Nouns

n. a. g. d.
a-Nouns
stone stān stān stānes stāne
(masc) stānas stānas stāna stānum
ship sċip sċip sċipes sċipe
(neut) sċipu sċipu sċipa sċipum
day dæġ dæġ dæġes dæġe
(masc) dagas dagas daga dagum
ō-Nouns
gift ġiefu ġiefe ġiefe ġiefe
(fem) ġiefa, -e ġiefa, -e ġiefa, -ena ġiefum
i-Nouns
friend wine wine wines wine
(masc) wine, -as wine, -as wina winum
deed dǣd dǣd, -e dǣde dǣde
(fem) dǣde, -a dǣde, -a dǣda dǣdum
u-Nouns
son sunu sunu suna suna
(masc) suna suna suna sunum
Weak Declension
name nama naman naman naman
(masc) naman naman namena namum
earth eorðe eorðan eorðan eorðan
(fem) eorðan eorðan eorðena eorðum
eye ēage ēage ēagan ēagan
(neut) ēagan ēagan ēagena ēagum
Athematic
man mann mann mannes men
(masc) men men manna mannum
book bōc bōc bēċ, bōce bēċ
(fem) bēċ bēċ bōca bōcum
Nouns of Relationship
father fæder fæder fæder fæder
(masc) fæderas fæderas fædera fæderum
brother brōðor brōðor brōðor brēðer
(masc) brōðor, -ru brōðor, -ru brōðra brōðrum

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Nouns cont.
n. a. g. d.
Nouns in -nd-
friend frēond frēond frēondes frīend, frēonde
(masc) frīend frīend frēonda frēondum
Stems in Indo-European -es, -os
calf ċealf ċealf ċealfes ċealfe
(neut) ċealfru ċealfru ċealfra ċealfrum
Dental Stems
man hæle hæle hæleþ hæleþ
(masc) hæleþ hæleþ hæleþa hæleþum
When adding endings, long-stemmed dissyllables lose the medial
vowel; monosyllables ending in h show absorption of h and
lengthening of the stem vowel. Both take the endings of sċip, not
word.

Adjectives
n. a. g. d. i.
Strong Declension
masc til tilne tiles tilum tile
tile tile tilra tilum tilum
fem tilu tile tilre tilre tilre
tile, -a tile, -a tilra tilum tilum
neut til til tiles tilum tile
tilu, -e tilu, -e tilra tilum tilum
Weak Declension
masc tila tilan tilan tilan tilan
fem tile tilan tilan tilan tilan
neut tile tile tilan tilan tilan
plural tilan tilan tilra, -ena tilum tilum
Short-Stemmed Monosyllables with Stem Vowel æ
masc glæd glædne glades gladum glade
glade glade glædra gladum gladum

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 Personal Pronouns
n. a. g. d.
I iċ mē, meċ mīn mē
we two wit unc uncer unc
we wē ūs ūre ūs
you þū þē, þeċ þīn þē
you two ġit inc incer inc
you all ġē ēow ēower ēow
he hē hine his him
she hēo, hīo hīe, hī hire hire
it hit hit his him
they hīe, hī hīe, hī hira, hiera, him, heom
heora, hiora

Interrogative Pronouns
n. a. g. d. i.
who hwā hwone hwæs hwǣm, hwām hwȳ
what hwæt hwæt hwæs hwǣm, hwām hwȳ, hwon

Demonstrative Pronouns
n. a. g. d. i.
that
masc se þone þæs þǣm, þām þȳ, þon
fem sēo, sīo þā þǣre þǣre þǣre
neut þæt þæt þæs þǣm, þām þȳ, þon
plural þā þā þāra, þǣra þǣm, þām þǣm, þām
this
masc þes þisne þisses þissum þȳs
fem þēos þās þisse, þisre þisse þisse
neut þis þis þisses þissum þȳs
plural þās þās þissa, þisra þissum þissum

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Numerals Verbs with Dative + Accusative
Cardinals Ordinals Cardinals Ordinals
1 ān forma 15 fīftīene fīftēoþa ālēogan
2 twēġen ōþer 16 siextīene siextēoþa ālȳfan
3 þrīe þridda 17 seofontīene seofontēoþa becweðan
4 fēower fēorþa 18 eahtatīene eahtatēoþa oþþringan
5 fīf fīfta 19 nigontīene nigontēoþa oþwendan
6 siex siexta 20 twēntiġ twēntigoþa þingian
7 seofon seofoþa 30 þrītiġ þrītigoþa
8 eahta eahtoþa 40 fēowertiġ fēowertigoþa
9 nigon nigoþa 50 fīftiġ fīftigoþa
10 tīen tēoþa 60 siextiġ siextigoþa
11 endlefan endlefta 70 hundseofontiġ hundseofontigoþa
12 twelf twelfta 80 hundeahtatiġ hundeahtatigoþa
13 þrēotīene þrēotēoþa 90 hundnigontiġ hundnigontigoþa
14 fēowertīene fēowertēoþa 100 hundtēontiġ hundtēontigoþa

Declension of Numerals
n.a. g. d.
Two
masc twēġen
fem twā twēġ(r)a twǣm, twām
neut twā, tū
Three
masc þrīe
fem þrēo þrēora þrim
neut þrēo
ān may be declined strong or weak; remaining cardinals are
undeclined. Ordinals are declined weak, except ōþer, which is always
strong.

