Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Coastguard Boating Education Marine Radio Operator Manual v2.05
Coastguard Boating Education Marine Radio Operator Manual v2.05
Copyright © Royal New Zealand Coastguard Education Service, August 2011 Version 2.05
INDEX
Introduction 3
Radio Qualifications 4
Radio Callsigns 5
Chapter 1 GENERAL OPERATIONS 6
Radio Installation 8
Standard Features of a Marine VHF Radio 9
Radio Service Providers 10
VHF Channels 12
How to make a routine VHF radio call 16
Procedural Words & Phonetic Alphabet 18
Weather Forecasts 19
Coastguard Radio Services (& Trip Reports) 20
Medical Advice 22
Chapter 1 Questions 23
Chapter 2 DISTRESS, URGENCY & SAFETY 25
Distress call & message – Mayday 25
Urgency message - Pan Pan 30
Safety signal & message - Sécurité 32
EPIRBs 33
GMDSS & DSC 35
Chapter 2 Questions 36
Chapter 3 MROC 40
Radio Wave propagation 41
MF/HF Frequency Allocation 45
Silence Periods 46
Making an SSB Radio Call 46
Documents to carry 48
Weatherfax 48
Chapter 3 Questions 49
Answers to Questions 51
–2
INTRODUCTION
This manual provides:
Information that will enable you to operate a marine radio effectively at sea,
including how to call for help in an emergency
Information and exercises that will assist you to obtain a radio operators
qualification
Information on how to obtain a Radio Callsign and register an EPIRB
Chapters 1 & 2 cover procedures common to the operation of both VHF
(Very High Frequency) and HF (High Frequency) radio, to assist you to
obtain a Marine VHF Operator Qualification (MVOQ)
Chapter 3 covers procedures that apply specifically to MF/HF Single
Sideband operations, to assist you to obtain a Maritime Restricted Operators
Certificate (MROC)
Other Books
This manual should be read in conjunction with the Radio Handbook for
Coastal Vessels published by Maritime New Zealand (MNZ), included with this
manual and available free of charge from Coastguard Boating Education or any
MNZ office. The Radio Handbook should be kept aboard your boat as it covers
information not included in this manual such as the role of the crew during
helicopter rescue operations.
Assessments
The assessment for MVOQ is a written paper based on the VHF radio
information in Chapters 1 & 2 followed by a short oral session on the practical
use of a radio.
To obtain a MROC through CBES you will need to pass the MVOQ VHF radio
assessment and also pass a short additional (multi choice) assessment based
on the MF/HF information in Chapter 3.
–4
RADIO CALLSIGNS
There may be 25 boats in New Zealand with the same name as yours; a radio
callsign uniquely identifies your boat. Information about your boat such as the
length, type of boat, colour, safety equipment aboard and emergency contact
details are stored on a national database and can be accessed if needed in a
search and rescue situation.
Complete the appropriate callsign application form from the back of this
manual and post the completed form to the address shown on the form
OR
Go to www.cbes.org.nz and fill out a form online paying with a credit card
Note: you must keep us updated if any of your details change or you sell
the boat
Keep the radio callsign: Advise Coastguard Boating Education and the new
owner that you are transferring the callsign to your new boat
OR
Let the callsign stay with the boat: Advise Coastguard Boating Education
and the new owner that you are leaving the callsign with the boat. The new
owner must also inform Coastguard Boating Education of their name &
address etc, to tie these details to the callsign
–5
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL OPERATIONS
–6
Repeater Operations - Duplex
Duplex channels operate
on two separate
frequencies, one to
transmit and one to
receive. Your radio
automatically selects
pre-programmed ‘paired’
frequencies for all duplex
channels.
VHF repeaters are mounted as high as possible on a hill top, to give maximum
range. In this way, two boats on different sides of the hill or island, or beyond the
curvature of the earth can communicate with each other.
Identify which channels are simplex and duplex from the table on page 13. There
are a number of duplex repeater stations along the country’s coastline and some
inland lakes. Find out which repeaters are available for use in your area.
Repeaters may be owned by someone e.g. a radio association. In this case
payment may be required in the form of a membership fee if you wish to use the
repeater and the services provided.
Mobile phones cease to operate when they get wet. Rain or sea spray can
make them suddenly inoperable. Always keep them in a zip lock bag. This
simple tip can also save the day if your boat becomes waterlogged or capsizes –
rendering the boat’s fixed VHF out of action.
–7
RADIO INSTALLATION
Power Supply
A good power supply is essential to ensure that your radio will operate when
required and not let you down when you need it most. Lives may depend on it!
Handheld Radios
These are ideal for small boats with no power supply or as a back-up
If protected from the water, a handheld can be used after a capsize
Handheld radio batteries have a limited life. Carry a 12 volt charger and
possibly a spare battery pack. Always keep it fully charged. Transmitting on
high power will quickly flatten the battery
Keep the radio in a waterproof bag – even if it claims to be ‘waterproof’
Keep it close at hand in case of emergency, so that you can take it with you if
the boat capsizes or sinks
Operate with the aerial vertical/pointing straight up for maximum range
Most marine VHF radios are either handheld (5 watts or less), or permanently
installed 25 watt models.
RADIO SERVICE PROVIDERS (Coast Stations) – Who are you talking to?
