Mathematical Physics – I

Review - Series

Drs. A. Handjoko Permana M.Si

Pendidikan Fisika - FMIPA
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Series

❑ What is sequence ?
❑ What is series ?

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Series
∞
1. General Series : ෍ 𝑎𝑛
𝑛=

∞
𝑛! 1 2 6
a) ෍ = 1+ + + +. . .
𝑛+1 ! 2 6 24
𝑛=0
∞
𝑛 1 2 3
b) ෍ 2 = + + +. . .
𝑛 + 4 5 8 13
𝑛=1

∞
𝑛!
c) ෍
2𝑛 !
𝑛=0

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Convergent or Divergent ?

❑ What is convergent ?
❑ What is divergent ?

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Testing for convergence

1. Prelimenary test or Divergent test

𝐼𝑓 lim 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 ; 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑛→∞
𝐼𝑓 lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 ; 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑛→∞

Examples :
∞
𝑛!
a) ෍
𝑛+1 !
𝑛=0

𝑛! 1 1
lim = lim = =0 → 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑛 → ∞ 𝑛+1 ! 𝑛→~ (𝑛+1) ∞

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Testing for convergence
∞
𝑛!
b) ෍
𝑛! + 1
𝑛=0

𝑛! 1 1
lim = lim 1 = 1 =1 ≠ 0 → 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑛 → ∞ 𝑛! + 1 𝑛→∞ 1 + 𝑛! 1+ ∞

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Testing for convergence

2. Integral test : 𝑖𝑓 ‫𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑓 = 𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑎 ∞𝑐׬‬ → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

= 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 → 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

Examples :
∞
𝑛
a) ෍
𝑛2 + 4
𝑛=1

∞
∞
𝑛 1
𝐼 = න 2 𝑑𝑛 = ln 𝑛2 + 4 = ∞ → 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛 +4 2 c
𝑐

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Testing for convergence
∞
1
b) ෍
𝑛2
𝑛=1

∞
∞
1 1 1
𝐼 = න 2 𝑑𝑛 = − = → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛 𝑛 c 𝑐
𝑐

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Testing for convergence

3. Ratio test :
ρ < 1 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑛+1
𝜌 = lim ρ = 1 ; 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
ρ > 1 ; 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

Examples :
∞
𝑛!
a) ෍
2𝑛 !
𝑛=1

𝑛+1 ! 2𝑛 ! 𝑛+1
𝜌 = lim . = lim = 0 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛+1 ! 𝑛! 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 + 2 (2𝑛 + 1)

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Testing for convergence
∞
1
b) ෍
𝑛
𝑛=1

1 𝑛 𝑛
𝜌 = lim . = lim =1 ; 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Testing for convergence

Exercise :
1. Boas, chapter-1, problems section 5 & 6
2. Boas, chapter-1, section 16-Miscellanous Problems: No. 1 -8

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Series
∞
2. Alternating Series : ෍ −1 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
𝑛=0
∞
a) 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + . . . = ෍ −1 𝑛

𝑛=0
∞
−3 𝑛 32 33
b) ෍ = −3 + − + ...
𝑛! 2! 3!
𝑛=1

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Test for alternating series

𝑨𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔, 𝒊𝒇

𝑎𝑛+1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0

𝑛→∞

Examples :
∞

a) ෍ −1 𝑛

𝑛=0

∞
−3 𝑛
b) ෍
𝑛!
𝑛=1

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Test for alternating series
∞

a) ෍ −1 𝑛

𝑛=0

➢ 𝑎𝑛+1 = (−1)𝑛+1 = 1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 = 1 √

➢ lim (−1)𝑛 = −1 𝑜𝑟 +1 𝐱
𝑛→∞

𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Test for alternating series
∞
−3 𝑛
b) ෍
𝑛!
𝑛=1

3𝑛+1
➢ 𝑎𝑛+1 =
𝑛+1 !
𝑎𝑛+1 3
= for n >2 , terpenuhi syarat 1. √
3𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛!
(−3)𝑛
➢ lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim = 0 for n > 10 , terpenuhi syarat 2. √
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛!

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Test for alternating series

Exercise :
1. Boas, chapter-1, problems section 7

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Series
𝑛
3. Power Series : ෍ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛

∞
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 (−𝑥)𝑛 −𝑥 𝑛
a) 1− + − +. . . + + . . . = ෍
2 4 8 2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑛=0

(𝑥+2) (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥+2)𝑛

b) 1 + + +. . . + +. . .
2 3 𝑛+1

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Power series : interval of convergence

Examples :
∞
𝑛
a) ෍ −𝑥 Refer to ratio test; 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 < 1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛 2
𝑛=0

(−𝑥)𝑛+1 2𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
𝜌 = lim 𝑛+1
. 𝑛
= lim = < 1 −2 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑛→∞ 2 (−𝑥) 𝑛→∞ 2 2

➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 ➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
∞ ∞

෍ 1𝑛 ෍ (−1)𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
convergent / divergent ? convergent / divergent ?
Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus
Power series : interval of convergence
∞
➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 ෍ 1𝑛 ; divergent by preliminary test
𝑛=0
∞
➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 ෍ (−1)𝑛 ; divergent by alternating test
𝑛=0

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: −𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Power series : interval of convergence

∞ 𝑛
b) ෍ (𝑥 + 2)
𝑛=0
𝑛+1

(𝑥 + 2)𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝜌 = lim . = 𝑥+2 < 1 −3 < 𝑥 < −1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+2 (𝑥 + 2)𝑛

➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3 ➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
∞ ∞
(−1)𝑛 1
෍ ෍
𝑛=0
𝑛+1 𝑛=0
𝑛+1

convergent / divergent ? convergent / divergent ?

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus
Power series : interval of convergence
∞
(−1)𝑛
➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −3 ෍ ; convergent by alternating test
𝑛=0
𝑛+1
∞
1
➢ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1 ෍ ; divergent by integral test
𝑛=0
𝑛+1

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: −𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 < −𝟏

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Power series : interval of convergence

Exercise :
1. Boas, chapter-1, problems section 10
2. Boas, chapter-1, section 16-Miscellanous Problems: No. 9 - 13

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

 Expanding Functions in Power Series

Taylor Series :

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)3 + . . . + 𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛

take the derivative :

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 3 𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + . . . + 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛−1 + . . .

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 𝑎2 + 3.2. 𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 4. 3. 𝑎4 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + . . .

𝑓 𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 . . . 1 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑎)

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Expanding Functions in Power Series

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎

𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑎0 ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝑎1 ; 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) = 2 𝑎2

𝑓 ′′′ 𝑎 = 3.2.1 𝑎3 = 3! 𝑎3
𝑓 𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑛! 𝑎𝑛

𝑇𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∶

1 ′
2 ′′
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑥−𝑎 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑓 𝑎 + . . .+ 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑛𝑓𝑛 𝑎 + . . .
2! 𝑛!

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Expanding Functions in Power Series

𝑇𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑎 = 0 → 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 ∶

2 3 𝑛
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 0 + 𝑥 𝑓′ 0 + 𝑓 ′′ 0 + 𝑓 ′′′ 0 +. . . + 𝑓𝑛 𝑎 + . . .
2! 3! 𝑛!

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus

Expanding Functions in Power Series

Fisika Matematika – I Introduction & Review Calculus