ACES TAGUM

COLLEGE
Pioneer Avenue, Mankilam
Tagum City, 8100, Philippines

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

First Semester S.Y. 2020-2021

MODULE 1

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Name: _______________________________ Date: __________

Year/Course: _________________________ Week: __________

Course Code & Title: Educ 1 – Human Reproduction

Number of Units: 3 Units

Prerequisite: None

Year/Semester Offered: First Year - First Semester - First Term

Course Description: This course focuses on the population trends, policies, family planning and methods of
conception control to develop awareness and concern about the gravity of the population
problem in our country and a better understanding of family planning and its role in
improving the quality of our individual and national life.
Introduction: As in all animals, the adaptations for reproduction in humans are complex. They involve
specialized and different anatomies in the two sexes, a hormone regulation system, and
specialized behaviors regulated by the brain and endocrine system.
https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/13-3-human-reproduction/
Rationale: People typically employ several arguments in their efforts to explain the prevalence of sexual
reproduction. One such argument is that organisms engage in sex because it is pleasurable.
However, from an evolutionary perspective, this explanation arrived only moments ago. The first
eukaryotes to engage in sex were single-celled protists that appeared approximately 2 billion years
ago, over 1.3 billion years before development of the first animals with neurons capable of assessing
pleasure. These bacteria (as well as their modern counterparts) engaged in genetic exchange via
processes such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction, all of which fall under the umbrella
of parasexuality. Surely, pleasure was not in a bacterium's realm of experience.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/sexual-reproduction-and-the-evolution-of-sex-824/
Course Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student should be able to do the following:
1. Identify the population trends, problems and policies.
2. Explain the concept of family planning.
3. Compare and contrast the different methods of conception control or contraception. event
or issue that could help others understand chosen topic

Lesson I. Population Trends and Their Implications

Demographics
https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/speeches/sp-20171116-demographics-and-their-implications-for-the-economy-and-
policy.aspx#:~:text=Demographic%20change%20can%20influence%20the,the%20demand%20for%20financial%20assets.

The word “demographics” comes from the Ancient Greek: “demo” meaning people and “graphics” meaning
measurement. There is a strong tradition of studying demography as part of economics. Malthus’s writings on
population growth are a part of many history-of-thought courses in economics. More recently, as the economy has
moved from financial crisis and the Great Recession to sustainable expansion, attention has shifted from cyclical
aspects of the economy to structural factors. In addition, as policy has begun to normalize, the question has been
raised: “what is normal?” To answer such a question, we need to understand how the underlying fundamentals of the
economy are evolving. A critical factor is demographics.
Demographic change can influence the underlying growth rate of
the economy, structural productivity growth, living standards,
savings rates, consumption, and investment; it can influence the
long-run unemployment rate and equilibrium interest rate,
housing market trends, and the demand for financial assets.
Moreover, differences in demographic trends across countries
can be expected to influence current account balances and
exchange rates. So to understand the global economy, it helps to
understand changing demographics and the challenges they
pose for monetary and fiscal policymakers.

https://www.annalect.com/in-defense-of-demographics/
Population
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/01/7-billion-population/

There will soon be seven billion people on the planet. By 2045 global population is projected to reach nine billion. Can the
planet take the strain?
As of 2018, there were an estimated 7.5 billion people on the planet and the population continues to grow. How many
people can Earth support? Some scientists suggest that the maximum carrying capacity is nine to ten billion people, but
this estimate depends on many factors including population distribution and the consumption rate of necessary resources
like food, water, and energy.

https://www.nationalgeographic
.or g/topics/resource-library-
human-population/?q=&page=1&per_page=25
Population is the entire pool from which a statistical sample is drawn. A population may refer to an entire group of
people, objects, events, hospital visits, or measurements. A population can thus be said to be an aggregate observation of
subjects grouped together by a common feature.

How Do Populations Grow and Shrink?

https://study.com/academy/lesson/population-change-factors-patterns-components.html#:~:text=Three%20primary%20factors
%20account%20for,%2C%20death%20rate%2C%20and%20migration.

What does 7 billion people look like? It might be hard to imagine that many people, but the world's population actually
exceeded that number in 2011. Why are cities more crowded than the countryside? Why do some countries have more
people than others? All of these questions are asking about population change, which means the rate at which the
population is increasing or decreasing at a given time. In this lesson, we'll go over the three main factors that cause
population change: birth, migration, and death. Let's talk about each of these in detail.

