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HCI Lecture 2: Human Capabilities: Input/Output Systems: Key Points
HCI Lecture 2: Human Capabilities: Input/Output Systems: Key Points
Hiroshi Shimodaira
Key points:
Human have processing constraints
Motor limitations, e.g. Fitts’ law for pointing
Visual range for motion, shape, colour, detail and
their consequences for design decisions
Visual attention models
Alternative sensory channels
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Human constraints
Task
Articulation Performance
Input
Human Computer
Observation Output Presentation
Interface
Environment
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Human constraints
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Human constraints
The MHP
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Motor constraints
T=a+b log2(D/W+1)
T=time, D=distance, W= target width
a, b are constants that depend on the pointing device, the user, the
environment etc.
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Motor constraints
T=a+b log2(D/W+1)
T=time, D=distance, W= target width
a, b are constants that depend on the pointing device, the user, the
environment etc.
Justification?
By “analogy” to Shannon information
capacity = bandwidthxlog2((signal+noise)/noise)
If move fraction 1-r to target each timestep, then reach
target when rnD = W/2; so n is proportional to log22D/W
Empirically find good fit with log2(D/W + 0.5)
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Motor constraints
T=a+b log2(D/W+1)
T=time, D=distance, W= target width
a, b are constants that depend on the pointing device, the user, the
environment etc.
Application?
Time will increase with distance – can we keep everything close?
Time will decrease with width – can we make width infinite?
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Perception
Limits on resolution – recommend minimum font size; ideally individual can adjust
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Eye tracking
Babcock &
Pelz 2004
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Perception
Models of attention
e.g. Itti et.al. 1998
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Attention
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Attention
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Perceptual constraints
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Alternative sensory channels
Sound:
Not so easy to localise but can detect from any direction
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References
Fitts law: for a detailed account see MacKenzie, I.S. (1992) Fitt’s law as a
reseach and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human
Computer Interaction, 7, 91-139.
Itti model of visual attention: see ilab.usc.edu/bu for details of the model,
images, movies, an interactive demo and source code.
Jay, C et al. (2007) How people use presentation to search for a link:
Expanding the understanding of accessibility on the web
www.cs.man.ac.uk/~jayc/papers/web_presentation_new.pdf
See also:
Dix et. al. sections 1.2, 3.2, 3.4, 12.5
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