Maritime Radio
Maritime New Zealand provides a comprehensive VHF service (30 coastal
stations) and an HF radio service via a remote transmission base at Taupo.
Their radio callsign is the name of the location you are operating in followed
by “Maritime Radio” (see coverage map on page 10 for locations). E.g.
“Stewart Island Maritime Radio”. All these stations are linked to, and
remotely operated from the Maritime Operations Centre located in Lower
Hutt, Wellington
They provide:
1. A 24 hour listening watch on Channel 16
2. Working channels 25, 67, 68, 69 & 71. (Not monitored)
3. Search and rescue communications
4. Safety information in the form of weather and navigational warnings
5. Weather forecasts at scheduled times
6. Medical advice
Consult the Maritime New Zealand Radio Handbook for Coastal Vessels for
full details.
– 10
Note: Taupo and Rotorua Lakes have no Ch 16 coverage.
– 11
VHF CHANNELS - Which channel should I use?
VHF radio uses a numbered channel system of pre-set frequencies. You need
to know which channels to use but you do not need to know the actual
frequencies involved. Channel 16 should be used as shown below. Other
channels have other uses. See the table on page 13.
Inter-ship/Working Channels
Channels 6 and 8 (Simplex channels) are known as inter-ship channels. Anyone
can use these channels to talk to other boats as long as the boats are in sight of
one another.
If the other boat is out of sight there are a number of duplex channels that allow
you to contact another boat via hilltop repeaters. Use the appropriate repeater
channel to which you have access. Do not block these channels for long periods
as other boats also need to use them. Keep it brief!
Rather than calling your friends on Channel 16, you may agree that you will talk
to each other directly on say Channel 8 if you will be in line-of-sight range. If you
do this, scan channels 8 and 16 so you don’t miss any distress calls.
Other Channels
You need to know the channels mentioned above but refer to the New Zealand
Marine Radio Handbook or MNZ Radio Handbook for all the other radio
services country wide including the VHF channels, coverage and times of
operation etc.
– 12
VHF Channel allocation table
Marinas (simplex) 73
Note: For more information on which channels are allocated to which area,
consult the diagrams on pages 11, 14 & 15 or the NZ Marine Radio Handbook.
– 13
– 14
– 15
HOW TO MAKE A ROUTINE VHF RADIO CALL
There are things you need to know when using your VHF radio for every day
calls:
Listen before you transmit
How to test that your radio is actually working
How to identify your transmissions
How to call up other boats or coast stations
How to move to a working channel
How to conduct the actual message
How to finish the message
Note: simply calling another boat at very close range is not a robust radio check.
They would probably still hear you if your aerial was broken or disconnected!
Example:
The station that you have called will give you an assessment of the strength and
clarity of your radio signal.
– 16
How to call up another boat or Coast Station
To establish communication with another boat or coast station select Channel 16
or other appropriate channel and use the following format:
Name and radio callsign (if known) of the other station (up to 3 times)
“This is”
The name and radio callsign of your boat (up to 3 times)
“Over”
Use the name and callsign of the other boat 2 or 3 times. They may not be
listening closely, so it provides more chance of them hearing your call.
Select Channel 6
“Tuffy, this is Fisherman, over”
“Fisherman this is Tuffy, go ahead over”
“Tuffy this is Fisherman we have the bait you asked for and will be at
Moana Rock at 1100. What is your ETA over?”
“Fisherman this is Tuffy. Thanks for getting the bait. We will see you
there at about 1200 over”
“Roger Tuffy, Fisherman out”
“Tuffy out.”
– 17
PROCEDURAL WORDS
Over This is the end of my transmission. I will listen for and
expect your reply.
Out (or Clear) This is the end of my transmission. No reply is expected.
The frequency is now free for others to use.
The words Over & Out have very different meanings and should never be
used together.
Romeo or I have received your message and it is understood
All Copied (“Roger” is also commonly used).
Say again I did not hear or understand your message. Please repeat.
A marine weather forecast can be received on your marine VHF radio from a
number of sources while at sea:
The VHF coastal stations of Maritime Radio provide navigational and weather
warnings plus marine weather forecasts daily at:
01330533 07331033 1333 1733 2133
The 0733 broadcast is a repeat of the 0533 forecast, and the 2133 a repeat of
the 1733 forecast. The 1033 broadcast includes all warnings in force and reports
from coastal stations, but no situation or forecast.
Forecast Areas:
– 19
COASTGUARD RADIO SERVICES
Note: you can break up a TR if you are going fishing; one TR to the fishing area,
then another when you depart again with an updated ETA.
Example:
Establish communications before you pass the “TR’ information, either with an
initial call on Channel 16 (for Maritime Radio), or direct on a Coastguard or other
duplex repeater channel:
“Coastguard Radio (up to 3 times), this is Seabird ZMQ 8088 (up to 3 times)
for a TR. Over”
“Seabird ZMQ 8088, Coastguard Radio - go ahead”
“Coastguard Radio this is Seabird, departing from Westhaven Marina,
destination Gulf Harbour via some fishing at Tiritiri, ETA Gulf Harbour 1800
this evening, 4 POB. Over”
“Thanks Seabird, I have all that copied. Coastguard Radio out”
“Coastguard Radio (up to 3 times), this is Seabird ZMQ 8088 (up to 3 times)
to close a TR. Over”
“Seabird ZMQ 8088, Coastguard Radio - go ahead”
“Coastguard Radio, this is Seabird ZMQ 8088. We have arrived at Gulf
Harbour. We’d like to close our TR Over”
“Thanks Seabird, I have all that copied. Coastguard Radio out”
Medical advice can be obtained from Maritime Radio through any of their VHF
coast stations or from Taupo Maritime radio on SSB. Your message will be
passed to the appropriate medical authority whose reply will be sent back to you.
