Reviewer For 3is Selected Guidelines in The Formulation of A Research
Reviewer For 3is Selected Guidelines in The Formulation of A Research
2. If the goal is specifically to test a given hypothesis that state so. In many cases the objective will be a more general
statement than that of a hypothesis.
3. Investigative question are the specific topical questions that one must resolve to achieve research objective or test
the research hypothesis.
Example: This study attempted to evaluate the status an extent of implementation of the Computer Education
Program in the Division of Rizal SY 2015-2016 as perceived by teacher and student respondents. Specifically this
sought answer to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Teacher-respondents
1.1.1 Sex
1.1.2 Field of specialization;
1.1.3 Educational attainment;
1.1.4 Length of service; and
1.1.5 Computer education seminar/training attended
1.2 Student- respondents
1.2.1 Sex;
1.2.2 Monthly, family income;
1.2.3 Parents educational background
1.2.4 Accessibility to computer; and
1.2.5 Performance in English and Mathematics
2. What is the extent of the Computer Education Program implementation as perceived by the teacher- respondents
with respect to:
2.1 objectives and content of instruction
2.2 teaching competencies
2.3 learning competencies
2.4 methods of teaching employed; and
2.5 performance in English and Mathematics?
3. What is the extent of the Computer Education Program implementation as perceived by the students-respondents
with respect to:
1.1 objectives and content of instruction
1.2 teaching competencies
1.3 learning competencies
This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph. It answers the basic questions:
1. What – The topic of investigation and the variables included.
2. Where – The venue or the setting of the research.
3. When – The time frame by which the study was conducted.
4. Why – The general objectives of the research.
5. Who – The subject of the study, the population and sampling.
6. How – The methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology and the research
instrument.
It may also discuss why certain variables were not included in the research.
Example:
The main purpose of the study is to provide information regarding metro-sexuality and how being a
metrosexual affects the lifestyle of the student. The study considers the student’s personal information such as
their name(optional) gender, age, and section.
The researchers limited the study to 80 male and female secondary education students enrolled in the
second semester of school year 2015-2016 of Technological Institute of the Philippines. Each of the respondents
was given a questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from four different sections to prevent bias
and get objective perceptions.
THESE ARE SOME QUESTIONS THAT CAN HELP YOU TO YOUR CHOICE:
1. Have you clearly indicated the scope and purpose of the review?
2. Have you included a balanced coverage of what is available?
3. Have you included enough materials to show the development and limitations in this area?
4. Have you included the most recent and relevant studies?
5. Have you indicated the source of the literature by referencing accurately?
6. Have you used mostly primary sources or appropriate secondary sources?
KINDS OF LITERATURE
After having answered the questions above and having known the reasons for doing a literature review, you
should note the kinds of literature review. These are the following: Traditional. Also referred to as narrative
literature review, it provides a quick overview of current studies. It helps explain why your study is important in the
context of the integrative. This review synthesizes findings from different approaches ( Whittermore & knafl, 2005)
This approach allows for the integration of qualitative with quantitative studies.
Syntactic. This review synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given research question.
Conducting a systematic review involves following rigorous, predefined protocols “that minimize bias and ensure
transparency” (guides.library). Scoping . This review involves a broad research question that explores the current
evidence base (Armstrong, Hall, Doyle & Waters, 2011). It can help inform areas that are appropriate for a
systematic review.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW
Consider now the materials you may cited, relative to your study by using the characteristics that define a
good literature review. These characteristics can serve as criteria in selecting materials for a Review of literature.
1. Materials must be as recent as possible. This is important because of the changes that are going on. Sources
to be looked into must give information that are attuned to the time frame indicated in the study.
2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible. Avoid data and materials which are extremely one-
sided.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study. Whatever kind of materials is needed to explain or support the
study must have a bearing on the topic.
4. Materials must not be too few but nor too many. Use your discretion on how much or many to include but
there should be enough materials will also be a determining factor.
TYPES OF SOURCES
The other element in selecting relevant materials for the literature review is the types of sources
with which you have to be familiar with. Searching for information related to the research being undertaken
needs time and much thought. The sources can be classified into the following:
1. PRIMARY SOURCES – publication in which researchers report the results of their studies. Findings are
communicated by authors directly to the readers. Most materials that fall under this type are journals which are
usually published monthly, quarterly or bi-annually. Each article deals with a particular research or study.
2. SECONDARY SOURCES – Publications in which authors describe the work of others (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008).
Textbook is a familiar example of this type. This is also used for different courses offered in the curriculum. Other
examples used are encyclopedias, research reviews and yearbooks.
There is also a mention of general references which can direct you in what other materials you can get
information from related to your topic. These may be articles, monographs books and other documents. An example
frequently used by researchers in education is current indexes to journals in education. A commonly used abstract is
psychological abstracts (fraenkel and wallen, 2008).
REFERENCING STYLES
Here are the styles for indicating your sources both in the body of the report or in the reference section at the end of
your research paper.
APA is an author/date based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of piece of
work to uniquely identify it.
MLA is most often applied in the arts and humanities, particularly in the U.S.A.
HARVARD is very similar to APA. It is the most well used referencing style in the UK and Australia, and it is
encouraged for use with the humanities.
CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two separate styles but very similar. They are also widely used for history
and economics.
WAYS OF CITING RELATED LITERATURE
1. By author or writer
Example: According to Felipe (2015)…………………..
2. By topic
Example: It has been found out that…………………(Felipe, 2015)
3. By Chronology – According to the year, the literatures were written, usually from earliest
to the latest.