Instructional Media Unit 5 Education Theory
Instructional Media Unit 5 Education Theory
INTRODUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIAS
Introduction:
Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the
learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio
visual material and teaching learning process.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of
educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and
stimulation. A.v. aids are multisensory materials which motivate and stimulate the individual.
It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It provides
significant gains in thinking and reasoning.
Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are
planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken learning
facilities for clear understanding.
Definitions:
1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make
the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Carter.v.Good: audio visual aids are those aids which help in completing the
triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation.
4. According to good’s dictionary of education: audio visual aids are any thing by means of
which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense
of sight.
5. According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training
situations is helped. These are also termed as multi sensory materials.
6. According to McKean and Roberts: audio visual aids are supplementary devices by which
the teacher, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify,
establish and correlate concepts, interpretations andappreciations.
7. According to KP. Neeraja: an audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the
message can be heard as well as seen.
PURPOSES:
Advantages:
1. A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
5. A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and students.
6. A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.
Government
Educational institutions
Professional organizations
Non-governmental organizations
Voluntary organizations (national and international)
Commercial producers of educational material
Commercial advertisement
In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF A.V.AIDS:
Various classifications are given for Audio visual aids according to the type of projection
by various authors.
I) Classification of A.V.Aids
I) Audio aids
Audio materials are those which can be heard. Ex: - radio, tape recorder, walkman,
Headphones.
II) Visual aids: these are helpful to visualize the things. Ex:- graphic aids, 3d-aids,
display boards, and print material.
III) Audio visual aids: these aids can be heard and seen simultaneously. Ex: - projected
aids, TV, films.
· Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the educational program.
· A.v. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for effective
utilization as an integral part of curriculum.
· Periodic evaluation to be done to assess the function of, utilization and expenditure of
the program.
CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS
PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:
The over head projector is the most used in all a.v. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant
screen images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the
transparency while he teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.
During presentation:
§ Keep the screen above the heads of the participants.
§ Keep the screen in full view of participants
§ Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting.
§ Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by.
§ Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two.
§ Talk to the audience, not to the screen
Purposes:
§ To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.
§ To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry with
out exposing them to the class.
§ To test students performances, while other classmates observe.
§ To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting color.
§ To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.
The over head projector is a very vital teaching aid. It projects transparencies with brilliant
screen images suitable for use in a light room. The faces class as he used OHP, and class views
projection teacher can write or draw the diagram on transparency while teaching also, these are
projected simultaneously on the screen by OHP, thus it is used as tool in teaching learning
situations. Teacher can make transparency prior to teaching and keep it ready to use.
Transparency-it is 10x10 inches acetate sheet. Teacher can print, write, and draw on it as per
topic. The ready transparency place on platform of projector and a large image is projected on
screen. It can be preserved for reuse. It can be made attractive by using colors.
Method of preparing:
-Place lined paper or 6mm grid sheet beneath acetate sheet before writing the material.
-Use simple lettering style 6mm for text and 9mm for headings.
-Use capital letters for titles.
-Limit the written material to six lines in each transparency.
-Use thick chart paper to or readymade frame for framing the transparencies for better
and neat look.
-Store them flat; with clean and inter locked paper between each transparency.
Advantages:
§ It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling
her to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at
the projector it self and at the same time, to observe the students reactions to her
discussion.
§ Gains attention of the student
OVERHEAD TRANSPARIENCIES
Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to
prepare and easy to operate with the over head projector which is light weight.
A 10*10 inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of
the projector and a large image is projected on a screen behind you.
The projector is used from near to the front of the room with the teacher standing or
sitting beside, facing the student.
Guidelines for making effective transparencies:
· Have one main idea an each transparency.
· Include only related figures and diagrams.
· Use simple lettering style in writing.
· Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering.
· Keep the message clear and simple.
· Emphasize the key messages.
· Use colour and lettering with discretion.
Advantages:
· Permits face to face interaction with the students.
