Fire Safety

Department of Labor and Employment
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
FIRE SAFETY
BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING
SAFETY CONTROL DIVISION
OBJECTIVES
 Explain the causes and extent of fire incidents.
 Describe the chemistry, behavior and concept
of fire.
 Explain the principles of fire prevention,
suppression and control.
 Differentiate the specific types of portable fire
extinguishers.
Summary of Fire Statistics
2012 ‐ 2014
 Number of Fires : 36,996
Annual Ave. : 12,332
 Estimated cost of losses : P 12,500,673,425
Annual Ave. : 4,166,891,142
 Number of deaths : 759
Annual Ave. : 253
 Number of injuries : 2,317
Annual Ave. : 772 Source:
Bureau of Fire Protection
CAUSES OF FIRE DEATHS
1. Inhalation of Toxic fumes:
– Carbon Monoxide (CO)
– Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Hydrogen Cyanide (HCn)
2. Insufficient oxygen (Asphyxia)
3. Effects of heat (Hyperthermia)
4. Bronchial and pulmonary swelling (Edema) with blood
congestion (Hyperemia)
5. Ventricular fibrillation
Source:
6. Backdraft or smoke explosion Bureau of Fire Protection
Department of Labor and Employment 4
Top Causes of Fires in the Philippines
• Faulty/Overloaded Electrical System
• Open flames and candles
• Neglected Electrical Devices/Appliances
• Liquefied Petroleum Gases
• Smoking and matches
• Lightning
• Spontaneous combustion
• Friction
Source:
• Sparks Bureau of Fire Protection
Overloaded Circuit
Open Flame
Friction
TRAGIC FIRE INCIDENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
OZONE DISCO FIRE : 162 DEATHS plus
INJURIES
LUNG CENTER FIRE: 25 DEATHS plus
INJURIES
DAMAS de ISLAS de FILIPNAS FIRE: 23
DEATHS plus INJURIES
QC MANOR HOTEL FIRE: 75 DEATHS plus
INJURIES
NOVO JEANS AND SHIRTS CLOTHING
STORE FIRE: 17 DEATHS plus INJURIES
KENTEX MANUFACTURING FACTORY
FIRE: 72 DEATHS plus INJURIES
• Life Safety
– The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect
building occupants from injury and to prevent loss of
life.
• Property Protection
– The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property
damage.
• Protection of Operations
– By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure
that work operations will continue.
FIRE SAFETY
• FIRE PREVENTION – Preventing occurrence of
destructive fire or reduce likelihood of destructive
fire.
• FIRE DETECTION – Alarm system to detect presence
of smoke or heat
• FIRE SUPPRESION – Extinguishing unwanted/
uncontrolled destructive fire. Means of mitigation.
Reduce the effect of destructive fire.
• FIRE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS – Preparing
persons in the eventuality of a fire emergency.
WHAT IS FIRE?
• It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation
with the evolution of light and heat.”
• Fire is a chemical reaction between a
flammable or combustible material and
oxygen.
• Is the chemical union of heat , fuel and oxygen
produced in the proper proportions
ELEMENTS OF FIRE
(FIRE TRIANGLE)
FROM AIR HEAT SOURCE
OXYGEN HEAT
Chemical
Reaction
FUEL
GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS
OXYGEN
Oxygen Enriched
Environment
OXYGEN Environment with
diminished amount of
oxygen
Normally, air is 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen.
HEAT
flames, cigarettes, matches,
hot surfaces,
electrical arcs and sparks,
HEAT welding, friction, etc
A form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or
molecules and capable of being transmitted
TRIANGLE OF FIRE
GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS
FUEL
Any material that will burn is classified as fuel
Liquid FUEL
Flash point ‐ is the lowest temperature at w/c fuel
gives off flammable vapors.
Flammable Substances – a material having a flashpoint
below 100F (37.8C).
Flammable Substances Flashpoint
F C
Gasoline ‐45 ‐42.8
Acetone 0 ‐17.8
Alcohol 55 12.8
FUEL
Combustible Substances – a material having a flashpoint
at or above 100F (37.8C).
Combustible Substances Flashpoint
F C
Fuel Oil 100 37.8
Kerosene 100 37.8
Quenching Oil 365 185.0
Corn Oil 490 254
WHICH IS MORE DANGEROUS
Question: A substance with low flashpoint or a
substance with a high flashpoint?
Answer: The lower the flashpoint, the more
dangerous a substance is.
Question: How would you know the flashpoint
of a substance?
Answer: By looking at the label or SDS.
Classes of Fire
Fires can be classified according to the fuel it consumes.
Class A type of fires are
made up of ordinary
combustibles such as
paper, wood, or plastic.
• wood
• cloth
• paper
• rubber
• many plastics
Classes of Fire
Flammable Liquids
Class B type of fires are (Surface Fire)
fueled by liquids, gases,
or grease‐type fuels.
Oil, gasoline, alcohol,
and other liquids are
the most common types • gasoline
found in this class. • oil
• grease
• oil‐based paint
• thinner & lacquer
• flammable gases
Classes of Fire
Energized Electrical
Equipment
Class C type of fires are basically
fueled by electricity. In this case, the
electricity is actually the heat source
that propagates the fire and often
communicates to other fuels of the
class A or B type to sustain the
• Appliances burning process.
• Power Tools
• Motors
• Lighting fixtures
• Electrical Circuits & Panels
Classes of Fire
Combustible
Class D, a less common
Metal
fire type, is fueled by