If there is a very serious medical emergency you can be patched through to a
doctor. There is no charge for this service.
Privacy Law
Commercial vessels are required to display a “distress sticker” with the vessel’s
name and call sign near the radio. The radio operator’s certificate and MNZ
Radio Handbook should also be carried. Although it is not compulsory for
recreational craft, it is recommended to carry/display the same documentation.
– 22
CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS
1. Which VHF channels can you use for boat to boat communication?
3. In New Zealand, what setting would you select to make your radio work
correctly; International, USA or Canada?
5. Before making a radio call, what do you do just before you transmit?
6. In what situation can a person who does not hold a radio operators
qualification use a marine VHF radio?
8. Why should you always return a microphone to its bracket after use?
– 23
10 You are off Napier in your boat ‘Tuffy ZMP 4646’. Write down the channel to
use and the call you would make to Maritime Radio to check your radio is
working properly:
11 What procedural word would you use to let others know you have ended a
conversation?
B
O L
A O
T S
T
O
N R
U
R D
O D
C E
K R
S
13 Name three things that will ensure maximum range of your call when using a
hand-held VHF radio:
– 24
CHAPTER 2
Try ‘MIPNANOO’
It can be useful to use a mnemonic for distress and urgency messages to help
you remember the order and content of the messages. The distress message
mnemonic is MIPNANOO. See below:
Give your position in Latitude & Longitude from your GPS, or if close to the coast
use a range & bearing from a prominent land mark to describe your position e.g.
5 miles east of Flat Point, then listen for acknowledgement.
– 25
Distress Call and Message
Saying “Mayday” 3 times, then the vessel name 3 times and call sign once is
known as the ‘Distress Call’. It sounds very long and protracted but you want
people to drop what they are doing, go to the radio, find a pencil and paper and
be ready to write down your ‘Distress Message’ that follows the ‘call’, it takes
time! Speak clearly and slowly as you transmit the ‘distress message’ so that
people have time to write the message down.
Situation: A vessel called Seabird has caught fire. There are 4 people onboard
and they are abandoning the vessel into a liferaft. The boat is 2 miles west of
Kapiti Island. The radio callsign of Seabird is ZMQ 8088.
On Channel 16:
“Mayday” (Mayday)
“Seabird ZMQ 8088” (Identity)
“2 miles west of Kapiti Island” (Position)
“On fire” (Nature of distress)
“Immediate assistance required” (Assistance required)
“4 POB” (Number of POB)
“Abandoning to liferaft” (Other info)
“Over” (Listen for an acknowledgement) (Over)
Note: The first question in the exam gives you a situation similar to the one
above and you are required to write down the distress call and message as it
would be sent. You must get this question 100% correct to pass the exam.
Please learn the order and format above. Write down ‘MIPNANOO’ to help you
remember. A combined mark of 70 % is required for all other questions.
Listen carefully
If possible, write it down and note the time
Listen for an acknowledgment from a coast station
If nobody acknowledges the distress call, acknowledge it yourself then relay
the message to a coast station
If you are in a position to offer help get underway immediately, wait for a
break in the radio transmissions and then call up and offer your help
Continue to listen and monitor the situation
– 26
ACKNOWLEDGING A MAYDAY
On Channel 16:
“MAYDAY”
“Name of the vessel sending the distress message” (3 times & callsign once)
“This is”
“Name of YOUR boat” (3 times and callsign once)
“Received Mayday” (and what action you intend to take)
“Over”
Example:
You are in a boat called ‘Kiwi ZMS 4444’ and you hear the distress message
from ‘Seabird ZMQ 8088’ (see page 24). Nobody replies, so you acknowledge
the message.
On Channel 16:
“Mayday”
“Seabird, Seabird, Seabird, ZMQ 8088”
“This is”
“Kiwi, Kiwi, Kiwi, ZMS 4444”
“Received Mayday” (“and will relay”)
“Over”
If you are able to help, you would also let Seabird know your own location,
approximate distance from them, and your ETA.
Note: to avoid any confusion the word “Mayday” must only ever be spoken ‘on
air’ by the station in distress or the station handling the distress. A Mayday Relay
or acknowledgement is the only exception. If for some reason you need to refer
to a distress situation on air use the term “Distress” – not “Mayday”.
– 27
MAYDAY RELAY
On Channel 16:
Note: Keep attempting to relay the message until a coast station acknowledges
Continue to listen in. You might be needed to relay further information.
Example:
You are on ‘Kiwi ZMS 4444’ and have acknowledged the distress message from
Seabird. You are now going to relay the Mayday message.