· Can be used in daylight conditions.
· Can present information in systemic developmental sequences.
· Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods.
· Easily available.
THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR
Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials
ex: - book pages, objects, coins, postcards, or any other similar flat material that is non-
transparent.
The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly
from the originals, printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence
derived by the teacher. It requires a dark room, as projector is large and not reality
movables.
Advantages:
· Stimulates attention and arouses interest.
· Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is
available.
· Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps.
· Does not require any written or typed materials, hand-written material can be used.
· Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period.
· Review instructional problems.
· Test knowledge and ability.
· Simple operation.
FILMSTRIPS
Types of filmstrip:
1) Discussion filmstrip: it is continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames
arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.
2) Sound slide film: it is similar to filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.
Advantages:
1) Are compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence.
2) Can be supplemented with recordings.
3) Are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
4) Are useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor
or user.
5) Are projected with simple light weight equipment.
Disadvantages:
· Costly equipment.
· Needs to use it with care.
· Needs a dark room for projection
SLIDE PROJECTOR
A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or
scene or graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form
of projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which
you can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The
standard size of the slides is 2 “X 2 “any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides.
Types of slides
1. Photographic slides: 2” X 2”
3” X 4”
a) Black and white
b) Colored
2. Hand made slides: can be made with
a) Acetate sheet
b) Cellophane
c) Etched glass
d) Plain glass
e) Lumarith
Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs
and snapshots when they go on fieldtrips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific
excursions.
The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an important
aspect of teaching with them.
Advantages:
1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory.
2. Results in colourful, realistic, reproduction original subject.
3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses.
4. Easy to revise and up-date.
5. Easily handled, stored and re-arranged for various uses.
6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion.
7. May be adapted to group or individual use
NON PROJECTED A.V. AIDS:
GRAPHIC AIDS:
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for
the orderly and logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas ex:
comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes, classification or organization. It
includes the following
CHARTS
Introduction:
These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting
or performing other services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of
pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical material, which presents a clear summary.
Definition:
Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key
information in systematic way to summarize, compare, ex: anatomical charts and figure,
diagrams etc.
Purposes:
To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words.
To highlight important points.
To provide outline for materials covered in presentation.
To show continuity in process.
For creating problems and stimulating thinking.
For showing development of structure.
Types of charts:
Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the process or
development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show an
improvement over a period of years.
Ø The cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the
relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of conditions and
change or conflict.
Ø The chain chart: arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
Ø The evolution chart: facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from
beginning data and its projections in to future.
Ø Strip tease chart: it enables speaker to present the information step by
It increases the interest and imagination of the audience.
The information on the chart is covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied
either by wax, tape or sticky substance or pins.
As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or symbols, he removes
the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest.
It increases learning and aids recall.
Ø Pull chart: it consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The
message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by6 pulling out the concealing
strips.
Ø Flow chart: diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationships. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles, are connected by lines
showing the directional flow.
FLASH CARDS
Definition:
“Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed one by one
in a logical sequence.”
‘’Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or
drawing paper, plane paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.’’
Purposes:
1. To teach the students.
2. To give health education.
3. Useful for small group.
4. Used in group discussions.
Principles:
The messages can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the content
will be written in few lines at the back of the each card.
10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20.
Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
The height of writing on the flash card is to be approximately 5cm for better visualization.
Using the flashcards:
For class room instruction, the flash card s is to be properly used. The following steps
are used while displaying flash cards.
1. Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.
2. Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash the cards.
3. Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with both your hands so that all
the students can see it.
4. Let the student respond as per instructions already given.
5. Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.
Advantages:
Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.
It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations
It can be used to review a topic.
Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes
To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students.
It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other material.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be used for a large group
Prone to get spoiled soon
Preparation is time consuming.
POSTERS
Definition:
“Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention capturing
paintings.”
Purposes:
· To provide general motivation.
· To create an esthetical or atmospheric effect.
