Management of Infectious Waste: Third Lecture: Methods of The Disposal

Management of Infectious
Waste
Third Lecture: Methods of the Disposal

Method of the Disposal
 Dumping
 Controlled Tipping/Controlled Burial and
Sanitary Landfill
 Incineration
 Compositing
 Manure Pits
Objectives
 Public hygiene and health

 Reuse, Recovery and Recycle
 Energy Generation
 Sustainable development
 Aesthetics
Dumping
 Mainly for dry refuses
 Its unsanitary method….
 exposed to flies and rodents
 Could be dispersed by wind
 Can cause pollution of surface water
Controlled Tipping and Sanitary
Landfill
 Satisfactory method
 Waste is buried either underground in large piles.
 Controlled method and can be monitored.
 The process starts by digging a large hole in the
ground that is then lined with thick plastic
(normally 2-4 feet thick) and a layer of impervious
clay.
 The bottom of the landfill is also lined with a
network of plumbing that functions as a collection
system for any liquids.
Landfill
 Leachates is the term used to describe liquids that

leach or leak from the landfill, and this system
collects the leachates.
 These components of the sanitary landfill help
prevent materials and liquids from spreading to the
surrounding ground and waterways.
 Once the landfill is set up, waste can then be added
to the landfill. Instead of simply filling the landfill
completely with waste, the landfill is organized in
layers.
Landfill
 The layers alternate between waste and soil.

 This alternation of materials reduces odors and
allows for more rapid decomposition, which is the
breakdown of materials.
 When a landfill is full, it is sealed and covered in a
thick layer of clay. Once the landfill has been
evaluated and considered safe, it can be converted
into an open space for human use.
 It is interesting to think that a location where we put
our unwanted materials can then be turned into a
location for recreation.
Landfill
 CHANGES
 Chemical
 Physical
 Bacteriological
 Temperature rises beneath the clay layer and kill
pathogens and start decomposition
 It takes 4-6 months for complete decomposition.
Sanitary Landfill
INCINERATION
 The destruction of something, especially waste

material, by burning.
 It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes
are subjected to combustion so as to convert them
into residue and gaseous products.
 The process reduces the volumes of solid waste to
20-30% of the original volume.
 Also known as thermal treatment.
Composting
 The controlled biological decomposition

of organic materials.
 Composting is a biochemical process in
which aerobic and anaerobic
microorganism decomposes organic
matter into valuable manure called as
compost.
 Principal by products are: CO2, Water and
heat.
 End product: Compost
COMPOST
(microorganism involved in composting)
 Two types of microbes are involved.

Phases of Composting
 Initial decomposition is carried out by mesophilic

microorganisms, which rapidly break down the soluble,
readily degradable compounds.
 As the temperature rises above about 40°C, the
mesophilic are replaced by thermophilic, At temperature
55°C and above, many microorganisms that are human or
plant pathogens are destroyed.
 During the thermophilic phase, high temperatures
accelerate the breakdown of proteins, fats, and complex
carbohydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose, the major
structural molecules in plants.
 Temperature gradually decreases and mesophilic
microorganisms once again take over for the final phase of
"curing" or maturation of the remaining organic matter.
WAYS OF COMPOSTING
Vermicomposting
 Worm composting is using worms to recycle food scraps and
other organic material into a valuable soil amendment called
vermicompost.
 It is a mesophilic process, utilizing microorganisms and
earthworms that are active at 10–32°C.
 The process is faster than composting; because the material
passes through the earthworm gut, whereby the resulting
earthworm castings i.e., rich in nutrients.
 Earthworms consume various organic wastes and reduce the
volume by 40–60%.
Home Composting
Step One - Placing your bin

Step Two - What can go in
Step Three - Making good compost
Home Composting
 The bins are best sited on a level,
well drained spot.
 This allows excess water to drain
out.
 This allows better aeration.
 Worms can get in easily.
 Placing a compost bin in a partially
sunny spot can help speed up the
composting process.
Home Composting
 The compost bin relies on what you put
in:
 Vegetable peelings
 Fruit waste
 Tea bags
 Plant clippings
 Grass cuttings
 These items are considered “Greens”.
These provide nitrogen and moisture to
the compost heap.
Home Composting
 Cardboard
 Egg boxes
 Fallen leaves
 These are called “Browns”. They
rot a lot slower and provide fiber
and carbon.
 Its essential to get the right mix.
 This means right mix of Greens and
Browns.
 The process of biodegradation will
occur and produce compost.
Manure Pits
 Mostly used in Rural areas.

 Digging Manure pits is to prevent the refuses thrown
around the houses.
 The garbage, cattle dung, leaves should be dumped
into the manure pits and covered with soil.
 In 5-6 months time, the refuse is converted into
manure which can be returned to the field.
Zero waste system
 Zero waste is a philosophy that encourages

redesign life cycles by which all the products
can be reused.
 No trash is sent to landfills and incinerators.
 Zero Waste System is launched by Zero Waste
Systems Inc. (ZWS), which was founded by PhD
chemist Paul Palmer in the mid-1970s in
Oakland, California.
THANK YOU

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Management of Infectious

Third Lecture: Methods of the Disposal

 Public hygiene and health

 Leachates is the term used to describe liquids that

 The layers alternate between waste and soil.

 The destruction of something, especially waste

 The controlled biological decomposition

 Two types of microbes are involved.

 Initial decomposition is carried out by mesophilic

Step One - Placing your bin

 Mostly used in Rural areas.

 Zero waste is a philosophy that encourages

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