metals. A particular class • magnesium
of heavy metals, which • sodium
can be identified in the
D
• potassium
periodic table of the • titanium
elements and found • zirconium
mostly in the alkali metal • other
flammable
group, will burn. metals
Classes of Fire
CLASS K FIRES
• Recently recognized by NFPA
Cooking Media
10.
• Fires involving combustible
vegetable or animal non‐
saturated cooking fats in
commercial cooking equipment.
FIRE GROWTH and SPREAD
The Burning Process
(Stages of Fire Development)
Ignition Stage (Incipient Stage) – The point at which the
four elements in the fire tetrahedron come together,
materials reach their ignition temperatures and a fire is
started. At the ignition stage, the fire is typically small
and limited in area.
The Burning Process
Growth Stage – Fire begins to grow, other combustibles heat
up, liberate flammable gases, and ignite, spreading the chain
of reaction to other flammables and resulting in an increase
in size.
The Burning Process
Fully Developed Stage (Free‐Burning Stage) – This stage is
recognized as the point at which all the contents within the
perimeter of the fire’s boundaries are burning. In a structure,
this would mean the entire contents of a room.
The Burning Process
Decay Stage – When the point at which all the fuels has
been consumed is reached, the fire will begin to diminish
in size. Ultimately, the fire will extinguish itself, when the
fuel or oxygen supply is exhausted.
Mode of Fire Propagation
(Heat Transfer)
Conduction – heat transfer to another body or
within a body by direct contact.
 Heat can be transferred through steel
beams, metal conduit, wire and ducts.
 Direct flame contact with wood, cloth, many
kinds of plastics, rubbers and paper.
Heat Transfer by Direct Contact
trash
(Heat Transfer)
Convection – the transfer of heat through a
circulating medium, such as hot air and gases.
 Heated air and gases expands and becomes
less dense making it lighter than the
surrounding gases. It moves upwards away
from the fire. The hotter the gases, the faster
they rise.
Heat Transfer by Convection
(Heat Transfer)
Radiation – the transfer of heat by the emission and
propagation of heat energy in the form of rays or waves.
 Hot surfaces can radiate heat, igniting combustibles
considerable distances away
 Radiant heat energy increases rapidly as the source
becomes hotter
Heat Transfer by Radiation
PRINCIPLES OF FIRE PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
• Prevent the Outbreak of Fire
• Provide for Early Detection
• Prevent the Spread of Fire
• Provide for Prompt Extinguishment
• Provide for Prompt and Orderly
Evacuation
Take any one of these
factors away, and the
fire cannot occur.
FIRE PREVENTION PRACTICES
•Correct all defective wiring systems.
•Never overload a power outlet.
•Unplug all appliances that are not in use.
•Never bypass fuses or circuit breakers.
•Never play with matches or lighters
•Always keep stoves that use LPG’s in good condition
•Practice safe storage of chemicals
•Smoke only in designated smoking areas.
Hot Work
Hot Work
Definitions:
Hot Work is any work using open flames or sources
of heat that could ignite materials in the work area.
HOT WORK PERMIT SYSTEM
An administrative
control of controlling
fire hazards (fire
prevention).
OSHS Requirement for Hot Works
Rule 1100.01 (Item 5) : General Provisions
Gas and Electric Welding and Cutting Operations
Authorization, before welding and cutting operations are
allowed in large establishments, the area shall be inspected
by the safetyman. He shall issue a written permit or
authorization for welding and cutting, indicating therein the
precautions to be followed to avoid fire or accidents.
FIRE CODE OF 2008 : DIVISION 17
HOTWORKS OPERATION
SECTION 10.4.17.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE FOR HOTWORKS OPERATION
A Fire Safety Clearance shall be secured from City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction prior to any hotworks operations.
SECTION 10.4.17.2 LOCATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
A. All combustibles shall be relocated at least eleven meters (11 m)
horizontally from the work site. If relocation is impractical, combustibles shall
be protected with fire‐retardant covers or otherwise shielded with metal or
fire‐retardant guards or curtains. Edges of covers at the floor shall be tight to
prevent sparks from going under them, including where several covers
overlap when protecting a large pile.
FIRE CODE OF 2008 : DIVISION 17
HOTWORKS OPERATION
B. If hotworks is done near walls, partitions, ceilings, or roofs of combustible
construction, fire‐retardant shields or guards shall be provided to prevent
ignition.
C. Hotworks shall not be attempted on a partition, wall, ceiling that has a
combustible covering or insulation, or on walls or partitions of combustibles
sandwich‐type panel construction.
D. Hotworks that is performed on pipes or other metal that is in contact with
combustible walls, partitions, ceilings, roofs, or other combustibles shall not
be undertaken if the work is close enough to cause ignition by conduction.
E. All hotworks operations in confined spaces shall be adequately ventilated
to prevent the accumulation of toxic materials or possible oxygen deficiency.
Fire Detection and Alarm System
A complete protective signaling and
