Indian Contract Act 1872

Indian Contract Act 1872
The Law of Contract constitutes the most important branch of Mercantile or

Commercial Law. It is the foundation upon which the superstructure of modern
business is built.
It affects everybody, more so, trade, commerce and industry. It may be said that the
contract is the foundation of the civilized world.
The Indian Contract Act is divisible into two parts.
1. The first part (Section 1-75) deals with the general principles of the law

of contract and therefore applies to all contracts irrespective of their nature.
2. The second part (Sections 124-238) deals with certain special kinds of

contracts, namely contracts of Indemnity and Guarantee, Bailment, Pledge,
and Agency.
What is Contract?
According to section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 “An agreement
enforceable by law is a contract.“
A contract is a combination of the two elements:
1. There must be an agreement

2. Agreement must be enforceable by law (obligation)
Contract = Agreement + Enforcement by law
Agreement
Section 2(e) “Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration
for each other, is an agreement.” Thus it is clear from this definition that a
‘promise’ is an agreement.
Agreement = offer + Acceptance
Promise
Section 2(b) “when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent
thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal, when accepted, becomes a
promise.“
An agreement, therefore, comes into existence when one party makes a proposal or
offer to the other party and that other party signifies his assent thereto.
Following are the characteristics of an agreement:
(a) Plurality of persons: There must be two or more persons to make an

agreement because one person cannot enter into an agreement with himself.
(b) Consensus ad idem: The meeting of the minds is called consensus-ad-idem. It

means both the parties to an agreement must agree about the subject matter of the
agreement in the same sense and at the same time.
Legal obligation
As stated above, an agreement to become a contract must give rise to a legal

obligation i.e. a duty enforceable by law.
Essential Elements of a Valid Contract

Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that “all agreements are
contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a
lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly
declared to be void”.
Thus, the essential elements of a valid contract are as follows:
1. An offer or proposal by one party and acceptance of that offer by another

party resulting in an agreement —consensus-ad-idem.
2. An intention to create legal relations or intent to have legal consequences.
3. The agreement is supported by a lawful consideration.
4. The parties to the contract are legally capable of contracting.
5. Genuine consent between the parties.
6. The object and consideration of the contract is legal and is not opposed to

public policy.
7. The terms of the contract are certain.
Therefore, to form a valid contract there must be (i) an agreement (ii) based on

the genuine consent of the parties, (iii) supported by a lawful consideration, (iv)
made for a lawful object, and (v) between the competent parties.
Offer and Acceptance

Firstly, there must be an offer and its acceptance.
Such offer and acceptance should create legal obligations between parties. This
should result in a moral duty on the person who promises or offers to do
something.
Similarly, this should also give a right to the promise to claim its fulfilment. Such
duties and rights should be legal and not merely moral.
Case law: In Balfour v. Balfour, a husband promised to pay maintenance

allowance every month to his wife, so long as they remain separate. When he failed
to perform this promise, she brought an action to enforce it. As it is an agreement
of domestic nature, it was held that it does not contemplate to create any legal
obligation.
Consent
Consent means ‘knowledge and approval’ of the parties concerned.
A contract is made when one person makes an offer while another person accepts
the offer. This acceptance of the offer should be made without any force or threat.
It means that a consent given should be free and genuine.
Example: A has two Bike – one black and the other white. He offers to sell one of
his Bike to B. A intends to sell the black one while B accepts the offer believing
that it is for the white Bike. Here, A and B are not thinking in the same sense of a
particular thing. In this situation, there is a mistake, so it cannot be said to be free
consent.
Capacity of the parties

