COLEGIO DE AMORE

Indang – Trece Road, Luciano, Trece Martires City Cavite

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDEX CRIME RATE AND NON-INDEX

CRIME RATE IN TRECE MARTIRES CITY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Whatever barometer crime may be, its prevention, detection and prosecution

involves substantial public costs and provokes considerable public interest. The

public's fear and perceived risks of crime are influential elements in the response

to crime. Because the effectiveness of crime suppression and prevention is one

of the fundamental measures of the capability of the State, the "crime barometer"

is a constructed and contested artifact of these crime control activities. Pertinent,

if flawed, "crime statistics" represent the "facts" and serve as the measure of

crime. The statistics in turn become phenomena in their own right and the

source for data and speculation on changing patterns of crime. Nevertheless

apart from bureaucratic need, the State's interest in producing crime statistics

is to promote the perception of public order, safety, predictability of law and to

highlight its protective and essential role. It is generally acknowledged that

societies that are stable with low crime, secure and safe environments and

rational means of dealing with conflicts and "rule" breaking are advanced and

'civilized' societies. In rational economic terms, such 'rule of law' states, generate

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sustainable wealth and attract rather than deter investment´ (World Bank. 1997).

Crime then is a threat to social order and development as well as a pathology or

risk. The level of investment by the state in "law and order" reflects the

political salience of public order and crime issues (UNDP, 2008).

The Philippines supports a relatively large public and private policing

establishment. In the last two decades about 12 percent of annual government

expenditure was devoted to the maintenance of security, an outlay that is

exceeded only by spending on health and education.

Traditionally, countries have relied on police statistics of reported and recorded

offences to assess changes in rates of offending over time. Since many offences

are not reported to the police, victimization surveys, which ask people about the

crimes they have experienced, are increasingly used to assess levels of

offending and to track trends. Surveys of fear of crime, which are usually included

in victimization surveys, are also important ways of assessing levels of insecurity

(not necessarily related to actual crime levels) among different populations and

communities. The existence of reliable baseline data and research on crime rates

and incidence is important in developing and adapting relevant crime prevention

programs and strategies. Such data are equally important for the monitoring and

evaluation of activities undertaken. Currently, there exists no baseline data on

Cavite particularly in Trece Martires City. Accordingly, the purpose of this study

was to investigate the rate of index- crimes and non-index crimes in Trece

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Martires City, the seat of the provincial government of Cavite. This research aims

to enhance information and statistics on crime rates and crime incidence in Trece

Martires City for the development of crime prevention programs and strategies.

There is also a need to disseminate the information obtained in this study to

government authorities at all levels, and police services and NGOs, to assist

them in developing data, measuring performance and evaluating the impact of

current crime

prevention programs of the city.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, this sought answers to the following research problems:

1. What type of non-index crimes are recorded by the police force in Trece

Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009?

2. What type of index crimes are recorded by the police force in Trece

Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009?

3. What is the prevalence of recorded index crimes and non-index crimes in

Trece Martires City in the two periods?

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4. What are the rates of index crimes and non-index crimes in Trece Martires

City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009?

5. Is there significant difference in the rates of index crimes and non-index

crimes in Trece Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May

2009?

Hypotheses of the Study

There are no significant differences in the rates of index and non-index crimes in

Trece Martires City between January to May 2008 and from January to May

2009.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused on the rates of index and non-index crimes for two periods,

namely: January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009. This study was

conducted from November 2009 to March 2010. Data were limited to index and

non-index crimes recorded by the Philippine National Police of Trece Martires

City. Secondary data were obtained from the records of the Trece Martires City

police station. Drug-related crimes were not covered in this study due to

confidentiality of information.