Birth Rate

Now, this might seem very obvious to you, but when babies are born, it results in a population change! Social scientists
who study this trend have some key terms, though. First, the fertility rate in a country refers simply to the number of
children born. This is different from the fecundity rate, which is the number of children who could be born in a given
society. In other words, fecundity is the biological capacity of humans to produce children.

For a woman, this is generally the time frame between her early teens and her mid-forties. For men, this window is longer,
but factors like sperm count diminish as a man ages. The fecundity rate is greater than the fertility rate in most cases.
Birth rates vary by society for a number of reasons, including personal choice and social and political factors. Factors
such as poverty level, access to contraception, maternal and infant care, and availability of nutrition all impact the birth
rate in a society.

Death Rate

Just as when babies are born, when members of a society die it changes the population. This might be a bit morbid to
think about, but scientists refer to this as the mortality rate, which is simply the number of deaths that occur in a society.
This is usually calculated by looking at the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals. In the United States, for example, the
death rate is 8/1000 people. Just like birth rate, the death rate in a country depends on things such as availability of
quality medical care, disease, war, or famine.
Migration Rate

One important factor that accounts for a change in population is migration. At the broadest level, migration refers to
movement; it's the flow or circulation of people in societies. There are two kinds of migration: emigration and immigration.
Emigration means to leave one's own country for another. Immigration means to enter into a country other than one's
own. Both of these processes impact population change.

Emigration can decrease a country's population size. For example,

if you live in New York City and emigrate to Miami, you are
decreasing the population of New York City but increasing the
population of Miami, because you immigrated there. However, it's
important to note that immigration and emigration don't change the
earth's overall population, or the number of people alive at a given
time. Immigration and emigration simply change the number of
people in a given place.

Today, most migration occurs when people leave rural areas and
head for urban areas. Think of the word 'overpopulation.' What
comes to mind? For many of us, it's likely a crowded, noisy, and
polluted city of Africa or Asia. An influx of people from rural areas,
who often can't sustain their families via traditional ways of life,
head to cities to find work. This has lead to overcrowding in many
of the world's largest cities, which can lead to conditions of poverty
and shortages of food, water, and shelter.

Today, the majority of the world's population actually lives in cities,

which has resulted in explosive growth in our urban centers. This is
a trend called urbanization, and simply means the movement of
people from rural places to urban places.

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/ldg_14
Philippine population projections

https://psa.gov.ph/content/ten-regions-expected-grow-faster-national-average

The Philippine population is projected to reach 142 million by 2045. This signifies about 49 million persons added to the
country’s population from 2010 to 2045, equivalent to an average annual growth rate of 1.21 percent. All regions are
expected to increase in population but with varying rates of growth. Ten regions are projected to grow faster than the
national average with five of these regions located in Mindanao.

During the years 2010 to 2045, the Autonomous Region

in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is projected to have the
highest average annual growth rate of 2.12 percent.
Caraga’s population growth rate of 1.72 percent ranks
second with SOCCSKSARGEN, Davao Region and
Zamboanga Peninsula following. The regions in Luzon
with high population growth rates are the Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR) (1.35 percent),
CALABARZON (1.31 percent), MIMAROPA (1.58
percent), and Bicol Region (1.65 percent). Eastern
Visayas is projected to grow by an annual average of
1.53 percent.

In terms of population, CALABARZON remains the

largest in numbers by 2045 (20.1 million), followed by the
National Capital Region and Central Luzon with 14.5
million each.

https://investvine.com/philippines-population-reach-107-million-year/

Western Visayas and Central Visayas are the other regions surpassing the 10-million mark, with 10.4 million each in
2045. Cordillera Administrative Region will continue to have the smallest population with 2.6 million in year 2045.
This report presents some of the highlights of the 2010 Census-based regional population projections prepared by the
Philippine Statistics Authority in collaboration with the Inter-Agency Working Group on Population Projections chaired by
Dr. Mercedes B. Concepcion with members representing the Commission on Population, Department of Education,
Department of Health, National Economic and Development Authority, Philippine Statistical Research and Training
Institute, and the University of the Philippines Population Institute.