· To communicate a more general idea.
. To thrust the message for leading to action.
· For the class room and community.
Preparation and rules:
· To do a special job.
· To promote one point.
· To support local demonstration.
· Planned for specified people
· Tell the message at single glance.
· Use bold letters.
· Use pleasing colors...
· It should place, where people pass or gather.
Features of a good poster:
Bar graph:
The graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of bars. Each bar
must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the corresponding
time of the variable. Graphs are available in 2 forms that is vertical and horizontal
Line graph:
To show the trends and relationships ex: single line shows the relation and the variation
in the quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The concepts
are represented with the help of lines drawn either horizontally or vertically. The plotted
points are connected to one another, instead of the base thus producing the curve.
Pictorial graph:
It is an out standing method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for the
expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will be
used to create rapid association with the graphic message; each visual symbol may be
used to indicate quantity.
MAPS
Definition:
A map is a graphic aid representing the proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the
earth, world or parts there of. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words and colors.
Types of maps:
Political maps: these maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.
Physical maps: shows the physical contour of a place, area, and region.
Relief maps: it shows the actual elevations and depressions in a place, area, and region.
Weather maps: shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an area,
region country.
Population maps: shows the distribution of population in various parts of region, country.
Picture or tourist maps: shows historical spots monumental sites.etc..
Road maps: shows the roads of a region connecting various parts and points together.
Railway maps: shows the railway links between various points.
Air maps: shows the air routes between various points.
Sea root maps: shows the sea routes between various sea ports
CARTOONS
The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several very different forms of visual art and
illustration. The term has evolved over time. The original meaning was in fine art, and there
cartoon meant a preparatory drawing for a piece of art such as a painting.
Definition:
NEWS PAPERS
It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the public easily.
The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple
language .the people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to
enhance easy grasping.
Advantages
COMIC STRIPS
Definition:
Uses:
Limitations:
OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
Definition:
A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects.
A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material.
Using objects and specimens: while using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a
teacher must keep the following points in her mind.
Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or specimen
being referred to.
Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or
specimen under observation
Clarify and emphasize important structural details of the object or specimen under
observation
Provide review and practice to make learning permanent.
Advantages:
· Exhibitions inspire the students to learn by doing things themselves and they get a
sense of involvement
· Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement
· Exhibitions develop social skills of communication , cooperation, coordination
· Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community
members conscious about the school
· Exhibitions couple information with pleasure
· Exhibitions foster creativity among students.
Disadvantages:
· Requires thorough preparation
· Time consuming
· Require funds or budget.
MUSEUMS
Definition:
Museums can be useful both for public education and specific class room instructions.
Dioramas:
Definitions:
The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or show case with a glass
covering and background printed with a shade or a scene. Ex: a harvest scene, a planting
scene etc.
Advantages:
· It gives the appearance of actual things which can not be brought to the class room
· Require budget
· Sometimes it may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing.
MOCK UPS
MOULAGE
PUPPETS
One of the old and popular arts in Indian villages is puppetry.
Puppetry is an education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the
performer is a person termed as a characters in a story to be depicted.
Definition:
Types of puppets
2. Stick puppets: - stick puppet are the painted cutouts attached by sticks. The actions of
these puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding behind a screen so
that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.
4. Finger of hand puppet: - Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with
overflowing colourful costumes. These are worn on fingers which operate their
movements. These are operated from below the stage.
Selection:
In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and tastes of the students
should be taken in to consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.
Advantages:
1) Creates interest
2) Gives the knowledge in a brief period
4) Motivate students
Disadvantages
DISPLAY BOARDS
CHALK BOARD
DEFINITION
A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or
drawings are made with chalk or other erasable markers. Blackboards were originally
made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone. Modern versions are often
green or brown and are thus sometimes called a green board or brown board instead.