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Verbs with Genitive Strong Verbs
Inf. weorþan ċēosan hebban sēon
āġēotan blissian helpan strȳnan Present Indicative
āmyrran brūcan hogian swīcan iċ weorþe ċēose hebbe sēo
bedǣlan (ġe)cunnian latian twēo(ga)n þū wierþst ċīest hefst si(e)hst
belīðan ēhtan ġelȳfan þurfan hē wierþ ċīest hefþ si(e)hþ
benǣman fæġnian nēos(i)an þyrstan hīe weorþaþ ċēosaþ hebbaþ sēoþ
beneah fandian nēotan wealdan Present Subjunctive
berȳðan ġefēon ofhrēowan wēnan hē weorþe ċēose hebbe sēo
bestrȳðan ġȳman onfōn wilnian hīe weorþen ċēosen hebben sēon
beþurfan ġyrnan onmunan wundrian Past Indicative
bīdan hēdan reċċan ġewyrcan iċ, hē wearþ ċēas hōf seah
þū wurde cure hōfe sāwe
Verbs with Genitive + Accusative hīe wurdon curon hōfon sāwon
Past Subjunctive
ġeǣmetian lettan sċ(e)amian hē wurde cure hōfe sāwe
biddan ġelystan hīe wurden curen hōfen sāwen
Imperative
Verbs with Genitive + Dative þū weorþ ċēos hefe seoh
ġē weorþaþ ċēosaþ hebbaþ sēoþ
ġeunnan onlēon tīðian wyrnan Non-Finite Forms
forwyrnan ġestȳran þancian Infl. Inf. weorþenne ċēosenne hebbenne sēonne
ofþynċan tilian ġewanian Pres. Ptc. weorþende ċēosende hebbende sēonde
Past Ptc. ġeworden ġecoren ġehafen ġesewen
Verbs with Dative
ætwindan (ġe)dafenian linnan þeġnian
ætwītan dēman losian þēow(i)an
andswarian derian miltsian þingian
ārian ġefēon mislimpan þīwian
bedrēosan fylgan ġenēalǣcan ġeþwǣrian
bēodan ġefremman ġenyhtsumian ġeþwǣrlǣċan
beorgan fulgān oftēon þynċan
betǣċan fylstan ōleċċan wealdan
bodian helpan onfōn wīsian
ġebiddan hȳrsumian sǣlan ġewītan
breġdan līcian sċeþþan wiþstandan
ċyrran ġelȳfan ġespōwan

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Class 1 & 2 Weak Verbs Sound Changes
Inf. fremman nerian hīeran lufian
Present Indicative
i-Mutation Palatal Diphthongization
iċ fremme nerie hīere lufie
þū fremest nerest hīerst lufast æ e e, ē ie, īe
hē fremeþ nereþ hīerþ lufaþ e i æ, ǣ ea, ēa
hīe fremmaþ neriaþ hīeraþ lufiaþ a, ā æ, ǣ
Present Subjunctive o, ō e, ē
u, ū y, ȳ Influence of Nasals (/m, n/ + C)
hē fremme nerie hīere lufie
hīe fremmen nerien hīeren lufien a + m, n e + m, n e i
Past Indicative ea, ēa ie, īe æ a, o
iċ, hē fremede nerede hīerde lufode eo, eō ie, īe o u
þū fremedest neredest hīerdest lufodest
hīe fremedon neredon hīerdon lufodon
Breaking Verner’s Law
Past Subjunctive
hē fremede nerede hīerde lufode before h, /l, r/ + C ð, þ d
hīe fremeden nereden hīerden lufoden æ ea s r
Imperative before h, lh, r + C h g, w, ng
þū freme nere hīer lufa e eo
ġē fremmaþ neriaþ hīeraþ lufiaþ before h
Non-Finite Forms ī īo, ēo
Infl. Inf. fremmenne nerienne hīerenne lufienne
Pres. Ptc. fremmende neriende hīerende lufiende
Past Ptc. ġefremed ġenered ġehīered ġelufod Simplifications
Also in class 2 are andswarian, gadrian, and timbrian.
-t, -d, -dd -tst, -tt
-s -st, -st
-þ -st, -þþ
-g -hst, -hþ
-cg -gst, -gþ
-ng -ngst, -ngþ
-cd- -ht-
Analogical replacement of consonants is frequent, e.g., wierþst.
Geminates in groups of three consonants are simplified.

