Mole Concept Stoichiometry (SUMMARY CHEMISTRY CHAPTER)

Mole Concept and Stoichiometry
Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
The volume of a given mass of a dry gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant
temperature.
P1VI = P2V2 = k at constant temperature
Charles’s Law
The volume of a given mass of a dry gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure
is kept constant.
V1 = V2 = k at constant pressure
T1 T2
Gas Equation
The volume of a given mass of a dry gas is inversely proportional to the pressure and directly proportional
to the absolute temperature.
V  1 × T or PV = k
P T
Standard or Normal Temperature and Pressure

For temperature: 0°C or 273 K
For pressure: 760 mm or 76 cm of Hg
Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes

At the same temperature and pressure, the volume of gases taking part in a chemical reaction as either
reactants or products bears a whole number ratio to one another.
Example: H2(g) + Cl2(g)   2HCl(g)
1 vol. 1 vol. 2 vols.
The ratio of reacting gases and products is 1:1:2, which is a simple ratio.
Avogadro’s Law
Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all the gases contain the same
number of molecules.
Example: A molecule of NH3 is made of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)   2NH3(g)
1 vol. 3 vols. 2 vols.
1 molecule 3 molecules 2 molecules
Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia
Atomicity
The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called its atomicity.

a. Monatomic: It is composed of only one atom.
Examples: Inert gases such as Helium, Neon etc.
b. Diatomic: It is composed of two identical atoms.
Examples: H2, O2, Cl2 etc.
c. Triatomic: It is composed of three identical atoms.
Example: Ozone (O3)
d. Tetratomic: It is composed of four identical atoms.
Example: Phosphorus (P4)
e. Octatomic: It is composed of eight identical atoms.
Example: Sulphur (S8)
Atomic Mass or Relative Atomic Mass
It is the number which represents how many times one atom of an element is heavier than 1/12th the mass
of an atom of carbon-12 (12C).
Relative atomic mass = Mass of an atom of an element
1/12th the mass of one C-12 atom
Molecular Mass or Relative Molecular Mass
It is the number which represents how many times one molecule of an element is heavier than 1/12 th the
mass of an atom of carbon-12 (12C).
Relative molecular mass = Mass of one molecule of an element
1/12th the mass of one C-12 atom
Gram Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is called gram atomic mass.
Example: Gram atomic mass of oxygen is 16 gram.
Gram Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance expressed in gram is called gram molecular mass or molar mass.
Example: Gram molecular mass of water is 18 gram.
Mole Concept
A mole is a collection of 6.022 × 1023 particles.

A mole is defined as the amount of a substance containing elementary particles such as atoms, molecules
or ions in 12 gram of carbon-12 (12C).
Avogadro’s Number
It is defined as the number of atoms present in 12 gram of C-12 isotope, i.e. 6·023 × 1023 atoms. It is
denoted by NA or L.
NA = 6·023 × 1023
1 mole of atoms = 6·023 × 1023 atoms
1 mole of molecules = 6·023 × 1023 molecules
1 mole of electrons =6·023 × 1023 electrons
1 mole of a gas = 22·4 litre at STP
Applications of Avogadro’s Law

i. It explains Gay-Lussac’s law.
ii. It determines atomicity of the gases.
iii. It determines the molecular formula of a gas.
iv. It determines the relation between molecular mass and vapour density.
v. It gives the relationship between gram molecular mass and gram molar volume.
Relative Vapour Density (VD)
Relative vapour density is the ratio between the masses of equal volumes of a gas (or vapour) and
hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
Relative VD = Mass of volume ‘v’ of the gas under similar conditions

Mass of volume ‘v’ of hydrogen gas under similar conditions
Relative molecular mass of a gas or vapour = 2 × VD
Important Formulae
Mole and Gram Atomic Mass: One mole of atoms = 6.022 ×10 23 atoms
= Gram atomic mass of an element
= 1 gram atom of the element
Mole and Gram Molecular Mass: One mole of molecules = 6.022 ×10 23 molecules
= Gram molecular mass
= 1 gram molecule of the compound
Mole in terms of volume: One mole of a gas = 22.4 litres at STP
Moles of an element = Mass of the element Moles of a compound = Mass of the compound
Atomic mass or GAW Molecular mass or GMW
Mass of one atom = Atomic Mass or GAW Mass of one molecule = Molecular Mass or GAW
6.022 × 1023 6.022 × 1023
Number of molecules = Moles × 6.022 ×1023 Number of atoms = Moles × 6.022 ×1023
Percentage Composition
The percentage by weight of each element present in a compound is called percentage composition of the
compound.
Weight of anelement in a molecule of acompound
Percentage = x 100
Gram molecular weight of compound
Empirical Formula
It is the chemical formula which gives the simplest ratio in whole numbers of atoms of different elements
present in one molecule of the compound.
Empirical Formula Mass

It is the sum of atomic masses of various elements present in the empirical formula.
Empirical Formula Weight (EFW)

The empirical formula weight is the atomic masses of the elements present in the empirical formula.
EFW of H2O2 = 2 × (H) + 2 × (0)
= 2 × 1 + 2 × 16
= 34 amu
Molecular Formula
It denotes the actual number of atoms of different elements present in one molecule of the compound.
Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n
Where n = Molecular weight
Empirical formula weight
Relationship between Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n
Where ‘n’ is a positive whole number
Molecular mass
n =
Empirical formula mass
Chemical Equation
A shorthand notation of describing an actual chemical reaction in terms of symbols and formula along with
the number of atoms and molecules of the reactants and products is called a chemical equation.
A chemical equation is a balanced account of a chemical transaction.

MnO
2KClO3(s)  2
 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Mole Concept Stoichiometry (SUMMARY CHEMISTRY CHAPTER)

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Mole Concept Stoichiometry (SUMMARY CHEMISTRY CHAPTER)

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Mole Concept and Stoichiometry

Standard or Normal Temperature and Pressure

Gay-Lussac’s law of combining volumes

The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called its atomicity.

Atomic Mass or Relative Atomic Mass

Molecular Mass or Relative Molecular Mass

Gram Atomic Mass

Gram Molecular Mass

A mole is a collection of 6.022 × 1023 particles.

Applications of Avogadro’s Law

Relative Vapour Density (VD)

Relative VD = Mass of volume ‘v’ of the gas under similar conditions

Mole in terms of volume: One mole of a gas = 22.4 litres at STP

Empirical Formula Mass

Empirical Formula Weight (EFW)

A chemical equation is a balanced account of a chemical transaction.

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