A blackboard can simply be a piece of board painted withmatte dark paint (usually
black or dark green). A more modern variation consists of a coiled sheet of plastic drawn
across two parallel rollers, which can be scrolled to create additional writing space while
saving what has been written. The highest grade chalkboards are made of a rougher
version porcelain enameled steel (black, green, blue or sometimes other colours).
Porcelain is very hard wearing and chalkboards made of porcelain usually last 10-20
years in intensive use.
Disadvantages:
They produce a fair amount of dust, depending on the quality of chalk used.
Some people find this uncomfortable or may be allergic to it, and there has been
speculation about links between chalk dust and respiratory problems.
The dust also precludes the use of chalk in areas shared with dust-sensitive equipment
such as computers. However, these alternative methods of displaying information have
drawbacks of their own.The scratching of fingernails on a blackboard is a sound that is
well-known for being extremely irritating.
FLANNEL BOARD
The principle involved is the inter1ooking of fibers of two rough or bairy surfaces, so that
the pieces pressed on to a background which is hard and vertical will stay. It can be
illustrated on a larger scale by pressing two tooth brushes or hair brushes together, so the
bristle inter-1ook. In case of flannel graph similar principle of friction helps an object to
cling to the surface of the board.
The flannel board is usually painted to depict a background scene appropriate to the story
being told. Paper cut-outs of characters and objects in the story are then placeon the
board, and moved around, as the story unfolds. These cut-outs are backed, either with
flannel, or with some other substance that adheres lightly to the flannel background, such
as coarse sandpaper.
ADVANTAGES
2) Permits the use of either chart or small pieces of material Materials can be packed and
transported complete notes. 3) Permits the development of a complete story.
4) Promotes conscientious planning, which must precede the development of the material
in the first place.
6) Easier to construct materials for flannel board than to make slides or movies.
Disadvantages:
4) Presentation is limited a new idea involves a lapse of time before the new material can
be added
.5) Might tend to deter one from using other more effective methods and techniques when
it is evident that other methods might be more appropriate.
6) To tell a complete story it often takes either too much board space or smaller designs
and materials some of which cannot be seen well.
BULLETIN BOARD
DEFINITION
It is a soft board which will hold pins or tags almost suitable. Simple device placed either
indoor or outdoor. Items generally displayed are photographs, publications, posters, news paper
cut outs.
Advantages
Disadvantages
PEG BOARD
It is a type of board which contains small holes to fix certain letters into the holes which is used
especially in the offices to display certain items, name of the personal or faculty member.
MAGNETIC BOARDS
It is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some dark color generally black or green.
It can be used to display pictures, cutouts and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic
holders.
Advantages
Movement of visual material is easy.
AUDITORY AIDS
These are also an effective aid, usually radios, recorders, gram phones come under this
category.
Using a record player for teaching:
-A record player can be used in the following ways in the actual class room situation
A record player can be used to supplement a lesson.
A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in music.
A record player can be used for an appreciation lesson in literature.
A record player can be used for students to acquire the singing ability, deliver a speech
properly, and recite a poem in the right way.
The player can be used to end or conclude a lesson;
Introduce a lesson and review a lesson.
A record player can be used for physical exercises accompanied with music
TAPE RECORDER:
A tape recorder is a portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and re record sound
on a magnetic tape. This device can be used without much fuss by any body by operating the
following press buttons attached to the recorder, viz, stop, play, wind, rewind, record, pause,
and eject.
Uses: it is used to learn foreign languages, rhymes, and songs with clarity. GRAME PHONES
Like radio gramophones are also important teaching devices. Helps to listen to famous
speeches
To teach good pronunciation in a foreign
ACTIVITYAIDS
There are certain learning situations in which student participation through direct
experiences can be easily incorporated, these are called activity aids. The activity teaching aids
are really of great value as they put students in a role of active seekers of knowledge. There are
five important activity teaching aids, which are listed below:-
1) Field trips
2) Demonstrations
3) Experiments
4) Dramatizations
FIELD TRIPS
DEFINITIONS
According to Hedger ken Field trip may be defined as “an educational procedure
by which the student studies first hand objects and materials in their natural
environment.”