On Channel 16:
“MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY, ALL STATIONS,
ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS”
“This is”
“Kiwi, Kiwi, Kiwi, ZMS 4444”
“Mayday” (Mayday)
“Seabird ZMQ 8088” (Identity)
“2 miles west of Kapiti Island” (Position)
“On fire” (Nature of distress)
“Immediate assistance required” (Assistance required)
“4 POB” (Number of POB)
“Abandoning to liferaft” (Other info)
“Over” (Listen for an acknowledgement) (Over)
Note: Keep attempting to relay the message until a coast station acknowledges
Continue to listen in. You might be needed to relay further information.
Let Seabird know when you have successfully relayed their message and pass
on any comments to them from the coast station (if Seabird is unable to
communicate directly with the coast station).
– 28
CANCELLING A MAYDAY
Cancellation of a Distress Message
A Distress Message must be cancelled if you fix the problem and no longer
require assistance. Ensure that the coast station dealing with your distress
situation acknowledges your cancellation.
– 29
THE URGENCY MESSAGE – PAN PAN
In an Urgency situation, the Pan Pan prefix is used when a boat has a very
urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship or person.
(Please learn this definition).
The mnemonic PIPNANOO can be used for the Urgency message – but note the
difference in format from a Mayday – it is normally addressed to ‘all stations’ and
the urgency ‘call’ and ‘message’ is rolled into one.
Note: The Pan Pan call is usually to ‘All Stations’ in a situation where you are
making a general call for assistance, however it can also be addressed to a
specific station e.g. Pan Pan (x 3), Coastguard Radio (x 3), this is …. Etc.
– 30
Example:
You’re aboard ‘Seabird’ with steering failure. There are 4 people onboard
including 2 young children. You are well offshore, but are drifting towards rocks
and require a tow. Your position is 2 miles east of Quail Island. Your callsign is
ZMQ 8088.
The urgency message would be spoken as follows:
On Channel 16:
“PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN, All stations, All stations, All stations” (Pan Pan)
“This is Seabird, Seabird, Seabird ZMQ 8088” (Identity)
“2 miles east of Quail Island” (Position)
“We have steering failure” (Nature)
“We require a tow” (Assistance rqd.)
“4 people onboard” (Number/POB)
“2 young children on board” (Other info)
“Over” (Listen for an acknowledgement) (Over)
– 31
THE SAFETY SIGNAL & MESSAGE – SÉCURITÉ
After the safety signal you will be normally be directed to a working channel to
hear the detailed safety warning information.
Example:
On Channel 16:
After hearing this broadcast, change your radio channel to the working channel
for your area and listen for (and write down) the detailed warning information.
Meteorological warnings such as ‘strong wind’, ‘gale’ & ‘storm’ warnings are
issued by Met Service and subsequently broadcast by Maritime Radio or
Coastguard Radio, and may also be broadcast by other coast stations.
They include:
– 32
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBs)
Satellites are either ‘Geostationary’ (GEO) or ‘Low Earth Orbit’ (LEO). The UHF
signal emitted by an EPIRB must be line-of-sight with a satellite to be received.
At least two good passes from a LEO satellite are required for a fix. A 406
EPIRB with internal GPS that can ‘see’ a GEO satellite (positioned over the
equator) will provide an almost immediate alert, identification and position.
Without GPS, a 406 EPIRB still requires two LEO passes to generate a fix.
Mountains (or the curvature of the earth) can block the signal between EPIRB
and satellite in the same way as VHF radio signals can be blocked.
– 33
EPIRB Performance summary:
EPIRB Type 121.5/243MHz 406MHz 406MHz (+GPS)
Performance
Approximate time
for alert to be 1 hour 5 minutes 5 minutes
received by RCCNZ
Approximate time to
generate a fix > 2 hours < 2 hours 5 minutes
Approximate fix
accuracy 100km² 20km² 100m²
EPIRB Procedures:
Ensure that ALL on board are familiar
with the proper use of the EPIRB and
when it should used
If in distress, switch on your EPIRB,
release the aerial and make sure it is
upright and leave switched on until the
rescue is complete. Some EPIRBs
activate automatically when they float
free after a vessel sinks
If you have to enter the water, take it
with you. Undo the cord, let it float free
and tie the EPIRB to yourself or the life
raft
Take care that the EPIRB is stored
where the switch will not be
inadvertently turned on. There are many
false alerts of this kind
If your EPIRB is inadvertently activated,
leave it on and then advise Maritime
Radio on Channel 16, phone RCCNZ
(0508 472 269) or the Police and let
them know what has happened. Only
turn it off when they tell you to. No
prosecution or cost is involved
Maintain the EPIRB and have the
batteries replaced as required by the
manufacturer
Become very familiar with the operation
of your EPIRB – read the instructions!
Note: you must register your 406 EPIRB and notify Maritime NZ of any vessel
or ownership change. This service is provided free of charge by Maritime New
Zealand. Complete and submit the registration form at the back of this manual
and send it to Maritime New Zealand at the address provided or visit
– 34
www.beacons.org.nz
– 35
GMDSS and DSC
Note: This information does not fall within the syllabus of MVOQ or MROC and is
not part of the assessment. It is included for your information only.
Many new marine radios are DSC compatible. Channel 70 is the designated
DSC VHF channel for digital information. A DSC radio must be networked to the
GPS to provide position information, and registered with a ‘Maritime Mobile
Service Identifier’ (MMSI number) to provide identity – like a callsign.
