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Unit I (: Principles of Geographic Information System
Unit I (: Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
Principles of Geographic Information System
Unit I
(A Gentle Introduction to GIS, Geographic information & spatial data types)
1. GIS is an acronym of ______________.
a. Generic Information System
b. Geological Information System
c. Geographic Information Sharing
d. Geographic Information System
5. What is ‘Metadata’?
a. It is ‘meteorological data’
b. It is ‘oceanic data’
c. It is ‘contour data’
d. It is ‘ data about data’
20. Among the following, which do not come under the components of GIS?
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Compiler
d. Data
21. Our object of study can have different characteristics for different locations and
these characteristics change over time. This is referred as ___________.
a. Spatial dimension
b. Spatio-temporal dimension
c. Temporal dimension
d. Positional dimension
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
22. Data is ____________ if it is associated with some position on the Earth’s surface, by
using a spatial reference system.
a. Georeferenced
b. Dynamic
c. Static
d. None of the above
24. We can use sample measurements to estimate the value of phenomena in places
where we have not measured it, using a technique called _________.
a. Geographical interpolation
b. Spatial interpolation
c. Spatial recursion
d. Geographical estimation
25. ____________ phase deals with putting it all together into a format that
communicates the result of data analysis in the best possible way.
a. Data capture
b. Data analysis
c. Data presentation
d. Data Sharing
26. Many issues arise in data presentation phase. They are _______
a. Message & audience
b. Medium & technique
c. Rules of aesthetic
d. All of the above
27. The discipline that deals with all aspects of the handling of spatial data and
geoinformation is called ___________.
a. GI System
b. Geographic information technology
c. Geographic information science
d. Geoinformatics
28. _________ is the data that contains positional values such as (x; y) co-ordinates.
a. Spatial data
b. Geo-spatial data
c. Geo-referenced data
d. All of the above
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
29. _______ is a specific type of information resulting from the interpretation of spatial
data.
a. Geoinformation
b. Dynamic information
c. Static information
d. None of the above
30. The extent to which errors and other shortcomings of a data set affect decision
making depends on the purpose for which the data is to be used. This is referred as
__________
a. Data assurity
b. Data Equality
c. Data Quality
d. All of them
35. A representation of some part of the real world that has certain characteristics in
common with the real world is known as _______.
a. Modelling
b. Analyzing
c. Digitizing
d. None of them
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
36. Select correct feature of database from given options:
a. Concurrent use
b. Storage optimization
c. Query facility
d. All of them
37. _______ is a geographic phenomenon for which, for every point in the study area, a
value can be determined.
a. Geographic object
b. Geographic space
c. Geographic field
d. All of them
38. _________ populate the study area, and are usually well distinguished, discrete, and
bounded entities.
a. Geographic objects
b. Geographic space
c. Geographic field
d. All of them
39. Different kinds of data values which we can use to represent geographical
phenomena are _____________.
a. Nominal values
b. Ordinal values
c. Interval & Ratio values
d. All of them
40. __________ are values that provide a name or identifier so that we can discriminate
between different values.
a. Nominal values
b. Ordinal values
c. Interval values
d. Ratio values
41. _____________are data values that can be put in some natural sequence but do not
allow any other type of computation.
a. Nominal values
b. Ordinal values
c. Interval values
d. Ratio values
42. ________ are quantitative, allows simple forms of computation like addition and
subtraction, has no arithmetic zero value, and does not support multiplication or
division.
a. Nominal values
b. Ordinal values
c. Interval values
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
d. Ratio values
43. __________ allow all forms of arithmetic computation, have a natural zero value, and
multiplication and division of values are possible.
a. Nominal values
b. Ordinal values
c. Interval values
d. Ratio values
44. Nominal and Ordinal data values are referred as qualitative data.
a. True
b. False
47. ___________ can be determined with almost arbitrary precision, dependent only on
the data acquisition technique applied.
a. Crisp boundary
b. Fuzzy boundary
c. Static boundary
d. Dynamic boundary
48. ___________ boundary is not a precise line, but rather itself an area of transition.
a. Crisp
b. Fuzzy
c. Static
d. Dynamic
49. __________is a partitioning of space into mutually exclusive cells that together make
up the complete study space.
a. Modelling
b. Prototyping
c. Tessellation
d. Digitizing
53. _________ is a set of regularly spaced (and contiguous) cells with associated (field)
values.