Demonstration method is a concrete visual aid, because of its wide use in the teaching of
nurses. In nursing education, it is used for this purpose and also for clinics, conferences,
laboratory classes, symposia, autopsies, and teaching of health to patients. The
demonstration method teaches by explanation and exhibition. In short, it is a performance
to show a process or activity to others. When a teacher demonstrates, students observe
and imitate to learn
Advantages of demonstration: -
The following are the advantages of demonstration method.
1) It activates several senses. This increases learning, because it gives a better opportunity
for observational learning.
2) It clarifies the underlying principles by demonstrating the ‘why’ or ‘how’ of the
procedure.
3) It provokes interest by use of concrete illustrations.
4) It correlates theory with practice engages student’s attention and concentration.
5) It encourages student’s participation in learning through questions and answers as the
teacher performs.
EXPERIMENT
An experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and interpret
observations using measuring instruments to reach some conclusions. In science subjects
experiments are used invariably used as instructional aid as they encourage learning by
doing. While giving a lesson on an experiment, the teacher should organize the
instruction so as to make the students aware of the following steps of the experiments:
1) Objectives of the experiments
2) Apparatus required
3) Procedure or methodology
4) Observations of data
5) Computation (totalling) of the observations made.
6) Results or conclusion
7) Precautions
8) Ideas for future work
The student performs the experiment and writes a report on it. Showing the cause and
effect relationship.
DRAMATIZATION
Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the class room instruction lively
and interesting. When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students become both the
spectators and participants. This makes learning easy and permanents.
Types of dramatizations suitable for class room instruction:-
1) Role-play
2) Play lets
3) Pageant
4) Pantomime
5) Tableaux
Advantages of dramatization:
1)Dramatization gives an added advantage of students working as both observers
(spectators) and doers (participants) unlike in experiment where there are just doers and
in demonstration where there are just observers.
2) Dramatization makes learning a pleasure children love to act and show off.
3) Dramatization involves students totally and they appreciate the lessons remember it
better
4) Dramatization develops the social skills required for them such as cooperation, co-
ordination, punctuality, and human relations etc.
5) Dramatization makes students creative, sensitive, and alert.
DESCRIPTION OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
1) SIMPLE AIDS:
a) Teacher made Audio- Visual Aids: These are the audio-visual aids which teacher can
made by own effort related to topic presented with his ideas. Such as posters, charts,
graphs, diagrams, flannel graphs, flash cards, maps, illustrations, cartoons, roller boards,
flip charts etc.
1) Poster is an informational or educational tool with which we can reach too many
people in many locations. It is a visual combination of an illustrations of message
conveyed to people.
Purpose of Posters:
* To provide general motivation.
* To create an aesthetic atmospheric effect.
* To communicate more general idea.
* To thrust the message for leading to action.
* Used for teaching in the classroom and in the community.
Advantages of using Posters:
It attract attention
* It conveys the message very quickly.
* It does not require a detailed study.
Good posters lead to action with good motivation.
It can stand-alone and is self-explanatory.
Display when displaying a poster one should be sure to find a place where there is
adequate light and where the target population will see it
2)Flash Cards- flash cards are a set of pictured compact paper cards of varying sizes that
are flashed one by one in a logical sequence, flash cards can be made or commercially
prepared and are made up of charts or drawing paper.( size-10x12 or 22x28).
Uses of flash cards:
Flashcards can be used to introduce and present topics.
Flashcards can be used to review a topic.
Flashcards can be used to drill and practice in elementary classes.
Flashcards can be used to develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of
students.
Flashcards can work as useful supplementary aids and can be effectively used with other
materials.
Advantages:
Attacks attention
Convey messages quickly
This dynamic and flexible, maintain continuity
Can be used for illiterate group and small group of less than 30 people.