Maritime Radio does NOT have VHF DSC Channel 70 coverage of the New
Zealand coastline and therefore cannot respond to VHF DSC alerts
Only SOLAS Ships (over 300t) are legally required to be DSC equipped in New
Zealand
Warning: VHF DSC should not be relied on as the sole means of calling for
assistance when in distress in New Zealand waters!
For further information on the GMDSS system and use of DSC radios, contact
one of the training institutions offering training and examination for the GMDSS
Operators Certificate.
– 36
CHAPTER 2 QUESTIONS
3. You and two crew members are aboard a white 10m launch called ‘Hawk’
that has struck rocks and is sinking. Your radio callsign is ZMZ 2468. You are
abandoning the vessel into a liferaft. There are three metre seas and you are 1
mile south of Flat Rock. Write down the message you would send to get help
and what channel you would use.
– 37
4. You are 10 miles East of Flat Rock when at 1445 you hear the distress call
from ‘Hawk’ (see question 3). Your boat is called ‘Challenger’ callsign ZMS
2323. No one has replied to the distress call, so you have acknowledged it.
Write down the message you would now send to get help and what channel you
would use.
– 38
10. What is the most important item of a distress message?
12. You have sent a distress call but the situation has improved and you no
longer need assistance, what should you do?
13. You are aboard ‘Lucky’ a 10m blue launch and have engine failure. There
are 4 people onboard in rough seas. You are well offshore, but are drifting
towards Farewell Spit and require a tow. Your position is 43° 30’ S,
172° 25.5 E. Your callsign is ZMS 3579. Write down the message you would
send to get help and what channel you would use.
– 39
14. What is the advantage in saying everything 3 times at the beginning of a
Distress or Urgency call?
– 40
MROC
MEDIUM AND HIGH FREQUENCY SSB RADIO
To obtain a MROC you are required to pass the MVOQ assessment and the additional
MF/HF radio test. All information required to obtain a MROC can be found in this
manual.
Note: The explanations of Single Sideband (SSB) radio wave propagation are purely for
your information to assist you understand how to operate a SSB radio. This topic is not
included in the assessment.
What is Single Sideband (SSB) Marine Radio
The SSB radio is used for long range HF & MF communications for offshore and oceanic
passages. SSB is also used in coastal mountainous areas where high terrain may block
VHF communications. HF signals are refracted (bent) down by the ionosphere and also
reflect off the surface of the earth. In this way the signals can “bounce” thousands of
miles to provide effective long range communications.
Single sideband marine radios operate in the frequency range 1.7–27.5MHz. This is
known as the ‘HF band’ extending down into the ‘MF band’. The frequencies 3–27.5MHz
are within the HF band. The frequencies 1.7–3MHz are in the upper MF band.
An SSB transmitter filters out the power hungry carrier wave and lower sideband signal.
Only the upper sideband portion of the signal is transmitted and the receiver reinstates
the carrier. The advantage of this system is that information can be carried on a SSB
signal using only about one sixth of the power of a normal AM signal.
– 41
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
The Ionosphere
The ultraviolet wavelengths of solar radiation cause ionization of the atmosphere at
altitudes above 50km creating a zone of charged particles known as the ionosphere.
Ionisation is the process where air molecules are split into positively charged ions and
negatively charged, free moving electrons. When high frequency radio waves interact
with these free electrons they are refracted (bent) downwards. They arrive back at the
earth’s surface far away from the transmitter and can be picked up by a distant receiving
station.
Ionisation Layers
The structure of the ionosphere varies with altitude and between day and night. By day
there are four layers: D, E, F1 and F2. However, because ionisation is dependent on
sunlight, the numbers of layers is reduced to two at night, E and F, with a lower degree of
ionisation.
D Layer:
The D layer is present during the day from about 15–60 minutes before sunrise to 15–60
minutes after sunset. During the day, all frequencies above about 3MHz pass through
the D layer and are refracted by layers E and F, providing long range daytime
communications. Frequencies less than 3MHz are absorbed by the D layer and cannot
reach the E and F layers where they would be refracted. These lower frequencies only
propagate during the day as a ground wave.
– 42
E Layer:
The E layer is present in the daytime but weak or sporadic at night. During the day it
refracts HF frequencies of about 3–8MHz. Frequencies below this are not available to be
refracted as they are absorbed by the underlying D layer. At sunset, D layer ionisation
rapidly fades and the layer is absent at night. At night frequencies below 3MHz are no
longer blocked and can be refracted by the E layer.
F Layer:
The F1 and F2 layers are strongly ionised during the day, normally providing long range
communications at about 8-16MHz and 16-30MHz frequencies respectively. The two
layers combine to a single F layer at night, ionisation is reduced and useable frequencies
are reduced by half to about 4-16MHz.
– 43
Night Time Transmission of MF-HF Waves by Refraction
Choosing a Frequency
Signal propagation in the MF - HF bands is notoriously difficult to predict. In general:
Use a frequency below about 3MHz at night or in the daytime when within 100km
of the other station
Choose a higher frequency during the day. “The higher the sun, the higher the
frequency”
For greater range choose a higher frequency. The higher the frequency, the
higher the refracting layer, the greater the range
If the noise level is high, move to a lower frequency (except in the tropics where
there is high static from thunderstorms)
Expected Radio Wave Propagation
Warnings regarding radio wave propagation conditions (due to sun spot activity or other
conditions affecting the ionosphere) are broadcast by Taupo Maritime Radio, after
Navigation and Meteorological Warnings but before High Sea weather forecasts.