a. Model
b. Raster
c. Vector
d. Layer
54. ______ is one of the standard implementation techniques for digital terrain models.
a. TIN
b. Layer
c. Object
d. Prototype
56. _____ are defined as single coordinate pairs (x; y) when we work in 2D, or
coordinate triplets (x; y; z) when we work in 3D.
a. Polygons
b. Lines
c. Points
d. Fields
57. The two end nodes and zero or more internal nodes or vertices define a ______.
a. Polygon
b. Line
c. Point
d. Field
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
58. _________ refers to the spatial relationships between geographical elements in a
data set that do not change under a continuous transformation.
a. Polygon
b. Field
c. Object
d. Topology
60. When we combine various simplices into a single feature, we obtain __________.
a. simplicial complex
b. tetrahedron
c. field
d. object
61. A 1:50,000 scale map means that 1 cm on the map represents __________ on
terrain.
a. 50000 m
b. 50000 cm
c. 50000 mm
d. 50000 km
64. ____________ is the time when an event really happened, or a string of events took
place.
a. Absolute time
b. Relative time
c. Valid time
d. Transaction time
65. ____________ is the time when the event was stored in the database or GIS.
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
a. Absolute time
b. Relative time
c. Valid time
d. Transaction time
Unit II
(Data management & processing system)
66. SDI stands for
a. Spatial database instruction
b. Spatial data infrastructure
c. Spatial data induction
d. Spatial database infrastructure
68. Software programs that act as an intermediate between geographic databases and
the users of the web are __________.
a. Geo web services
b. GIS hardware
c. Geo-databases
d. GIS Software
74. Combined activities to keep the data set up-to-date and as supportive as possible to
the user community is called as ________.
a. Data capturing
b. Data presentation
c. Data maintenance
d. Data analysis
75. Category of information systems composed of a database, GIS software, models, and
knowledge engine which allow users to deal specifically with locational problems is
known as ________.
a. Spatial decision support systems
b. Spatial Database
c. Relational data model
d. Geo web services
76. Computing new information that provides new insight from the existing, stored
spatial data is referred as _______.
a. Data capturing
b. Data presentation
c. Data maintenance
d. Data analysis
77. ___________ is a software package that allows the user to set up, use and maintain a
database.
a. Spatial decision support systems
b. DBMS
c. data model
d. Geo web services
78. _______ is a computer program that extracts data from the database that meet the
specified conditions.
a. Source code
b. Vector layer
c. Query
d. Raster layer
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
79. For the relational data model, the structures used to define the database are
_______.
a. attributes, tuples & relations
b. rows & columns
c. vector & raster layers
d. cells & pixels
80. __________ allows tuples that meet the selection condition to pass, and disallows
tuples that do not meet the condition.
a. Attribute Projection
b. Tuple selection
c. Join
d. None of them
81. ______ works like a tuple formatter: it passes through all tuples of the input, but
reshapes each of them in the same way.
a. Attribute Projection
b. Tuple selection
c. Join
d. None of them
82. __________ operator takes two input relations and produces one output relation, if
they meet a specified condition.
a. Attribute Projection
b. Tuple selection
c. Join
d. None of them
85. Which of the following does not refer to a stage of spatial data handling?
a. Spatial data capture and Preparation
b. Spatial data storage and maintenance
c. Spatial Query and Analysis
d. Spatial data discussion and elevation
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
86. In GIS , the agricultural field is represented by
a. Point
b. Line
c. Polygon
d. Boundary
87. In GIS, the raster approach subdivides the object space into a number of 2D cells
called
a. Voxel
b. Pixel
c. Excel
d. Digicell
88. In GIS, the raster approach subdivides the object space into a number of 3D cells
called
a. Voxel
b. Pixel
c. Excel
d. Digicell
94. Among the following, which do not come under the components of GIS?
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Compiler
d. Data
96. Table is a collection of tuples that are similarly shaped implies that
a. All values for the same attribute are same
b. All values of all attributes are same
c. All values for the same attribute come from a single domain of values
d. All records are same
97. Relation definition in the form of name of the relation, attributes and attribute
domain is known as _________.
a. Relation schema
b. Foreign key
c. Relation estimation
d. Primary key
100. How many reference surfaces have been established to approximate the shape of
the Earth?
a. Three
b. One
c. Two
d. Zero
103. Due to irregularities or mass anomalies in this distribution the global ocea
results in an undulated surface . This surface is called _________.
