(Date) : Dheeraj
(Date) : Dheeraj
OFDM
Dheeraj
[COMPANY NAME]
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................................3
OFDM Without CP in Massive MIMO...............................................................................................3
Motivation........................................................................................................................................3
Background.......................................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Orthogonality.......................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 OFDM modulation and demodulation................................................................................4
2.2 OFDM with CP.............................................................................................................................6
1
3.3.2 OFDM without CP with TR_MRC and TR_ZF Techniques.................................................16
3.3.3 OFDM with CP with ZF and MRC Equalisations................................................................17
Conclusion and future work...............................................................................................................19
4.1 Contribution to the project..................................................................................................19
Reference............................................................................................................................................19
Appendix.............................................................................................................................................21
2
Abstract
In this paper, we study the overhead of CP (cyclic prefix) removing possibility in systems of MIMO
(massive multiple-input multiple-output) from the OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing).
In this, we include both the downlink also the uplink transmission in the result. Cyclic prefix (CP) absence
raises the efficiency spectral in intercarrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) expense.
In MIMO massive it is called that; the multiuser interference and uncorrelated noise effects disappear as
the antennas of base station (BS) number manages to infinity. If distortion of the channel investigate in
CP absence will fade away, study the standard MRC (maximum ratio combining) performance for the
receiver. In such receiver, the analysis reveals that, there remains always few residual interferences
leading to the saturation of ratio of SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise). We utilize the technique of
TR (time reversal) as propose for resolving such issue. Furthermore, reducing the multiuser interference,
zero-forcing equalization was proposed to get deployed after combining the TR. Compare the proposed
system achievable rate with CP-OFDM conventional. In the channels that are realistic, from OFDM the
CP is attained by removing the higher spectral efficiency, while decreasing the complexity
computational.
Chapter 1: Introduction
OFDM Without CP in Massive MIMO
Motivation
MASSIVE MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) is a technique for multiuser which enable users to
instantaneously use the similar resources in frequency and time. This substantially enhances the
multiuse networks capacity, for 5G (fifth generation) making it strong candidate technology of networks
that are cellular and the interest topic for the community of research, [5] – [7]. Here, where the base
station (BS) number antennas are much greater than the users number, optimum performance can get
accomplished through the most precoding/detection straightforward methods, specifically, maximum
ratio transmission/combining [5].
Background
In context of massive MIMO, with CP (cyclic prefix) the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing) is attractive due to enables the adaptation of the channel for frequency-selective among
every antenna of MT (mobile terminal) and antennas of BS into the set of channels that are flat-fading
over every band of the subcarrier.
1.3.1 OFDM with CP in Massive MIMO – The data streams of MT can get recognized
from each other throughout the corresponding responses of the channel. Therefore, with massive
MIMO most of literature deals while using OFDM with CP (CP-OFDM) [5], [7] – [9]. Therefore, duration
of CP additional an extra overhead to network and decreases the efficiency of the spectral. Thus,
transmission rate raise, it is advantageous to eradicate from OFDM the duration of CP. Therefore,
intercarrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) at expense, enforced by the channel of
multipath. The impact of noises that are uncorrelated also different imperfections/interference types
like phase noise, imperfections that are hardware, information of imperfect channel state, MUI
(multiuser interference), etc., will evaporate the BS antennas number grows big [7], [8]–[9]. Thus, the
3
main question is: “Can MIMO massive average out ICI and ISI that are introduced in OFDM by multipath
channel without CP?”
1.3.3 OFDM-based OTFS for massive MIMO using 2D matched filter in the delay-
Doppler domain – The two critical issues are Doppler and Multipath effects that require to get solved
in high frequency or high-speed systems of wireless communication, especially in beyond the networks
of 5G mobile/ forthcoming 5G. [1]-[6]. Delay-doppler domain are deployed by OTFS for transmission of
the data rather than the domain of time-frequency. Therefore, the OTFS signal detection challenge is to
contract with ISI in both Doppler and delay dimensions that is affected by the wireless channels of time-
varying. [7]
The subcarrier spacing that is needed by orthogonality is Hertz, where the useful duration
of the symbol is T U seconds, and positive integer that is = 1 is k. Thus, with subcarriers number N, the
total bandwidth of the passband is B ≈ N*Δf (Hz).
This permits efficiency of high spectral, with total rate of the symbol neat the rate Nyquist for equivalent
signal of the baseband.