Disadvantages:
Cannot be used for large group.
Prone to get spoiled soon.
This consume more time for preparation.
3) Graphs: It depicts numerical or qualitative relationship or statistical data are presented
in the form or visual symbols. Exact specifications depict qualitative data for analysis,
comparison and interpretation.
a) Pie graphs- The data is presented through the sections or portions of a circle. In
determining the circumference of a circle not has into consideration and quality known as
‘pie’.
b) Bar graph-A graphic presentation which extends the scale horizontally along the
length of bars. Each bar must be of the same with bar height represents frequencies or
values of variables. Type- simple bar, compound bar, histogram.
c) Line graph-It shows trends and relationship.e.g single line shows the relations and the
variation in quantity. Quantitative data are plotted when the data is continuous. The
concepts are represented with help of lines drawn either horizontally or vertically. The
plotted points are connected to each other thus producing curve.
d) Histogram-It presents an accurate picture of the relative proportion of the total
frequency from an interval to interval.
4) Diagrams: It is simplified drawing designed to show inter relationship primarily by
means of lines and symbols. Diagrams being of an abstract character require a careful
foundation work before they used effective, with a class of students. It can be used in
teaching almost subjects. It should be well labeled and explained.
5) Charts: Charts can be defined as illustrative visual media for depicting a logical
relationship between main ideas ands supporting facts.
Acc. To Kinder: Charts are the graphic aids depicting information in the form of tables,
pictures, graphic and diagram.
Purpose of Charts:
For showing relationships by means of facts and figures.
For presenting the material symbolically.
To show continuity in process.
For presenting abstract ideas in visual forms.
For showing development of structure.
TYPES OF CHARTS
1) Flow Charts: This is used to show organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationship. Boxes connected with lines shows levels of authority. In this
charts, lines, rectangles, circles or other graphic representations are connected by lines
showing directional flow.
2) Table\time Charts. It is used to show the schedule of an activity or of an individual, e.g.
time table chart of a class. It provides a chronological framework within which events and
developments may be recorded. They develop time sense among the pupil helps them to
comprehend and visualized the pageant of time and its relationship.
3) Narrative Charts: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the relationship between
two systems or between rights and responsibilities.
4) Chain Charts: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.
5) Strip Tease Chart and Pull Charts: It enables the speaker to present in information step
by step. It has great suspense value, which aids in holding attention and building interest. It
helps the audience to remember key ideas and maintains interest up to the presentation.
6) Tree Charts: It is used to show the development or growth or the types in forms of tree
such as group of mammals.
7) Flip Charts: It is a set of charts related to specific topics have been tagged together and
hang on a supporting stand. The individual chart will carry series of related material or
messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic are presented with help of it.
8) Tabulation Chart: Here the numerical data presented in tabular term, used for
comparisons for listing advantages and disadvantages of an organization. It presents
information in ordinary sequences.
6) Cartoons: It is a metaphorical presentation of reality. It makes learning more interesting
and effective as it creates a strong appeal to the emotions. The cartoon is an interpretative
illustration and uses symbols to portray an opinion, a scene or situation. It makes use of
personalized humor, fantasy etc for presentation. The quality of drawing should be high
primarily for visual effectiveness secondary for appreciations. It is simple and clear which
tells story without too much explanation. The symbols used should be familiar and represents
concept or idea to which students can react intellectually. While using cartoons give time to
students for interpreting the symbols then the teacher may ask them to give the meaning and
apply to the subject being studied, e.g.: in psychology mental mechanism can be taught with
the use of cartoons.
7) Board: A display board is the visual teaching aid in the form of a flat surface on which the
information to be communicated can be arranged in an attractive fashion. These days a large
number of different kinds of display boards are available as blackboard, flannel board etc.
Chalk board is one of most valuable device for making instruction concrete and
understandable. It is necessary equipment of a classroom and a handy apparatus at hands of
teacher. Chalk board used as a occasional demand, through-out a lesson, enables students to
see what they have heard. They can connect auditory and visual sensations and to great extent,
help in learning effectively.