a. Ellipsoid
b. Cuboid
c. Geoid
d. None of them
105. Reference surface used for the description of the horizontal coordinates of
points of interest is ___________.
a. Ellipsoid
b. Cuboid
c. Geoid
d. None of them
113. When the symmetry axes of the plane, cone and cylinder coincide with the
rotation axis of the ellipsoid or sphere, the projection is said to be
a. Normal Projection
b. Transverse Projection
c. Oblique Projection
d. None of the above
114. When the symmetry axes of the plane, cone and cylinder coincide with the
equator, the projection is said to be
a. Normal Projection
b. Transverse Projection
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
c. Oblique Projection
d. None of the above
115. When the symmetry axes is somewhere between the rotation axis and
equator of the ellipsoid or sphere, the projection is said to be
a. Normal Projection
b. Transverse Projection
c. Oblique Projection
d. None of the above
120. Apparent distance between satellite and the receiver, computed from the
time delay with which its radio signal received is called _____________.
a. Pseudorange
b. Pseudodistance
c. Pseudoline
d. pseudodisplacement
123. User needs signal from minimum ______ satellites to fix his position as well
as altitude with GPS.
a. Zero
b. One
c. Four
d. Two
131. When a radio signal is received via two or more paths between sender and
receiver it is called
a. Multiface signal
b. Multimode signal
c. Multipath signal
d. Mutinode signal
133. GPS receiver determines the travel time of a signal from a satellite by
comparing the pseudo random code. This is called as ______________.
a. Signal phase measurement
b. Code phase measurement
c. Frequency code measurement
d. Wavelength code measurement
134. Measuring the range between a satellite and receiver by cycles of the carrier
frequency is called ______.
a. Code phase measurement
b. Frequency code measurement
c. Wavelength code measurement
a. Carrier phase measurement
136. Data which is captured directly from the environment is known as _____.
a. Secondary Data
b. Primary Data
c. Digital Data
d. Manmade Data
137. Data derived from existing paper maps through scanning, data digitized
from a satellite image, processed data purchased from data capture firms or
international agencies is known as ____________.
a. Secondary Data
b. Primary Data
c. Automated Data
d. Manmade Data
138. Any data which is not captured directly from the environment is known as
____________.
a. Secondary Data
b. Primary Data
c. Automated Data
d. Manmade Data
139. The process of distilling points, lines and polygons from a scanned image is
called ___________
a. Vectorization
b. Rasterization
c. Digitization
d. Automation
a. Data standard
b. Data quality
c. Data consistency
d. Database
145. Large errors resulting from human carelessness which could be avoided
through careful observation are called _________.
a. Systematic errors
b. Gross errors
c. Random errors
d. False Errors
146. Errors in sign and magnitude that can go undetected by repeating the
measurement with the same instrument are called _______.
a. Systematic errors
b. Gross errors
c. Random errors
d. False Errors
147. Errors that remain after gross errors and systematic errors have been
removed are called _____________.
a. Systematic errors
b. Gross errors
c. Random errors
d. False Errors
149. _______ can be used to assess the probability that a particular set of
measurements does not deviate too much from the true value.
a. Euclidean distribution
b. Root mean square error
c. Pythagorean distribution
d. Random distribution
150. _________ is defined at a fixed distance on either side of the line & the width
of the band is based on an estimate of the probable error location of the line.
a. Epsilon or Perkal band
b. Gaussian band
c. Euclidean band
d. Random band
154. ____________ describes the history of a data set as part of the metadata.
a. Temporal accuracy
b. Attribute accuracy
c. Lineage
d. Completeness
155. ________ refers to whether there are data lacking in the database compared
to what exists in the real world.
a. Temporal accuracy
b. Attribute accuracy
c. Lineage
d. Completeness
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
156. Mapping organizations maintain a single source database known as
_________.
a. Base data
b. Raw data
c. True data
d. All of the above
157. Base data is _______ and contains all data required for the largest to smallest
scale map to be produced.
a. Dimension less
b. Scale less
c. Error less
d. Information less
161. _________ is the process of joining two or more map sheets after they have
separately been digitized.
a. Edge matching
b. Paper matching
c. Map matching
d. Co-ordinate matching
164. A process often applied to remove redundant or excess vertices from line
representations, as obtained from digitizing is _____________.
a. Edge matching
b. Format transformation
c. Graphic element editing
d. Coordinate thinning
176. What is the reference surface for the description of the horizontal
coordinates of points of interest?
