must be prepared to
military forces: support strategic objectives after the termination of
hostilities. In both war and operations other than war,
- Readiness.
- Collective security. military and specifically Army—units must integrate
- Arms control. their efforts to support the overall policy scheme.
- Maritime and aerospace superiority.
- Strategic agility. THE STRATEGIC ARMY
- Power projection.
- Technological superiority. In peace or in war, the Army is the nation’s his-
- Decisive force. torically proven decisive military force. A key mem-
ber of the joint team, the Army serves alongside the
These principles reflect America’s strengths and ex- Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps to protect the
ploit the weaknesses of its opponents. nation’s vital security interests. The Army’s primary
mission is to organize, train, and equip forces to con-
STRATEGIC GOALS AND THE USE OF duct prompt and sustained land combat operations. It
FORCE is the Army’s ability to react promptly and to conduct
The military component of the national security sustained land operations that make it decisive. The
strategy focuses on the use of military force in dem- Army is competent in many areas, such as nation as-
onstration or operation as an element of national power. sistance, counterdrug operations, security assistance,
Its combination with other elements of national power deterrence, and stability operations, that can combine
seeks to preserve, to protect, and to advance the vital with other elements of national power to achieve stra-
interests of the United States. Military operations in tegic effects favorable to US interests around the world.
war or operations other than war influence, and are The Army’s capabilities provide the nation a diverse,
influenced by, other elements of policy. The objec- deployable, and sustainable set of options that include
tive of the military in war is victory over the opposing strategic and operational logistics and communications
military force at the least cost to American soldiers. capabilities. Most of all, the Army represents the
How that victory contributes to the overall policy ob- nation’s only military force capable of prolonged land
jectives is determined before the war is joined. War combat. Simply stated, the Army has strategic stay-
makes the most manifest use of military force. How- ing power.
ever, successful military operations in any form re-
quire that military commanders have a clear sense of The Army must be capable of full-dimensional
strategic policy goals and objectives, how the use of operations. This means employing all means avail-
military force fits into the overall national security able to accomplish any given mission decisively and
strategy, and the desired military end state. at the least cost—across the full range of possible op-
erations in war and in operations other than war.
THE STRATEGIC END STATE
Military force is only one component of national The Army must train to fight as part of a joint, com-
security strategy. When applied either to deter aggres- bined, United Nations, or interagency force. Com-
sion or prosecute military operations, military force batant commanders seek the power inherent in joint
seeks to end conflict on terms favorable to US inter- operations by synchronizing the complementary
ests. The objective of military forces in war is victory warfighting capabilities of all the services and sup-
over the opposing military forces at the least cost to porting commands into a unified effort. Participation
US forces. Integrating that victory with other (eco- in joint training exercises and joint doctrine develop-
nomic, political, diplomatic) policy components is an ment is a prerequisite to joint capability. The Army
important consideration for policymakers before the develops and trains leaders to operate as part of joint
war is joined. and multinational staffs. Forward-presence forces sup-
port collective security arrangements and operate as
While military commanders focus on military vic- part of multinational formations. Additionally, the
tory, they must be aware of the broader concerns of Army enhances relationships with regional partners
strategy. Tactical and operational execution are de- through
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FM 100-5
combined exercises, continual contacts, and nation overwhelming combat power on the battlefield to de-
assistance. feat all enemies through a total force effort. It pro-
duces forces of the highest quality, able to deploy rap-
Army forces must be deployable. Commanders tai- idly, to fight, to sustain themselves, and to win quickly
lor force packages to accommodate land combat re- with minimum casualties. That is decisive victory.
quirements of theater commanders in a variety of stra-
tegic contingency plans. Deployability is a product of THEATER STRATEGY
strategic lift coupled with Army force readiness. To Theater commanders translate national, alliance,
ease the burden on strategic lift, the Army pre-posi- or coalition direction into theater strategies based on
tions equipment on land and sea, improves military- planning requirements for war or operations other than
related infrastructures in less stable regions, designs war. Theater strategies are reinforced as required by
forces and equipment that are easily transportable, and supporting combatant commanders. Theater strate-
trains forces to deploy quickly. gies provide the basis for all operations plans
(OPLANs) and are designed to achieve strategic end
The Army must be expansible. The Army gener- states.
ates forces to respond rapidly to crises with a mix of
trained and ready, active and reserve component forces
representing the Total Army. How rapidly those forces THE TRAINING AND
can be generated depends on a number of variables,
since time and training resources needed to hone a
READINESS CHALLENGE
fighting edge and prepare combat teams for war are
severely limited. Timely mobilization of reserve forces On the day of battle, soldiers and units will fight as
provides the means for sustaining conflict. Deployed well or as poorly as they are trained. Training to high
forces require reserve component participation for standards is essential in both peace and war; never can
combat arms, combat support (CS) and combat ser- Army forces afford not to train and maintain the high-
vice support (CSS) across Army activities ranging from est levels of readiness. Every commander, every sol-
nation assistance to global war. dier, every unit in a force-projection army must be
trained and ready to deploy. Leaders have the respon-
The Army must be capable of achieving decisive sibility to train subordinates. This may be their most
victory. The Army must maintain the capability to put solemn responsibility.
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FM 100-5
CHAPTER 2
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US forces are used to deter enemy action. Their In concert with the other services, and at times
physical presence, coupled with their potential use, can with our allies, fighting and winning our nation’s wars
serve as a deterrent and facilitate the achievement of is the traditional role of the Army the one on which it
strategic objectives. Should this deterrence fail, the principally focuses and trains. Even in war, the de-
US can use force to compel compliance. Regardless sired strategic goal remains directed at concluding
of the specific type of operation, a return to the envi- hostilities on terms favorable to the US and its allies
ronment of peacetime is part of the desired strategic and returning to peacetime as quickly as possible.
goal.
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