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Verb Recognition Class 3 Weak Verbs
Inf. Class Pres. 1st Pret. 2nd Pret. Past Ptc. Inf. habban libban secgan hycgan
sċīnan I sċīnþ sċān sċinon sċinen Present Indicative
crēopan II crīepþ crēap crupon cropen iċ hæbbe libbe secge hycge
brūcan II brȳcþ brēac brucon broken þū hæfst, leofast, sæġst, hyġst,
breġdan III britt bræġd brugdon brogden hafast lifast seġ(e)st hogast
weorpan III wierpþ wearp wurpon worpen hē hæfþ, leofaþ, lifaþ sæġþ, hyġþ,
feohtan III fieht feaht fuhton fohten hafaþ seġ(e)þ hogaþ
helpan III hilpþ healp hulpon holpen hīe habbaþ libbaþ, secgaþ hycgaþ
ġieldan III ġielt ġeald guldon golden leofaþ
drincan III drincþ dranc druncon drunken Present Subjunctive
beran IV birþ bær bǣron boren hē hæbbe libbe secge hycge
tredan V tritt træd trǣdon treden hīe hæbben libben secgen hycgen
faran VI færþ fōr fōron faren Past Indicative
healdan VII-a hielt hēold hēoldon healden iċ, hē hæfde lifde sæġde hog(o)de
hātan VII-b hǣtt hēt hēton hāten þū hæfdest lifdest sæġdest hog(o)dest
fremman 1-a fremeþ fremede fremedon fremed hīe hæfdon lifdon sæġdon hog(o)don
nerian 1-a nereþ nerede neredon nered Past Subjunctive
hīeran 1-b hīerþ hīerde hīerdon hīered hē hæfde lifde sæġde hog(o)de
lufian 2 lufaþ lufode lufodon lufod hīe hæfden lifden sæġden hog(o)den
Imperative
Notes:
þū hafa leofa saga, seġe hoga, hyġe
1. Strong verbs with weak presents: biddan V, fricgan V, licgan V, ġē habbaþ libbaþ, secgaþ hycgaþ
sittan V, þicgan V, hebban VI, hliehhan VI, sċeþþan VI, leofaþ
sċieppan VI, stæppan VI, swerian VI, wēpan VII-a.
Non-Finite Forms
2. Fēolan (< *felhan) is class III. Infl. Inf. habbenne libbenne secgenne hycgenne
3. A verb with ǣ + C may be either strong or weak (lǣtan VII, Pres. Ptc. habbende libbende secgende hycgende
lǣdan 1). Past Ptc. ġehæfd ġelifd, ġesæġd, ġehogod
4. Weak verbs with strong recognition symbols: ċīdan, cwīþan, ġeleofd ġesǣd
ġedīgan, līxan, rīnan, snīwan, frēogan, nēosan, sēowan,
hringan, ġeþingan.
5. Verbs rhyming with swimman III, winnan III, bannan VII-a, and
feallan VII-a are always strong.
6. Class VII verbs with stem vowel ǣ or ā followed by a single
consonant other than w are generally VII-b; all others are
generally VII-a.

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Anomalous Verbs Preterite Present Verbs
Inf. dōn gān willan bēon wesan Inf Pres Ind Pres Subj Past
Present Indicative āgan āh āhst āge āhte
iċ dō gā wille bēo eom cunnan can(n) canst cunne cūðe
þū dēst gǣst wilt bist eart dugan dēah - duge dohte
hē dēþ gǣþ wile biþ is durran dear(r) dearst durre dorste
hīe dōþ gāþ willaþ bēoþ sind(on) magan mæġ meaht, miht mæġe meahte, mihte
Present Subjunctive mōtan mōt mōst mōte mōste
hē dō gā wille bēo sīe (ġe)muna man manst mune munde
hīe dōn gān willen bēon sīen n
Past Indicative sċulan sċeal sċealt sċyle sċeolde
iċ, hē dyde ēode wolde - wæs þurfan þearf þearft þurfe þorfte
þū dydest ēodest woldest - wǣre unnan an(n) anst unne ūðe
hīe dydon ēodon woldon - wǣron witan wāt wāst wite wiste, wisse
Past Subjunctive
hē dyde ēode wolde - wǣre
hīe dyden ēoden wolden - wǣren
Imperative
þū dō gā - bēo wes
Weak Verbs Without i-Mutation
ġē dōþ gāþ - bēoþ wesaþ Inf. Past Ptc. Orig. Stem
Non-Finite Forms brenġan broht o
Infl. Inf. dōnne gānne willenne bēonne wesenne bycgan boht u
Pres. Ptc. dōnde gānde willende bēonde wesende cwellan cweald æ
Past Ptc. ġedōn ġegān ġewold ġebēon - sēċan sōht ō
sellan seald æ
þenċan þōht o
þynċan þūht u
wyrċan worht u
o > u before mid and low vowels does not take place before a nasal
consonant followed by another consonant.

8 9