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Importance of the Study

The study is important because it will be useful to the Department of the Interior

and Local Government (DILG), Philippine National Police, City Government of

Trece Martires, other members of the public sector, and students and

researchers. The following are expected to benefit from this study: The

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) which authority over

local government executives including public safety line bureaus like the

Philippine National Police (PNP), the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and the

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), enables it to direct policy

guidelines on matters of public safety and security. Findings and

recommendations contained in this study may be of valuable use to the DILG in

policy formulation and issuance of Department Orders to the PNP towards further

improvement of the PNP standard operating procedures in dealing with index

and non-index crimes. The Philippine National Police (PNP), wherein its top

hierarchy and units responsible for responding to calls/information regarding

crimes of all types, this study may be used as a reference for review and further

improvement of measures and procedures towards further operational

effectiveness.

Government authorities on whose shoulders lay the responsibility of keeping their

political jurisdictions safe, orderly and secure from threats, this study may be

used for decision-making concerning further support, financial or otherwise, to

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their local PNP units under their operational supervision and control with respect

to capability against crime.

Other members of the public sector, especially NGOs and cause-oriented groups

that are well-organized and having a collective drive to push proper authorities

into timely action concerning issues, the findings and recommendations

contained in this study could be of great importance for purposes of

strengthening public safety and security against criminal activities. Finally, this

research could be used by students and other researchers conducting similar

studies.

Operational Definition of Terms

For purposes of clarity to establish a common frame of reference for the study,

the following terms are defined operationally as they are used in this study:

Access to justice refers to the courts; the independence, impartiality and integrity

of the judiciary; the prosecution service; and legal defense and legal aid.

1.Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which the Philippine government (via

mechanisms such as legal system) can ultimately prescribe a conviction. While

every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for

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example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as "offences" or as

"infractions".

2.Crime prevention refers to strategies and measures that seek to reduce the

risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and

society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes.

3.Grave threats refer to the act of any person who threatening another with the

infliction upon the person, honor or property of the latter or of his family of any

wrong amounting to a crime.

4.Index crimes refer to those violations of the penal code considered to have

socioeconomic significance, and occur with sufficient regularity to be meaningful.

These include crimes against person (murder, homicide, physical injury and

rape), and crimes against property (robbery and theft).

5.Non-index crimes refer to all other crimes not classified as index crimes.

These are mostly composed of victimless offenses (e.g., crimes against national

security, crimes against the fundamental laws of the state, crimes against public

order, crimes against public morals, and violations of special laws). Non-Index

Crime includes

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Profile of Trece Martires CityThe City of Trece Martires is a third-class city in the

province of Cavite, Philippines. The city serves as the seat of government of the

Cavite, where many of the provincial government offices are located. According

to the NSO census, it has a population of 90,177 people in a land area of 49.10

square kilometers (www.cavite.gov.ph, 2010). The city is named after the

Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite, who were executed by the Spaniards on September

12, 1896. Trece Martires City used to be the largest, remotest and one of the

oldest barrios in Cavite. The City was formerly a barrio of Tanza and was most

probably known then as "Quinta" or "Quintana". It was re-named after the thirteen

Caviteños who were executed by the Spaniards on September 12, 1896 shortly

after the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. Development is basically

agricultural with the land subdivided into cattle ranches and sugar farms.

Honorable Justiniano S. Montano and Honorable Jose T. Cajulis jointly prepared

House Bill No. 1795. The said House Bill became Republic Act No. 981.

President Ramon Magsaysay, in May 24, 1954, approved Republic Act No. 981

known as the "Charter of Trece Martires City" which also provides for the transfer

of the capital of Cavite Province from Cavite City to Trece Martires City. It

changed the tempo of development and urbanization in the area. The charter of

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Trece Martires City originally provided that the Provincial Governor should be the

ex-officio city mayor. Honorable Dominador Mangubat, the incumbent governor

then, thus became the first chief executive of the new city. The provincial capitol

was formally inaugurated on January 2, 1956, the day Governor Delfin N.