Example:
“High Frequency Radio Communications Warning No. 07/36
Issued for Nav-area XIV at 280122Z Nov 07
Degraded HF propagation conditions expected from 28-30 November 2007
If communication difficulties experienced try a lower frequency band”
For further information contact Maritime Radio Tel. 0800 MARITIME (627 484)
– 44
Recommended frequencies
Propagation predictions (such as the table below) are also included in New Zealand
Notices to Mariners. To subscribe to e-mail up-dates or view archived notices, visit
www.hydro.linz.govt.nz
– 45
MF/HF REQUENCY ALLOCATION
If calling another boat on a Distress, Urgency, Safety and calling frequency, move to an
inter-ship working frequency as soon as communication has been established.
– 46
SSB Marine Radio Coast Stations
There are many other private coast stations around New Zealand. Consult the ‘New
Zealand Marine Radio Handbook’ by John Allen for details.
SILENCE PERIODS
When using an SSB radio there is a legal requirement to cease transmitting for three
minutes starting on the hour and the half hour on 2182. During this time people in
distress with weak radio signals have a chance of being heard.
Before you transmit make sure the crew are aware that the radio is in use and that they
should keep clear of the aerial. Because of the high energy involved while transmitting
there is a danger that a person touching the aerial could get burnt. This is known as RF
(Radio Frequency) burn.
– 47
The Effect of No Carrier Wave / Poor Microphone Technique
Having no carrier wave on SSB can cause a problem. When you transmit make sure that
you use good microphone technique and string your words together without pauses while
holding the press-to-talk (PTT) button down.
With VHF, the transmitter within the radio set creates the same power output regardless
of how correctly you use the microphone – poor microphone technique equals a low level
of received volume, and difficulty hearing the voice at the other end.
With SSB, poor microphone technique resulting in a quiet voice equals very low
transmitted power. With SSB, your voice is amplified and modified to create the
transmitted power. If you push the PTT button but don’t talk, the transmitter does not
transmit, start talking and the transmitter starts creating power. Hence, it is vital that you
use a steady, clear and strong voice close to the microphone to create maximum power
and hence maximum range.
The radiotelephone alarm signal is only used on SSB frequencies 2182, 4125, or 6215
kHz. It consists of two different audio frequency tones transmitted alternately, giving a
distinctive warbling sound.
The alarm signal should be sent continuously for a period of at least 30 seconds, but not
exceeding one minute. This will attract the attention of other boats and coast stations.
A safety signal Sécurité (x3) is normally transmitted on SSB 2182, 4125 or 6215 kHz,
with instructions to change to a working frequency. The safety message itself is then
broadcast on the working frequency.
– 48
DOCUMENTS TO CARRY
Commercial vessels are required to display a “distress sticker” with the vessel’s name
and call sign near the radio. The radio operator’s certificate and MNZ Radio Handbook
should also be carried. Although it is not compulsory for recreational craft, it is
recommended to carry/display the same documentation.
WEATHERFAX
– 49
CHAPTER 3 QUESTIONS
1. What are the 3 (lowest) International Distress, Urgency, Safety and calling
frequencies?
3. Which frequencies are you required to listen to during the silence period?
5. What are the only situations in which an SSB alarm signal may be activated?
6. For how long should you activate the alarm signal if you need to send one?
7. What does RF burn mean and how can you avoid it happening?
8. What frequency range would you generally use at night and when close to the
coast?
9. What frequency range will generally give the greatest range, high or low?
10. What are the effects of talking quietly/poor microphone technique while
transmitting on SSB?
– 50
CHAPTER 1 ANSWERS
B Bravo
O Oscar L Lima
A Alpha O Oscar
T Tango S Sierra
T Tango
O Oscar
N November R Romeo
U Uniform
R Romeo D Delta
O Oscar D Delta
C Charlie E Echo
K Kilo R Romeo
S Sierra
13.
Maximize aerial height
Keep aerial vertical
Use the high power setting.
– 51
CHAPTER 2 ANSWERS
– 52
11.
Listen carefully and write it down (noting the time)
Listen for an acknowledgment from a coast station
If nobody acknowledges the distress call, acknowledge it yourself and
relay the message to a coast station
If you are in a position to assist get underway immediately (wait for a
break in the radio transmissions and then call up and offer your help)
Continue to listen and monitor the situation.
12. Cancel your distress call. Make sure the coast station you have been dealing
with acknowledges the cancellation
13.
On Channel 16:
Pan Pan, Pan Pan, Pan Pan, All Stations, All Stations, All Stations (P)
This is Lucky, Lucky, Lucky, ZMS 3579 (I)
Position: four three degrees, three zero minutes south, one seven two (P)
degrees, two five decimal five east
We have engine failure (N)
We require a tow (A)
Four people onboard (N)
We are a blue launch, drifting towards Farewell Spit in rough seas (O)
Over (O)
14. It allows time for people to get to the radio and be ready to write down your
message
15. Safety information concerning a navigational or weather warning
16. Your boat name, callsign, point of departure, ETA at destination and POB
17. To help identify your location if search and rescue is required
18. The Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand (RCCNZ)
19. Call Maritime Radio on Channel 16 or ring the RCCNZ to let them know what
has happened
– 53
CHAPTER 3 ANSWERS
– 54
Marine Radio VHF Call Sign Update
This form is for updating the details for an existing marine radio Call Sign.