control system including fire detection,
alarm and communication.
Smoke Detectors
An alarm device that monitors continuously the air condition
for the presence of smoke.
Heat Detectors
Fixed Temperature Types
Which respond when the
detection element reaches a
predetermined temperature
Rate‐of‐Rise Type
Which respond to an increase
in heat at a rate greater than
some predetermined value.
EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE
• Removal of Fuel
• Excluding or Limiting Oxygen
• Cooling
• By Interrupting the Chain Reaction
PARTS OF A PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
MOUNTING/
TRIGGER
BRACKET
GAUGE
PIN
GAUGE
HOSE
SEAL
PIN
NOZZLE
(DISCHARGE OUTLET)
TANK/
CYLINDER
TANK BASE LABEL/INSTRUCTIONS
Fire Extinguisher Labeling
Letter Symbol Picture Symbol
For wood, paper, cloth, trash and
other ordinary materials
For gasoline, grease, oil, paint and
other flammable liquids
For live electrical equipment
For combustible metal No Current Picture
Symbol
Fire Extinguisher Labeling
Class A, B, C
Class A
Class A & B
Class B & C
Class D
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
WATER AFFF
DRY CHEMICAL HCFC‐123
CARBON DIOXIDE
DRY POWDER
DD
OSHS RULE NO. 1944.05
GENERAL REQUIREMENT ‐ PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER
a. all places of employment, including those where
automatic‐sprinkler protection system is installed,
shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers for
protection against incipient fires;
b. portable extinguishers shall be maintained in fully
charged and operable condition and kept in their
designated places at all times when not in use;
c. approved fire extinguishers shall be used;
d. extinguishers shall be installed on hangers or brackets
conspicuously located in unobstructed areas readily
accessible in the event of fire;
e. extinguishers having group weight not exceeding 18
kgs. shall be installed so that the top is not more than
1.5 meter above the floor. Those exceeding 18 kgs.
except wheeled types, shall be installed not more than
1 meter above the floor;
f. extinguishers shall be inspected monthly or at more frequent
intervals when circumstances require to ensure they are in
their designated places, to determine physical damages and
that they are in good operable condition;
g. at regular intervals of not more than a year, or when
specifically indicated by an inspection, extinguishers shall be
thoroughly examined, recharged, or repaired;
h. on the place where extinguishers are located, the type and
use of the extinguishers and instructions on its proper use
shall be marked in visible and easily readable letters.
USING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
P = Pull the Pin
A = Aim the Nozzle
S = Squeeze the trigger
S = Sweep side to side
at the base
USING FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• Start approximately 6‐8 feet from the fire then
squeeze the trigger slowly while moving towards the
fire
• 10‐lb fire extinguishers lasts only 10‐20 seconds. It
should be used correctly.
• When the fire is extinguish, stop pulling the trigger.
In the event of a re‐ignition, at least there would still
be contents inside the unit.
• Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire
is not extinguished
FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND
ORGANIZATION
Fire Marshall
FIRE BRIGADE CONCEPT AND
Deputy Fire Marshall ORGANIZATION
Fire Captain
OSHS Rule 1948.02 (Item 1)
Asst. Fire Captain
Every place of employment
Fire Fighting Evacuation First Aid
depending on the magnitude of
Group Group Group potential fires and the availability
of assistance from the public fire
Fire Extinguisher
Handler
Evacuation Fire Exit First Aid Man department shall organize a fire
Guide Guard Nurse
brigade to deal with fires and
Fire Hose
Handler
other related emergencies.
Security and Search & Rescue

Communications Group
Group
Fire Exit Drills
OSHS Rule 1948.03
• To familiarize, train and rehearse the occupants
with evacuation procedures so that order and
control is maintained in actual emergency.
• To determine if emergency escape facilities are
sufficient for orderly evacuation of all occupants.
• Shall be conducted at least twice a year, once
every semester.
Emergency Exits
OSHS Rule 1943.03 Exits
• At least 2 Ways Out
 Clear and Unobstructed
 Well‐illuminated
IMPORTANT REMINDER…
IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT THE BEST TIME TO
STOP FIRE IS BEFORE IT STARTS. AND THE
BEST WAY TO PREVENT THE OCCURRENCE
OF DESTRUCTIVE FIRE IS “TO HAVE NO FIRE
AT ALL”.
National Fire Protection Association
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
OX
EL
FU
YG
EN
HEAT
• The key to having a successful fire safety program is having
an effective fire prevention program.
• Better understanding of fire will lead us to a prompt and
correct extinguishments of fire.
• Fire suppression equipment are effective only when
properly maintained.
BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING
SAFETY CONTROL DIVISION

Fire Safety

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Department of Labor and Employment

GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS

TANK BASE LABEL/INSTRUCTIONS

Security and Search & Rescue

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