Montano was sworn into office. President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed, on

June 11, 1977, Presidential Decree No. 1163 relocating the capital and seat of

government from Trece Martires City to Imus. Governor Juanito R. Remulla

requested Marcos, in September 1979, to transfer the Provincial Capitol

back to the City of Trece Martires. President Corazon C. Aquino approved on

March 31, 1992 Republic Act 7325, amending the charter of the City of Trece

Martires. The amendment provided for the first local elections in the city

(www.cavite.gov.ph, 2010).

Trece Martires City is politically subdivided into 13 barangays (4 urban and 9

rural). It is not coincidence but design that the city was subdivided into thirteen

barangays; this was planned by Senator Justiniano Montano and Congressman

Jose Cajulis, who played a major role in creating the city. Each barangay was

named after one of the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite to commemorate their bravery

and heroism (www.tmc.gov.ph, 2010).

Trece Martires City is strategically located at the heart of the Province of Cavite.

Its major source of income is real property taxes. Agriculture has long been

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neglected in favor of commercialism and industrialization. With its 14.75%

growth-rate, the projected population by 2010 is 110,000. The major cause of this

ballooning population is in- migration (which is gladly facilitated by the LGU even

though it is not sustainable, in order to support the incumbents for the upcoming

2010 elections) (www.tmc.gov.ph, 2010). The most noteworthy fact about this city

is its cleanliness and the absence of any form of gambling. The city has been

awarded in the fields of nutrition, health services, cleanliness, literacy, education

and social services. With its small land area and its income, the city is fairly

manageable in terms of public works, infrastructure and provision of basic

services to the residents (www.tmc.gov.ph, 2010).

The city government provides the following assistance to its indigent: financial,

medical, emergency, school fees and burial expenses. It has extensive programs

for the elderly, solo parents, out-of-school youths and mothers. One of its most

admirable programs is their blood donation activity every March, May, September

and December; Balik Ewskwela (school supplies distribution to all public

elementary and highschool students); clean and green; revitalization of

agricultural lands, high school and college scholarship and their livelihood

programs. These programs all look good on paper, but are mundane in actuality

(www.tmc.gov.ph, 2010).

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As of 2007, this city is considered one of the most beautiful and prosperous cities

in Cavite. This is to be attributed to the admirable leadership of the current

mayor (www.tmc.gov.ph, 2010).

Crime Prevention

In many countries, crime prevention has traditionally been seen as the

responsibility of the police or as stemming from the deterrent aspects of the

law or repression of offenders. However, as a result of increasing innovation,

research and experience throughout the world, it is now recognized that crime

has multiple causes and that many other sectors of society can have an impact

on crime levels and therefore have a responsibility to act to help prevent crime.

The police cannot do so alone (UNODC , 2009). There is a much broader role for

government at all levels in establishing proactive rather than reactive strategies

for preventing and reducing crime and victimization. Housing, health and job

creation, recreation, social services and environmental services can all make a

significant difference to crime levels when they work in partnership with the police

and justice sector (UNODC, 2009).

More significantly, this is not just a government role, but one that includes

communities and civil society organizations, working in partnership with

government and public and private institutions. For this reason, this Tool

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emphasizes the need to understand how security and safety emerge in a specific

context and what measures may be taken to support governance, and the

involvement of stakeholders and communities in crime prevention.

The assumption that prevention can somehow be accomplished through the

establishment of the rule of law and a viable criminal justice system remains

strong in many countries, nevertheless. Having a well-resourced and well-run

criminal justice system has been assumed to be the best way not only to build

strong democratic institutions, but also to prevent crime. What has become

increasingly clear, however, is that this is not necessarily the case (UNODC,

2009). In developed countries such as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland, for example, over a 10-year period significant increases in

penalties, in the numbers of police and in resources for youth justice have

resulted in increasing numbers of young people being drawn into the criminal

justice system and being charged or placed in custody (Solomon and Garside,

2008).