Enquiries and changes are free.
1. Marine Radio Call Sign ZM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ EG. ZMT2698
4. Boat Details
Name Make
Model
Boat Type
Powerboat / Launch / Trailer Sailor / Yacht / RHIB / Dingy / Kayak / PWC (Jet Ski)
Equipment Carried
VHF(Fixed) / VHF(Handheld) / GPS(Fixed) / GPS Handheld / EPIRB / Fire Ext / Radar / SSB /
Flares / Chart plotter / Life Jackets
Hull Construction
F/glass / Aluminium / Steel / Wood / G/Ply / Ferro / Composite / Rubber / Plastic / Other
Length in metres
.
IMPORTANT MESSAGE TO ALL OWNERS AND USERS OF MARINE RADIOS
To operate a marine VHF radio you are required to hold a minimum of a Marine VHF Operators Qualification.
To operate a MF/HF (Single Side Band) radio you are required to hold a minimum of a Maritime Restricted
Operator Certificate. An exception is made for radio use only in cases of genuine emergency or distress
To find out how to obtain these simple qualifications call CBES on 09 361 4700 (if within Auckland),
or 0800 40 80 90 or visit www.cbes.org.nz
All radio transmissions are required to be “individually identifiable”. Countries throughout the world have
adopted the Call Sign system as being the best option available.
Call signs are held on a national database and are used solely for Search and Rescue purposes.
Marine Radio Call Signs for recreational and commercial boats operating in New Zealand waters are available
from CBES, who maintain the database on behalf of the Radio Spectrum Management, a division of the Ministry
of Economic Development.
Should any of your personal details change or if you change vessels you must advise CBES of these
amendments. Call 09 361 4700 or 0800 40 80 90 to update.
Monitoring of MF/HF Digital Select Calling (DSC) distress alerts in New Zealand
If a transmitter is fitted with MF/HF Digital Select Calling, a Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) must
be obtained.
Please refer to Maritime New Zealand for rules concerning New Zealand vessels and DSC requirements.
Warning: VHF DSC should not be relied on as the sole means of calling for assistance when in distress in
New Zealand waters.
More information regarding MMSI numbers can be found at www.rsm.govt.nz or phone 0508 776 46
MROC Assessment Application Form
You must include a recent passport sized photograph and proof of identity
(copy of birth certificate, passport or driving licence), with this application.
Please attach
passport photo
All fields on this application must be complete for your certificate to be processed. here
PERSONAL DETAILS This name will appear on your certificate. PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY.
Title: Surname:
First Names:
Postal Address:
Postcode:
Phone:
Home Mobile
Email:
Please indicate if you would not like to receive any further information from CBES
I declare that the details provided on this form are correct and true to my knowledge:
Card #: Security #
Surname: ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Suburb: ______________________________________________
Signature:
Please return with payment to: PO Box 91322 Victoria St West, Auckland 1142 Fax: 09 376 4775
Marine Radio VHF Call Sign Application
This form is for the registration of new Call Signs. This form must be returned with payment of $35
included for it to be processed (please turn over for payment details).
Enquiries and changes are free – call 0800 40 80 90 or set your Call Sign up online at www.cbes.org.nz.
1. Owner Details
First Name Surname
Address
2. Emergency Contact Details (someone who isn’t usually on the boat with you)
Full Name
Relationship
Phone Home Mobile
3. Boat Details
Name Make
Model
Boat Type
Powerboat / Launch / Trailer Sailor / Yacht / RHIB / Dingy / Kayak / PWC (Jet Ski)
Equipment Carried
VHF(Fixed) / VHF(Handheld) / GPS(Fixed) / GPS Handheld / EPIRB / Fire Ext / Radar / SSB /
Flares / Chart plotter / Life Jackets
Hull Construction
F/glass / Aluminium / Steel / Wood / G/Ply / Ferro / Composite / Rubber / Plastic / Other
Length in metres
I ENCLOSE CHEQUE FOR $35.00 / PLEASE DEBIT MY CREDIT CARD (VISA/MASTERCARD ONLY)
VISA MASTERCARD
CARD NUMBER: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Security Code: ___ ___ ___
SIGNATURE:
Please return with payment to: PO Box 91 322, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142 Fax: 09 376 4775
To operate a MF/HF (Single Side Band) radio you are required to hold a minimum of a Maritime Restricted
Operator Certificate. An exception is made for radio use only in cases of genuine emergency or distress
To find out how to obtain these simple qualifications call CBES on 09 361 4700 (if within Auckland),
or 0800 40 80 90 or visit www.cbes.org.nz
All radio transmissions are required to be “individually identifiable”. Countries throughout the world have
adopted the Call Sign system as being the best option available.
Call signs are held on a national database and are used solely for Search and Rescue purposes.
Marine Radio Call Signs for recreational and commercial boats operating in New Zealand waters are available
from CBES, who maintain the database on behalf of the Radio Spectrum Management, a division of the Ministry
of Economic Development.