Philippine population compared with those of other countries

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/11/1757872/charts-how-philippines-fares-southeast-asia

With a total of 103 million people living in the country, the Philippines was the second nation with the highest population in
Southeast Asia in 2016, data from the World Bank show.

Topping the list was Indonesia with a total population of 261 million. Meanwhile, Brunei, which was home to 423,000
people, was the least populated ASEAN
country.
Consequences of rapid population growth

https://www.overpopulationawareness.org/en/?
gclid=CjwKCAjw1ej5BRBhEiwAfHyh1FR_q7No5sdTM6v2W6HdpYj3nJ7kf78wF66ftycMWJNhCty2cv9tQBoCFasQAvD_BwE

Overpopulation is a major cause of most of the world’s problems. Whether it is a question of food shortage, lack of
drinking water or energy shortages, every country in the world is affected by it – or will be.

Partly thanks to the import of goods from abroad, any particular country is able to maintain its own welfare. But this cannot
go on in an unlimited way. In fact, the number of inhabitants is rising in every country. The world population is threatening
to rise in the next few decades to 8 or 10 billion. There is a good chance that more and more countries will need their own
products themselves.

Our planet can offer a quality of life comparable to that enjoyed in the European Union to no more than 2 billion people.
With a population of 8 to 10 billion, welfare per person on a world scale will drop to that of a poor farmer who can scarcely
provide sufficient food for himself and knows nothing of welfare. And thus we will have to share everything fairly in order to
avoid disputes or war.

The climate is changing – and it matters little whether this can be blamed on human activity or on changes in the solar
system. The sea level only has to rise slightly in order to cause a great deal of valuable agricultural land to disappear. At
present we seem to think that we can keep ahead of famine with the use of artificial fertilizers, by the inhumane breeding
of animals and other survival strategies.
Human beings have a tendency to want more and more welfare. World-wide the numbers of cars and refrigerators are
increasing before our very eyes. But there will come a time when population growth and welfare collide. There is a
reasonably good chance that floods of people will trek all over the world searching for more food and welfare.

Technicians are only too happy to point to technology that has solutions to all our problems up its sleeve. Unfortunately
technical solutions have not as yet been able to combat world hunger in any significant way. Wherever there is no

recognition or solving of the problems on a worldwide scale, war and violence would seem to be inevitable: everyone
wants to survive.
 https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f31ed3756a8b4cb9aa4bac6e2dbdb3cd

ACTIVITY 1.

Make a slogan that describes the World’s Population. Explain the reason behind it.
Activity 2.

Multiple Choice. Choose the best correct answer.

1. The world’s population has now exceeded ______ people.

a. 6 billion

b. 4 billion

c. 2 billion

d. 7 billion

2. Mortality has declined dramatically in many nations because of:

a. migration of peoples

b. vaccines against diseases

 c. better nutrition

d. decline of wars

3. When people leave an area to go elsewhere that is called:

a. migration

b. net-migration

c. immigration

d. population transfer

4. The concept of environmental deficit:

a. reminds us that the state of the environment is a social issue

b. suggests that much of environmental damage is intended

c. let us know that the environmental deficit is irreversible

d. all of the above

5. Which combination of factors will produce the highest rate of population growth?

a. high life expectancy and high infant mortality

b. low life expectancy and low infant mortality

c. low life expectancy and high infant mortality

d. high life expectancy and low infant mortality

6. A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics?
I. inhabiting the same general area
II. individuals belonging to the same species
III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion

a. I only

b. III only

c. I and II only

d. II and III only

e. I, II, and III

7. You are observing a population of lizards when you notice that the number of adults has increased and is higher
than previously observed. One explanation for such an observation would include

a. reduction in death rate

b. increased immigration

c. increased emigration

d. decreased emigration

e. increased birth rate

8. One of the greatest causes of population increase is tied to:

a. improved health care

b. worsening sanitary conditions

 c. lack of clean safe drinking water

d. families have more children today than they used to

9. In general, the world population is:

a. Increasing

b. Decreasing

c. remaining stable

d. decreasing now but will be increasing in the future

10. A resource that will be jeopardized due to increase in population:

a. Freshwater

b. Saltwater

c. size of the earth

d. the sun's energy reaching the earth's surface

ACTIVITY 3.

1. Describe one positive and one negative impact of the concentration of people in cities.
2. Name two social factors that affect population growth.