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  • Exocrine Glands-Endocrine Glands

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    There are two types of glands in the human body - exocrine glands, which release secretions through ducts like sweat and salivary glands, and endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream to target distant cells and tissues. The pituitary gland, located in the brain, regulates other endocrine glands by producing tropic hormones and also growth hormone. It is connected to the hypothalamus which controls hormone production through feedback mechanisms involving hormone levels. Disorders can occur if hormone levels are too high or too low.

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    pituitary gland icse 10

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    Pituitary gland

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    There are two types of glands in the human body - exocrine glands, which release secretions through ducts like sweat and salivary glands, and endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream to target distant cells and tissues. The pituitary gland, located in the brain, regulates other endocrine glands by producing tropic hormones and also growth hormone. It is connected to the hypothalamus which controls hormone production through feedback mechanisms involving hormone levels. Disorders can occur if hormone levels are too high or too low.

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    56 views8 pages

    Exocrine Glands-Endocrine Glands

    Uploaded by

    neerleo
    There are two types of glands in the human body - exocrine glands, which release secretions through ducts like sweat and salivary glands, and endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream to target distant cells and tissues. The pituitary gland, located in the brain, regulates other endocrine glands by producing tropic hormones and also growth hormone. It is connected to the hypothalamus which controls hormone production through feedback mechanisms involving hormone levels. Disorders can occur if hormone levels are too high or too low.

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    Types of glands

    Human body has two types of glands based on the presence of ducts-

    Exocrine glands-  Endocrine glands- 


    These are glands with ducts These are glands without ducts
    Release their secretions through Release their secretions directly
    these ducts, like salivary gland and into blood vessels, like thyroid and
    sweat gland.   adrenal. 
    Present near site of action. Present far away form site of action
    Secretions are normally enzymes. Secretions are hormones.

    Endocrine glands release hormones in the blood stream, that travels


    throughout the body and reach the target cell.
    Hormones-

     chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands.

     they are released directly into the blood stream.

     they act at a site away from where they are secreted.

     they act on specific target tissue or organ.

     they modify and regulate the activity of target tissue/organ.


    http://resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio30/images/m2/b30_m2_021_l.j
     they are secreted in small quantities.
    pg
     deficiency of hormone can lead to disorders.
    list of endocrine glands-

    1. Hypothalmus 

    2. Pituitary Gland

    3. Pineal Gland 

    4. Thymus

    5. Thyroid

    6. Parathyroid 

    7. Adrenal Glands

    8. Pancreas

    9. Testes

    10. Ovaries
    Pituitary gland

    Location- in the brain


    attached to
    hypothalamus 
    Pear shaped 
    Divided into three lobes
    –

     Anterior
    pituitary –pars
    anterior 

     Intermediate
    lobe or pars
    intermedia 

     Posterior
    pituitary-
    neurohypophysi
    s or pars
    nervosa 

    Pituitary is connected to
    the hypothalamus by a
    stalk called
    INFUNDIBULUM. 
    It is connected by the
    hypothalamo-
    hypophysial portal
    system and axons of
    hypothalamic neurons.

    Anterior pituitary Tropic hormones- These are


    hormones that activate other
    endocrine glands to release
    their hormones or act on target
    organs. 

    1. Thyroid stimulating
    Hormone (TSH) or
    Thyrotropin 

    2. Adrenocorticotropic
    Hormone (ACTH) 

    3. Follicle stimulating
    hormone (FSH) 

    4. Lutenizing hormone
    (LH) –In Females, 

    5. Interstitial Cell
    Stimulating Hormone
    (ICSH)- In Males.

    6. Somatotrophic
    Hormone or
    Somatotrophin or
    Growth Hormone  

    Non tropic hormone-

    1. Prolactin or Lactogenic
    or Luteotropic
    hormone.

    Posterior pituitary
    Posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus connected by
    nerve fibers.
    It does not secrete any hormone, it stores and releases the hormones
    secreted by the hypothalamus.
    The hormones released by posterior pituitary are-
    1. Anti-diuretic hormone or vasopressin. 
    It stimulates re-absorption of water from the kidneys and increases
    blood pressure by acting as a vasoconstrictor.
    2. Oxytocin or pitocin. 
    It stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during child birth and milk
    ejection from mammary glands.
    How are the hormone levels regulated?

    Feedback mechanism
    The endocrine hormones are regulated by feedback mechanism.
    The hormones released by the target gland regulates its further
    production. This effect may be positive or negative.
    In positive feedback the endproduct stimulates the secretion of the
    releasing factor.
    In negative feedback the endproduct inhibits the secretion of the
    releasing factors.
    The feedback mechanism can be-
    By hormones- when the increase or decrease in the target gland
    hormone acts as inhibitor or stimulator respectively.
    By metabolites- the blood metabolite level control the hormone
    release.
    By nervous control- Adrenal medulla hormones are controlled by the
    sympathetic nervous sytem.

    Somatotrophic hormone or Somatotrophin or growth hormone 


    It is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

     Stimulates body growth by stimulating mitosis.

     Stimulates retention of proteins and calcium in the body.


     Helps in growth of long bones.

    Hyposecretion of STH (hGH)  Hypersecretion of STH (hGH)


    Decrease in secretion during childhood. Oversecretion from childhood
    Causes dwarfism- stunted growth of bones and other body organs. Causes gigantism  - abnormal elongation of all bones, produces giant
    size persons called pituitary giants. 
    Over secretion of GH after adolescence, causes acromegaly. They are
    called disproportionate giants, elongation of certain body parts like
    hands, feet and jaws.

    Vassopressin or Antidiuretic hormone


    It acts on the kidney and stimulates reabsorption of water, thereby reducing the loss of water through urine.
    It also causes narrowing of arteries acting as a vasoconstrictor.Hyposecretion causes  Diabetes insipidus.
    Large amounts of urine excreted, dehydration and thirst.

    https://biology4isc.weebly.com/

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