Should any of your personal details change or if you change vessels you must advise CBES of these
amendments. Call 09 361 4700 or 0800 40 80 90 to update.
Monitoring of MF/HF Digital Select Calling (DSC) distress alerts in New Zealand
If a transmitter is fitted with MF/HF Digital Select Calling, a Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) must
be obtained.
Please refer to Maritime New Zealand for rules concerning New Zealand vessels and DSC requirements.
Warning: VHF DSC should not be relied on as the sole means of calling for assistance when in distress in
New Zealand waters.
More information regarding MMSI numbers can be found at www.rsm.govt.nz or phone 0508 776 463
406 MHz Distress Beacon Registration
(Australian and New Zealand coded beacons only)
This form is to be used for registering 406MHz Distress Beacons that are coded with the
Australian or New Zealand country codes. Registration is FREE.
If you have a beacon coded with a foreign country code, or if you do not know what country
code has been used, then you will need advice, please contact the relevant authority on one
of the numbers shown below.
Australian users address all correspondence to: New Zealand users address all correspondence to:
Beacon Registration Section, AusSAR Rescue Co-ordination Centre New Zealand
Australian Maritime Safety Authority PO Box 30050, Lower Hutt 6009
GPO Box 2181 Canberra City ACT 2601 Fax: +64 4 577 8041
Fax: International +61 2 9332 6323 Email: [email protected]
Local 1800 406 329 Phone: +64 4 577 8033
Email: [email protected] AFTN: NZWNYCYX
Phone: +61 2 6279 5766 or 1800 406 406 Inmarsat-C: 582451200067
Information contained in this form is critical to your safety and to successful search and rescue (SAR) response:
• You may use this form to register a maritime distress beacon (EPIRB), an aviation distress beacon (ELT) or a personal
distress beacon (PLB).
• When entering information, you must include details in the following sections:
– Distress Beacon details;
– Re ason for registration;
– O wner/Operator details;
– S upplier details;
– 24 Hour Emergency contact details; and
– Vessel or aircraft details.
Definitions
ELT - Emergency Locator Transmitters are distress beacons that are fixed in aircraft.
EPIRB - Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons are for maritime use and designed to float upright in water.
PLB - Personal Locator Beacons may be used as personal distress beacons in all environments. They are not
designed to float upright in water but may be carried to supplement a vessel’s EPIRB.
PRIVACY STATEMENT
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) collects the information on this form for the purpose of enabling search and rescue.
AMSA is able to collect this information under s 6(1)(b) of the AMSA Act 1990.
The information may be passed to other government agencies assisting in search and rescue operations.
NZCAA 020
AMSA 6 (12/07)
406 MHz Distress Beacon Registration
(Australian and New Zealand coded beacons only)
Reason for registration Old beacon’s Hex ID/UIN
New registration Updated information Replacement of beaconÆ
(eg. Change of address)
Distress beacon details
15 character unique identification (hexadecimal ident.) Manufacturer
Type of beacon
EPIRB Æ Manually activated Automatically activated How many other beacons are fitted to the vessel/aircraft?
ELT Æ Manually activated Automatically activated How many other beacons are fitted to the vessel/aircraft?
PLB
Use of Beacon
Maritime Æ please ensure vessel details are completed below.
Aviation Æ please ensure aircraft details are completed below.
Land Æ Where use is land, please provide details of expected use eg. bushwalking, four wheel driving (vehicle make. model,
registration and colour).etc:
Owner/operator details
Name Postal address
Home telephone No. Work telephone No. Fax No. Mobile/other phone No. Email address
Supplier details
Name Business address
24 Hour Contact
If possible, please supply 3 names; of which, one person must be contactable at all times; these people will be contacted if the beacon
is activated.
Contact 1 Contact 2 Contact 3
Name
Home telephone No.
Work telephone No.
Mobile No.
MMSI DWT (tonnes) Length (metres) Make/type (use ICAO abbreviation if known)
–
Home port Type of vessel (owner’s description) Satellite and/or mobile phone number used in
aircraft
Inmarsat No. Other satellite mobile No.
NZCAA 020
AMSA 6 (12/07)
ID Card Application Form
We would like to encourage you to further your boating knowledge by participating in further Boating Education courses.
Our programme includes core safety and navigation courses as well as specialty courses.
For further information on syllabi and dates phone 0800 40 80 90 or visit www.cbes.org.nz
Email:
Circle As Required:
NZ Day Skipper / NZ Boatmaster / NZ Coastal Skipper / NZ Ocean Yachtmaster / NZ VHF Operator / NZ MROC(RRTOC)
*If ordering ‘wallet sized ID card’, please return this form with passport sized photo attached.
NZ Day Skipper / NZ Boatmaster / NZ Coastal Skipper / NZ Ocean Yachtmaster / NZ VHF Operator / NZ MROC(RRTOC)
*If ordering ‘Laminate Original Certificate’, please return your certificate with this order.
Visa / Mastercard
Card No : __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Please return completed form to CBES: PO Box 91 322, Victoria St West, Auckland 1142. or Email to [email protected]
Application for Unit Standard 19491 (level 3, 3 credits)
Aligned with CBES VHF course
Surname: ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Suburb: ______________________________________________
Signature:
Please return with payment to: PO Box 91322 Victoria St West, Auckland 1142 Fax: 09 376 4775