The third essential element of a valid contract is the capacity of the parties to make
a valid contract. Capacity or incapacity of a person could be decided only after
calculating various factors.
Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act,1872 elaborates on the issue by providing

that a person who-
(a) has not attained the age of majority,
(b) is of unsound mind, and
(c) is disqualified from entering into a contract by any law to which he is subject,
should be considered as not competent to enter into any contract.
Therefore, law prohibits
 Minors
 Persons of unsound mind
 Person who is otherwise disqualified like an alien enemy, insolvents,
convicts etc from entering into any contract.
Consideration
Section 2(d) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines consideration thus:
“when at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or
abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to
abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called
a consideration for the promise”.
In simple words ‘Consideration’ would generally mean ‘compensation’ for doing

or omitting to do an act or deed. It is also referred to as ‘quid pro quo’ viz
‘something in return for another thing’. Such a consideration should be a lawful
consideration.
Example: A agrees to sell his toys to B for Rs. 100, B’s promise to pay Rs. 100 is
the consideration for A’s promise to sell his toys and A’s promise to sell the toys is
the consideration for B’s promise to pay Rs. 100.
Not expressly declared to be void

The last essential elements of a valid contract to clinch a contract are that the
agreement entered into for this purpose must not be which the law declares to be
either illegal or void.
An illegal agreement is an agreement expressly or impliedly prohibited by law. A

void agreement is one without any legal effects.
Example: Threat to commit murder or making/publishing defamatory statements

or entering into agreements which are opposed to public policy is illegal in nature.
Similarly, any agreement in restraint of trade, marriage and legal proceedings etc.
are classic examples of void agreements.
Key Term
Contract: A written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment,
sales, or tenancy that is intended to be enforceable by law.
Promise: In contracts, a promise is essential to a binding legal agreement and is

given in exchange for consideration, which is the inducement to enter into a
promise.
Agreement: An agreement creating obligations enforceable by law. The basic

elements of a contract are mutual assent, consideration, capacity, and legality.
Summary
The Indian Contract Act mostly deals with the general principles and rules
governing contracts. The Act is divisible into two parts.
• The first part (Section 1- 75) deals with the general principles of the law of
contract, and therefore applies to all contracts irrespective of their nature.
• The second part (Sections 124-238) deals with certain special kinds of contracts,
namely contracts of Indemnity and Guarantee, Bailment, Pledge, and Agency.
According to Section 2 (h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 “An agreement

enforceable by law is a contract.”
A contract, therefore, is a combination of the two elements:

(1) an agreement and
(2) an obligation.

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Indian Contract Act 1872

The Law of Contract constitutes the most important branch of Mercantile or

The Indian Contract Act is divisible into two parts.

1. The first part (Section 1-75) deals with the general principles of the law

2. The second part (Sections 124-238) deals with certain special kinds of

A contract is a combination of the two elements:

1. There must be an agreement

Contract = Agreement + Enforcement by law

Agreement = offer + Acceptance

Following are the characteristics of an agreement:

(a) Plurality of persons: There must be two or more persons to make an

(b) Consensus ad idem: The meeting of the minds is called consensus-ad-idem. It

As stated above, an agreement to become a contract must give rise to a legal

Essential Elements of a Valid Contract

Thus, the essential elements of a valid contract are as follows:

1. An offer or proposal by one party and acceptance of that offer by another

2. An intention to create legal relations or intent to have legal consequences.

3. The agreement is supported by a lawful consideration.

4. The parties to the contract are legally capable of contracting.

5. Genuine consent between the parties.

6. The object and consideration of the contract is legal and is not opposed to

Therefore, to form a valid contract there must be (i) an agreement (ii) based on

Offer and Acceptance

Case law: In Balfour v. Balfour, a husband promised to pay maintenance

Capacity of the parties

Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act,1872 elaborates on the issue by providing

In simple words ‘Consideration’ would generally mean ‘compensation’ for doing

Not expressly declared to be void

An illegal agreement is an agreement expressly or impliedly prohibited by law. A

Example: Threat to commit murder or making/publishing defamatory statements

Promise: In contracts, a promise is essential to a binding legal agreement and is

Agreement: An agreement creating obligations enforceable by law. The basic

According to Section 2 (h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 “An agreement

A contract, therefore, is a combination of the two elements:

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