Crime Trends in Asia

For many developed countries in Asia, the likelihood of a family being the victim

of a common property crime such as burglary or car theft has decreased

gradually in the last few years. Yet, owing to an extended rise in crime rates in

the 1960s and 1970s, the likelihood of a family falling victim to a crime in the year

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2000 is still between two and three times higher than it was in the 1960s. The

likelihood of

violent crime continues to increase to rates that are several times what they were

in the 1960s. Violence against women and crimes committed by and against

youth are matters of particular concern (Reports on Tenth United Nations

Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000).

Even in countries where crime rates are decreasing, levels of public insecurity

and fear remain high. It is well known that levels of insecurity are related to

factors other than crime itself: a sense of insecurity may be exacerbated by

several factors, including precarious living conditions, rising unemployment and

little hope for the future. Crime, however, remains a main source of public

insecurity (Reports on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of

Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000). For many developing countries

and countries with economies in transition, crime rates have escalated

dramatically in recent decades. Studies show that nine of the 10 countries with

the highest rates of serious violent crime are those with economies in transition.

Murder rates in some cities in developing countries are 10 times or more than

those of developed countries in Europe (Reports on Tenth United Nations

Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000).

The social consequences of crime are significant. Crime affects the poor in urban

areas more frequently and more deeply than other groups of the population

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(Graeme, 1999). It leads to shattered lives for victims and has an impact on

society in general, seen in the increase in measures taken to ensure private

security, loss of confidence in the justice system for a large segment of society

and architecture of fear. Generally, the highest rates of homicide, between 22

and 64 per 100,000 population tend to occur in cities of developing countries

(Graeme, 1999).

Philippine Laws relating to Crime

Presidential Decree No. 1866 are laws on illegal/unlawful possession,

manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition, of firearms, ammunition or

explosives or instruments used in the manufacture of firearms ammunition or

explosives and imposing stiffer penalties for certain violations thereof and for

relevant purposes.

Republic Act No. 9165 enacted on June 7, 2007 is an act instituting the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, repealing Republic Act No. 6425,

otherwise known as The Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, providing

funds therefore, and for other purposes. Republic Act No. 8294 is an act

amending the provisions of Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended, entitled

³Codifying the Laws on Illegal/Unlawful Possession, manufacture, dealing in,

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acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunition or explosives or instruments

used in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition or explosives, and imposing

stiffer penalties for certain violations thereof and for relevant purposes. Republic

Act No. 7610

enacted on June 17, 1997 is an act providing for stronger deterrence and special

protection against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination and for

other purposes. Republic Act No. 9262 is an act defining violence against women

and their children, providing for protective measures for victims, prescribing

penalties therefore, and for other purposes.

Crime Trends in the Philippines

Despite some improvement in law and order, crime remained a major problem

through the end of the 1980s in the Philippines. Police attributed the country's

chronic crime problems to a variety of social and cultural factors. Widespread

poverty and rapid population growth were frequently cited. Population pressures

and a shortage of land and jobs in rural areas had produced a steady internal

migration to the cities. This urbanization of a traditionally agrarian society was

commonly mentioned as cause for increased crime rates. In particular, police

pointed to the rapid growth of urban slum and squatter areas; more than 25

percent of the population of Metro-Manila were thought to be squatters in the late

1980s. Widespread possession of firearms--including automatic rifles--was

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another factor contributing to crime. Undisciplined private armies, usually

maintained by local politicians and wealthy families, and numerous organized

crime gangs were the biggest violators of firearms laws. The Communist and

Muslim insurgencies compounded the problem of proliferating guns and violence.

Piracy and smuggling also were thriving criminal industries, especially in the

southern portions of the archipelago to the police, the incidence of serious crime

escalated through the early 1980s, from approximately 250 crimes per 100,000

population in 1979, to a sustained level of around 310 during 1984 through 1987,

then declined in 1988 and 1989. In 1988 the crime rate dipped below 300 crimes

per 100,000 people, then fell dramatically in 1989 to 251 crimes per 100,000

citizens. Because of differing reporting practices and degrees of coverage, it was

difficult to compare Philippine crime rates to those of other countries.

