Physical Pharmacy: The Gaseous State
Physical Pharmacy: The Gaseous State
Physical Pharmacy: The Gaseous State
States of matter
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2- The total volume of gases molecules is so small as to be negligible in relation
to the volume of the space in which the molecules are confined while the
real gases composed of molecules of finite volume.
3- The particles exhibit continuous random motion owing to their kinetic
energy. The average kinetic energy, E, is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas.
4- The molecules exhibit perfect elasticity; that is, there is no net loss of speed
or transfer of energy after they collide with one another and with the
molecules in the walls of the confining vessel.
5- The ideal gas can be compressed or cooled but with out liquification (remain
gas) while the real gas can be compressed, cooled and converted to liquid
(liquification).
Q/ which one have larger volume, the real gas or Ideal gas ?
Ans./
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For example at 10 Co and 0.9 atm the calculated volume of the ideal gas 25.78 L
while in the laboratory and under the same conditions we can measure the real
gas volume which is 25.69 L.
By increasing the temp to 20 Co and decreasing the pressure to 0.7 atm the
calculated volume of ideal gas is 34.32 L which is the same as the measured
volume of real gas.
So under these conditions of temp and pressure the real gas behave as ideal gas
(we can apply the ideal gas law).
This phenomena can be explained by the fact that as the temp increased, the
kinetic energy of gas molecules will increase causing them to speed up in their
motion and this speed can overcome the intermolecular forces acting between
them, so real gas behave as ideal gas.
The same effect will be gained by decreasing the pressure until the forces
approach zero which is the property of ideal gas.
Note: in ideal gas, the absence of attraction between particles will cause them to
hit the wall of container with force that depend on speed and size of the particles
while in real gases, the presence of attraction between molecules will pull the
particles to the centre of container and slow it down which will decrease the force
of collision with the container wall and hence the pressure will decrease.
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The Ideal Gas Law
Boyle's law relates the volume and pressure of a given mass of gas at constant
temperature,
or
The law of Gay-Lussac and Charles states that the volume and absolute
temperature of a given mass of gas at constant pressure are directly proportional,
or
Thus, one can conclude that although P, V, and T change, the ratio PV/T is
constant and can be expressed mathematically as
or
in which R is the constant value for the PV/T ratio of an ideal gas. This equation is
correct only for 1 mole (i.e., 1 g molecular weight) of gas; for n moles it becomes
The constant can also be expressed in cal/mole deg, employing the equivalent 1
cal = 4.184 joules:
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The term phase is defined as a distinct homogeneous part of a system
separated by definite boundaries from other parts of the system.
Solution: is a mixture of two or more components that form a single phase that
is homogenous down the molecular level, it is mostly consist of solute and
solvent.
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a- Colligative properties depend mainly on the number of particles in a
solution. Such as osmotic pressure, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point
depression, and boiling point elevation. In considering the colligative
properties of solid-in-liquid solutions, it is assumed that the solute is
nonvolatile and that the pressure of the vapor above the solution is
provided entirely by the solvent.
b- Additive properties depend on the total contribution of the atoms in the
molecule or on the sum of the properties of the constituents in a solution
such as molecular weight.
c- Constitutive properties depend on the arrangement and to a lesser extent
on the number and kind of atoms within a molecule. These properties give
clues to the constitution of individual compounds and groups of molecules
in a system.
Many physical properties may be partly additive and partly constitutive.
The refraction of light, electric properties, surface and interfacial
characteristics, and the solubility of drugs are at least in part constitutive
and in part additive properties
Types of Solutions
A solution can be classified according to the states in which the solute and
solvent occur, and because three states of matter (gas, liquid, and crystalline
solid) exist, nine types of homogeneous mixtures of solute and solvent are
possible. These types, together with some examples, are given in Table 1
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Table 1 Types of Solutions
The solutes (whether gases, liquids, or solids) are divided into two main
classes: nonelectrolytes and electrolytes. Nonelectrolytes are substances that do
not ionize when dissolved in water and therefore do not conduct an electric
current through the solution. Examples of nonelectrolytes are sucrose, glycerin,
naphthalene, and urea.
Electrolytes are substances that dissolve in water and form ions in solution
(anion and cation), conduct electric current, and show apparent “anomalous”
colligative properties; that is, they produce a considerably greater freezing point
depression and boiling point elevation than do nonelectrolytes of the same
concentration. Examples of electrolytes are hydrochloric acid, sodium sulfate,
ephedrine, and phenobarbital.
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Electrolytes may be subdivided further into strong electrolytes which are
completely ionized and conduct a strong electrical current such as sodium
chloride, and weak electrolytes that are only slightly ionized in aqueous solution
and conduct electrical current weakly (eg. ephedrine and phenobarbital are weak
electrolytes).
Concentration Expressions
Mole percent Moles of one constituent in 100 moles of the solution; mole
percent is obtained by multiplying mole fraction by 100
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water, and the mole percent of the two constituents; and (d) the percentage by
weight of FeSO4.
Example 2: Calculation of Equivalent Weight
(a) What is the number of equivalents per mole of K3PO4, and what is the
equivalent weight of this salt? (b) What is the equivalent weight of KNO3? (c)
What is the number of equivalents per mole of Ca3(PO4)2, and what is the
equivalent weight of this salt?
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When used for its phosphate content, the equivalent weight of KH2PO4 is one
third of the molecular weight, 136/3 = 45.3 g, because valence of phosphate is 3.
Mixing substances with similar properties forms ideal solutions. For example,
when 100 mL of methanol is mixed with 100 mL of ethanol, the final volume of
the solution is 200 mL, and no heat is evolved or absorbed. The solution is nearly
ideal. When 100 mL of sulfuric acid is combined with 100 mL of water, however,
the volume of the solution is about 180 mL at room temperature, and the mixing is
attended by a considerable evolution of heat; the solution is said to be nonideal, or
real.
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