Physical Education Project: Mohammad Gufran Class Xii A
Physical Education Project: Mohammad Gufran Class Xii A
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PHYSICAL
PROJECT
EDUCATION
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MOHAMMAD GUFRAN
CLASS XII A
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INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE-
EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE-
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would like to thank God for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my Physical
Education teacher Mr. Vijay Sir, whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who
have helped me a lot.
MOHAMMAD GUFRAN.
CRICKET
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two
teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which
is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end,
each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps.
The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled
at the wicket with the bat (and running between the
wickets), while the bowling and fielding side tries to
prevent this (by getting the ball to either wicket)
and dismiss each batter (so they are "out"). Means of
dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the
stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding
side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before
it hits the ground. When ten batters have been
dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles.
The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by
a third umpire and match referee in international
matches. They communicate with two off-
field scorers who record the match's statistical
information.
Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team
batting for a single innings of 20 overs, to Test
matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers
play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear
club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some
players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by
the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of
compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam
enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string.
HISTORY
ORIGIN:-
Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere
that basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held
implement; others
include baseball, golf, hockey, tennis, squash, badminto
n and table tennis.[2] In cricket's case, a key difference is
the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket
(originally, it is thought, a "wicket gate" through which
sheep were herded), that the batsman must defend. The
cricket historian Harry Altham identified three "groups" of
"club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball
is driven to and fro between two targets (the goals); the
"golf group", in which the ball is driven towards an
undefended target (the hole); and the "cricket group", in
which "the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and
driven away from it".
In cricket, the rules of the game are specified in a code called The Laws
of Cricket (hereinafter called "the Laws") which has a global remit. There
are 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L"). The earliest known
version of the code was drafted in 1744 and, since 1788, it has been
owned and maintained by its custodian, the Marylebone Cricket
Club (MCC) in London.
Playing area
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image, right)
between two teams of eleven players each. The field is usually circular
or oval in shape and the edge of the playing area is marked by
a boundary, which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted
line or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked
along its entire length.
In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular pitch (see image,
below) on which a wooden target called a wicket is sited at each end;
the wickets are placed 22 yards (20 m) apart. The pitch is a flat surface
10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as
the game progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces,
notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden stumps topped
by two bails.
As illustrated above, the pitch is marked at each end with four white
painted lines: a bowling crease, a popping crease and two return
creases. The three stumps are aligned centrally on the bowling crease,
which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease is drawn four
feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn
as a twelve-foot line (six feet either side of the wicket), it is, in fact,
unlimited in length. The return creases are drawn at right angles to the
popping crease so that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease;
each return crease is drawn as an eight-foot line, so that it extends four
feet behind the bowling crease, but is also, in fact, unlimited in length.
Batting Skills
Stance:-
Bill Woodfull's stance.
Backlift:-
A right-handed batsman lifts his bat in preparation for hitting the ball.
Leave:-
The leave. Note the batting player's head focussed on where the ball had bounced.
The bat and hands are held well out of the way of the ball.
Defensive shot:-
Having taken a long stride, a batting player blocks the ball with a forward defensive shot.
Drive:-
Ellyse Perry plays an off drive off the front foot. Note her stance and position of her
hands, legs, body and head.
A drive is a straight-batted shot, played by swinging the
bat in a vertical arc through the line of the ball, hitting the
ball in front of the batting player along the ground. It is
one of the most common shots in a batting player's
armory and often the first shot taught to junior cricketers.
Depending on the direction the ball travels, a drive can
be a cover drive (struck towards the cover fielding
position), an off drive (towards mid-off), straight
drive (straight past the bowler), on drive (between
stumps and mid-on) or square drive (towards point). A
drive can also be played towards midwicket, although
the phrase "midwicket drive" is not in common usage.
Drives can be played both off the front and the back
foot, but back-foot drives are harder to force through the
line of the ball. Although most drives are deliberately
struck along the ground to reduce the risk of being
dismissed caught, a batting player may decide to play
a lofted drive to hit the ball over the infielders and
potentially even over the boundary for six.
Flick:-
Cut:-
A batting player plays a cut off the back foot. Note the balance and weight of the
batting player is on their back (right) leg.
Sweep:-
A left-handed player plays a sweep shot.
Leg Glance:-
A leg glance is a delicate straight-batted shot played at
a ball aimed slightly on the leg side, using the bat to flick
the ball as it passes the batting player, and requiring
some wrist work as well, deflecting towards the square
leg or fine leg area. The stroke involves deflecting the
bat-face towards the leg side at the last moment, head
and body moving inside the line of the ball. This shot is
played "off the toes, shins or hip". It is played off the
front foot if the ball is pitched up at the toes or shin of
the batting player, or off the back foot if the ball bounces
at waist/hip height to the batting player. Although the
opposite term off glance is not employed within cricket,
the concept of angling the bat face towards the offside to
deflect the ball away from the wicket for the purpose of
scoring runs through the off side is a commonly used
technique. This would commonly be described instead
as "running (or steering) the ball down to the third man".
Square drive:-
Although confusingly named a drive, the square drive is
actually a horizontal bat shot, with identical arm
mechanics to that of the square cut. The difference
between the cut and the square drive is the height of the
ball at contact: the cut is played to a ball bouncing waist
high or above with the batting player standing tall,
whereas the square drive is played to a wide ball of shin
height with the batting player bending their knees and
crouching low to make contact.
Upper cut:-
An upper cut is a shot played towards third man,
usually hit when the ball is pitched outside the off
stump with an extra bounce. It is a dangerous shot
which can edge the ball to keeper or slips if not
executed correctly. The shot is widely used in modern
cricket. The shot is advantageous in fast bouncy tracks
and is seen commonly in Twenty20 cricket. Notable
players to hit upper cut include Sachin
Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag and Brendan Taylor.
FOOTBALL
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