Government officials attributed the decrease in crime to improved police work,

but economic conditions appeared to be as important. The deterioration in law

and order during the early and mid-1980s accompanied a steadily worsening

economy, whereas the improvement in the late 1980s paralleled renewed

economic growth under Aquino. Not surprisingly, crime rates were highest in

major urban areas, where unemployment was the highest. Regionally, peninsular

southern Luzon, the western Visayan islands, and portions of Mindanao--

impoverished rural areas where insurgents were active--had the most criminal

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activity in the mid-1980s. Drug use and trafficking were growing problems during

the 1980s, particularly in marijuana. Cultivation was geographically widespread,

but the mountainous portions of northern Luzon and the central Visayas were

the major marijuana-growing centers. During the late 1980s, another drug,

methamphetamine, was fast becoming a narcotics problem. Known locally as

shabu, it had generally been

smuggled into the country, but domestic production expanded sharply in 1989 to

meet growing demand. Coca cultivation was not significant in 1989, and there

was no evidence of opium poppy cultivation or heroin manufacture. The

Philippines remained a center of drug trafficking and transshipment. Cannabis

growers exported their product to Hong Kong, Japan, Australia, and the United

States, and Philippine waters were routinely used by other smugglers as a

transshipment

point for Southeast Asian marijuana bound for North America. Manila's Ninoy

Aquino International Airport, too, was used for transhipment of heroin and

marijuana destined for Guam, Australia, Europe, and the United States.

Production and trafficking of illegal drugs was accomplished by a variety of

domestic and foreign criminal groups, notably Australian, American, and ethnic

Chinese Filipinos. Communist insurgents also were involved in marijuana

cultivation. Corruption remained a serious problem in the early 1990s, and its

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elimination was one of the government's most vexing challenges. Despite

persistent efforts, petty graft was commonplace, and high-level corruption

scandals periodically rocked the government. As part of its continuing efforts to

weed out official malfeasance, the government maintained a special

anticorruption court, known as the Sandiganbayan Other government initiatives

targeted corruption, crime, and terrorism. Peace and Order Councils at the

national, regional, and provincial level were rejuvenated under Aquino. By

regularly bringing together responsible government, military, and community

leaders, the

government hoped to improve the effectiveness of its anticrime and

counterinsurgency programs. AFP and police commanders also attempted to

address the problems of internal corruption and abuse, which, they admitted,

undermined public confidence in, and cooperation with, the security forces. Top

military leaders routinelypublicized retraining programs, the discharge and

demotion of scalawags in the ranks, and other measures designed to improve

discipline. The military also mounted a counternarcotics effort, spearheaded by

the constabulary's Narcotics Command. Government agents more than doubled

arrests during 1989 and eradicated millions of marijuana plants, but they still

found it difficult to keep pace with the growing drug trade.

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The crime rate in the Philippines is low compared to industrialized countries. An

analysis was done using INTERPOL data for the Philippines. For purpose of

comparison, data were drawn for five of the seven offenses used to compute the

United States FBI's index of crime. Index offenses include murder, forcible rape,

robbery, aggravated assault, and motor vehicle theft. The Philippines does not

report data for burglary, and theft data do not exclude burglary and are thus not

comparable to FBI data on larceny. Lacking complete data on property crimes,

the combined total of these offenses constituting the Index used for trend

calculation purposes cannot be made. The Philippines will be compared with

Japan (country with a low crime rate) and USA (country with a high crime rate)

with the data available.