2.1.2 OFDM modulation and demodulation - Arioua, M. and Hassani, M.M. in 2014
presents a comparison of multiplicative among the efficient structures of pipeline radix and developed
design of IFFT/FFTs that are applied for OFDM demodulator/modulator to get utilized in systems of IEEE
802.16a and IEEE 802.11a. This helps in reducing the complexity of the multiplicative with utilizing
architecture of the feedback and reducing the complex multiplications approach. Based on architecture
analysis and algorithm of developed IFFT/FFTs efficient and comparison outcomes, low arithmetic
complexity was reached by the proposed designs.
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Ye (Geoffrey) Li et al. in 1998 states that OFDM modulation is the method for achieving the rates of high
bit that are needed for a service of wireless multimedia. The estimator of the robust channel can
substantially enhance the OFDM systems performance in a fast channel of dispersive fading.
For wireless LAN and earth digital broadcasting this modulation method named OFDM is utilized.
Multicarrier modulation is the classification given to OFDM modulation. Below applet presents the
spectrum of the OFDM. It takes the sinc function shape.
Modulation principle
Below is the OFDM modulator block diagram of analog circuit. QPSK is the technique used for subcarrier
modulation, and 16 subcarriers are used.
5
Demodulation principle
Below figure is the OFDM demodulation block diagram utilizing circuit of analog. The OFDM waves
intermediate frequency utilizing mixer that are down-converted and obtained needed signal with LPF.
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conventional TR method, whereas with extra ZF equaliation of the TR-based technique is referred with
TR-ZF. Two intervals are used for the coherent channel time for communication system as:
1. data transmission
2. training period.
Here, we consider the period for data transmission and during such period remove the overhead of the
CP. It considers CSI (channel state information) perfect knowledge at BS and assume CP is contained in
training course for establishing the timing synchronization and frequency carrier and attain CSI
accurately. With the help of OFDM without CP higher spectral efficiency can get attained as compared to
the CP-OFDM. Higher rate of information is achieved if TR-ZF and TR-MRC methods are used in OFDM
without CP compared to situation where in CP-OFDM techniques of ZF and MRC detections are used.
Orthogonality
Separability
Invariance
Invariance states that pattern of coupling is like all symbols of QAM. Separability states that paths that
are diverse are separated and every symbol of QAM experiences the channel diversity paths. Lastly,
orthogonality states coupling is localized, which states that symbols of QAM remain orthogonal roughly
at receiver to one another.
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Figure 3: Representation of Frequency and time complementarity
b ( mKM −nlN )
where k ,l ( m , n) =
1 −j 2π
e
√ MN
S= A CP F HM Y (2)
The process of converting back to domain of Doppler-delay with the help of operation SFFT [20] is as
below:
8
Below figure shows the process of OFDM-based OTFS demodulation and modulation.
After insertion of CP the transmitted signal of baseband signal for lth block is as below:
The signal convolution with the response of channel impulse ɧ(n) of length S, assuming S ≤ K + 1 is as
below:
9
After CP removal the equation will be as below:
Therefore, after CP removal the received samples are just the sent signal circular convolution.
Quadrature and in-phase component are independent in the scheme of QAM modulation [21]. Below is
the equation for correct detection of probability:
10
The error probability is as below:
Below figure shows the SNR function for BER with 16-QAM systems.
Figure 6: BER function of SNR (y) average, for OFDM 16-QAM system
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Table 1: Simulation parameters
Using above equation the value for lower bound is as below [22]:
At BS input the aveareg ration of SNR is . For transmission of data, OFDM modulation is utilized
with total N subcarriers number. Do not insert interval of graud/CPO among successive symbols of
OFDM for increasing the efficiency of badnwidth. Thus, the symbol of OFDM terminal k is as below:
x k ,i=F HN d k , i
Elements of d k , i are independent and distributed identically with zero-mean random variables havinvg
unity variance.
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3.2.2 Spaced Frequency Correlation
RMS delay spread for the discrete PDP can be calculated as below:
Where, ith power is , ith path delay is and is mean delay as below:
13
Below is the exponential PDO for narrowband channel as:
In above equation, PDP is regarded as propagation delays of pdf, the narrowband channel average
14
For casting the mathematical formulation and analysis, the OFDM demodulator at antenna of BS is as
below:
15
The value of ISI and ICI coeffeicient as:
16
Once, DFT block applied N-point the equation is as below:
Problem of the SINR scenario is solved with the help of the TR-MRC.
The extra step of equalization leads to the SINR substantial performance enhancement that are
compared to conventional TR-MRC.
17
Figure 8: Proposed method of Baseband system execution with TR-ZF receiver
18
Figure 9: OFDM without CP against CP-OFDM with ZF and MRC equalization.
It also presents that removing the overhead of CP and utilizing proposed methods, it is achievable higher
spectral efficiency compared to system of conventional CP-OFDM.
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Appendix
Proof of results
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