a. Ellipsoid
b. Geoid
c. Sphere
d. Mountains
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
177. An ellipsoid is formed when an ellipse is rotated about its
a. Major axis
b. Minor axis
c. Eccentricity
d. Semi major axis
178. An ellipsoid is positioned and oriented with respect to the local mean sea
level by adopting a latitude and longitude and ellipsoidal height of a fundamental
point. This is called as
a. Local vertical datum
b. Global vertical datum
c. Local horizontal datum
d. Global horizontal datum
179. The most important global spatial reference system for the GIS community is
a. International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)
b. International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF)
c. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)
d. Open geospatial consortium (OGC)
180. ITRF2000 or WGS84, are called geocentric datums because they are
positioned with respect to the
a. South pole
b. North pole
c. Centre of mass of the Earth
d. Equator
Unit IV
(Spatial data analysis)
185. ___________ function allows the combination of two (or more) spatial data
layers comparing them position by position, and treating areas of overlap and of
non-overlap in distinct ways.
a. Classification
b. Retrieval
c. Generalization
d. Overlay
189. Which function works on the basis of networks for example road networks,
water courses in coastal zones, and communication lines in mobile telephony?
a. Connectivity
b. Overlay
c. Classification
d. Retrieval
190. Contiguity function, network analytic function and visibility function are a
part of _____________ function.
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
a. Connectivity
b. Overlay
c. Classification
d. Retrieval
193. Distance between two feature points say p and q, is calculated by_______.
a. Root mean square error
b. Pythagorean distance function
c. Regression
d. Integration
197. In _______ classification user only specifies the number of classes in the
output data set and system automatically determines the class break points.
a. Automatic
Principles of Geographic Information System
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b. User controlled
c. Static
d. dynamic
199. In _______ classification, a user selects the attributes that will be used as the
classification parameters and defines the classification method.
a. Automatic
b. Equal interval
c. User-controlled
d. Equal frequency
200. Two polygon layers A and B produce a new polygon layer that contains all
intersections of polygons from A and B. this is called _________.
a. Raster overlay
b. Raster intersection
c. Vector overlay
d. Vector division
202. GISs that support raster processing usually have a language to express
operations on rasters. These languages are generally referred to as ________.
a. Map algebra
b. Raster algebra
c. Vector algebra
d. GIS algebra
203. Which of the following overlay methods would you use to calculate the length
of road within a forest polygon?
a. Union
b. Point in polygon
c. Line in polygon
d. Polygon in polygon
204. The standard overlay operator for two layers of polygons is ________.
a. Polygon intersection operator
b. Polygon clipping operator
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
c. Polygon Overwrite operator
d. All of the above
206. Which function allow the retrieval of features that fall within a given search
window?
a. Classification
b. Overlay
c. Search
d. Buffer zone generation
207. Intersection, union, difference and complement are the operations of which
function?
a. Classification
b. Overlay
c. Neighbourhood
d. Connectivity
211. The anchor point is fixed by convention to be _______ location of the raster.
a. Lower left
b. Lower right
c. Upper right
d. Center
Principles of Geographic Information System
TYIT
212. Raster’s anchor point, the cell resolution, and the position of the cell in the
raster determine ______.
a. Location of an individual cell
b. Size of individual cell
c. Width of cell
d. Height of cell
213. __________ is calculated as the number of cells multiplied by the cell area
size.
a. Location of an individual cell
b. Size of individual cell
c. Width of cell
d. Area of raster
214. The interactively defined selection objects like points, lines, or polygons are
used in which type of query?
a. Interactive spatial selection
b. Spatial selection by attribute
c. Combined attribute condition
d. Spatial selection using topological selection
217. Area < 400000 AND Land use = 80 is which type of query?
a. Interactive spatial selection
b. Spatial selection by attribute
c. Combined attribute condition
d. Spatial selection using topological selection
223. Assignment C2 := A + B
a. Will add two constants A and B and store the result in C2
b. Will add the values of A and B cell by cell, and store the result as raster C2
c. Will add the first values of A and B and store the result as raster C2
d. Will add the anchor point values of A and B and store the result as raster C2
224. Which of the following is not standard comparison operator of raster overlay
operation?
a. < >
b. > <
c. =
d. <
225. Comparison & logical operators will store values in output raster as
a. Imaginary values
b. Numerical values
c. True & False
d. Zero