According to the INTERPOL data, for murder, the rate in 2000 was 7.85 for the

Philippines, 1.10 for Japan, and 5.51 for USA. For rape, the rate in 2000 was

4.21 for the Philippines, compared with 1.78 for Japan and 32.05 for USA. For

robbery, the rate in 2000 was 8.06 for the Philippines, 4.08 for Japan, and 144.92

for USA. For aggravated assault, the rate in 2000 was 15.10 for the Philippines,

23.78 for Japan, and 323.62 for USA. The rate for motor vehicle theft in 2000

was 3.26 for the Philippines, compared with 44.28 for Japan and 414.17 for

USA. In terms of crime solution efficiency, or the percentage of crimes solved,

the Philippine National Police in Region XI was able to solve 90.6 percent of the

total crimes reported in the region in 2008. The province of Compostela Valley

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topped the other provinces in the region as it recorded the highest crime

solution efficiency with 92.8 percent while police authorities in Samal City

managed to solve 98.5 percent, the highest among the cities in the region

(NCSB, 2009).

Among the industrialized towns in Cavite, Carmona is considered the most

peaceful. It has a very low crime rate at 7.15%, with a crime solution efficiency of

90%, despite the unfavorable policeman-to-population ratio of 1:1,788. This is

made possible through the concerted efforts of the Carmona PNP, private

volunteer groups, and organizations with the local government taking the lead

( http://carmonagov.net/home, 2010).

The local police force of Carmona works in close cooperation with other PNP

units and agencies both in the provincial and national level. Extending support to

its efforts, the Carmona Traffic Management Office oversees road safety and

regulations. Moreover, emergencies and fires are quickly responded to by the

local Bureau of Fire Station with additional enforcements from other fire station

in Cavite (http://carmonagov.net/home, 2010).

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

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This chapter discusses the research design, locale of the study, the data

collection, and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The study employed descriptive research design. This study dealt on the rates of

index and non-index crimes in Trece Martires City from January to May 2008 to

January to May 2009. Secondary data from PNP Trece Martires City was

utilized to answer the objectives of this research.

Locale of the Study

The study covered all recorded crimes in all 13 barangays of Trece Martires City

namely: Cabezas, Cabuco, De Ocampo, Lallana, San Agustin, Osorio, Conchu,

Perez, Aguado, Gregorio, Inocencio, Lapidario, and Luciano. The study was

conducted from

November 2009 to March 2010.

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Data Collection

Prior to the collection of data, permission was secured from the Research

Adviser and Dean of the College of Sports, Physical Education and Recreation.

Thereafter, permission to collect data was obtained from the PNP Chief of Police

of Trece Martires City.

Secondary data on index crimes and non-index crimes were collected from the

records of the PNP station in Trece Martires City. Other relevant information were

obtained from the Web, existing reports, research papers, books, journals, and

other publications.

Statistical Treatment of Data

For the statistical treatment of data, certain statistical formulas were used in this

research work. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, percentage,

rank, and mean were used in analyzing the data gathered. The statistical

computations were recorded into an SPSS statistical computer program for

analysis.

The formulas that were utilized are as follows: (Weiss and Hasset, 1996 )

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1. Frequency count was used to determine the types of index crimes and

non- index crimes recorded by the police force in Trece Martires City from

January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009, the prevalence of index and

non-index crimes and the crime incidence by barangay.

2. Percentage (%) was used to determine the types of index crimes and

non- index crimes recorded by the police force in Trece Martires City from

January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009, the prevalence of index and

non-index crimes, and the crime incidence by barangay.

The formula for percentage is:

% = F/N x 100

where:

F= frequency of an item or response

N= Total number of respondents

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3. T-test was used to determine the significant differences in the rates of

index crimes and non-index crimes in Trece Martires City from January to May

2008 and from January to May 2009.

The formula for t-test is:

where:

1= mean of the first group

2= mean of the second group

s1 = standard deviation of the first group

s2 = standard deviation of the second group

n1 = number of observations in the first group

n2 = number of observations in the second group

s = standard deviation which is computed as follows:

The standard deviation, s, of n pieces of sample data can be computed from the

formula:

s!

or

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s!

where:

x = data values

§x = sum of observations

§ x 2 = sum of observations squared

x = sample mean

n = number of pieces of data

xx

 x  x 2

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