Rules in using Boards:
-Write the letters and drawing in large size.
-Avoid spelling mistakes.
-Writing should be in straight rows.
-Face the group after writing and continuous the discussion.
-Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be use.
-Do not use the abbreviations.
-Do not fill the board; ensure that the class is attentive.
-Use the Colored chalks.
-Do not stand in the front of the board, stand to one side.
-Clean the board with uniform strokes with eraser and it should be kept clean throughout
class.
TYPES OF CHALK BOARD
1. The ordinary chalk board held by an easel: a portable and adjustable blackboard kept on
a wooden easel can be taken out of the classroom while taking the class in open, useful for
teaching art subjects for small class. It needs repainting after long use.
2. The roller type chalk board: with mat surface. This type of chalk board is very common.
It can be prepared prior to use for class. As there are more surface, each can be used for
separate unit of a topic. It saves time as no need of rubbing.
3. Black ceramic unbreakable board: it will be formed with the aluminium or teak wood
frame as per the requirement, useful for chalk piece writing.
4. Black or green glass chalk board: in this the glass surface is provided for writing green or
black board ground. It is costly but not required repainting and glass provides uniform surface
for writing.
5. Black or green glass chalk board: it is made up of steel on which magnets can be fixed.
Teacher can make three dimensional demonstrations with objects on vertical surface. Small
magnets are use to hold suitable objects on the surface. The creative impulse is around among
the students while they use it as an exercise.
6. Exhibition board: it can be folded and expanded easily. Both sides are usable. It is
available with two, three or four panel. Papers and pamphlets can be fixed with pushpin.
7. Notice board: it is framed with aluminum frame; notice can be fixed with pushpins and
available in green, blue or maroon color back ground.
a).Black Board: is a slightly abrasive writing surface made of wood, ply, hardboard, cement,
plastic etc with black, green or bluish-green paint on it. White chalk sticks are generally used
for writing on the blackboard.
Uses of Black Board:
It makes group instruction more concrete and understandable.
It can restore the attention of the group.
Many vague statements can be clarified by drawing sketches, outlines, diagrams, directions
and summaries.
It can be a means of motivation and interest.
To illustrate forms of charting and to provide opportunity for nursing students to practice
charting.
8).Bulletin –Board: It is like notice board. It is a simple device placed either indoor or
outdoor, kept in a suitable place for the display of all kinds of creative work of the students.
Items generally used in bulletin board are:
Photographs
Drawings
Specimens
Posters
Newspapers.
Uses of Bulletin Board:
To communicate the ideas.
To describe the ways of doing a particular items.
Photographs to show local activities.
To motivates the learners.
To present the ideas of many individuals and localities when the material is gathered
from a variety of sources.
To add variety to the classroom activity.
To provide information.
To supplement and correlate instructions. It saves times: material that cannot be
presented during the class hours nevertheless can be on bulletin board.
The, experts for curriculum development, advisors for text books and teaching materials and
international experts on educational reform to discuss and agree on the level of equipment to be
included in the technical specifications for the procurement. the production volumes for these
types of machines. This again will reduce the price of standard equipment to a more affordable
level for schools that operate on modest financial budgets. The modern process of training
supposes an adequate provision of teaching materials, laboratory and workshop equipment
(equipment). The free market offers at this point in time a very diverse range of equipment for
many commercial and industrial needs. The available financial resources for procuring such
equipment are limited. This places a large burden on those who are charged with the task of
ensuring that money is spent carefully and wisely to provide good quality training in the
occupations in order to satisfy the industrial and commercial needs of the country now and in the
future. Equipment procurement should support the education process in that the curriculum
should drive equipment needs rather than the reverse.
CONCLUSION
The teacher who is contemplating the use of audio-visual aids should be aware about the av aids
principles and should evaluate the effectiveness of av aids in the class room.