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University of Southern Philippines Foundation. College of Engineering and Architecture
University of Southern Philippines Foundation. College of Engineering and Architecture
Course: BSME.
-pure bending
- pure torsion
Design of shaft primarily involves in determining stresses at critical point in the shaft
that is arising due to aforementioned loading. Other two similar forms of a shaft are
axle and spindle. Axle is a non-rotating member used for supporting rotating wheels
etc. and do not transmit any torque. Spindle is simply defined as a short shaft.
However, design method remains the same for axle and spindle as that for a shaft.
1. Pure bending
Pure bending occurs only under a constant bending moment (M) since the shear
force (V), which is equal to dM/dx =v, has to be equal to zero.
In reality, a state of pure bending does not practically exist, because such a state
needs an absolutely weightless member. The state of pure bending is an
approximation made to derive formulas.
In pure bending the axial lines bend to form circumferential lines and transverse
lines remain straight and become radial lines.Axial lines that do not extend or
contract form a neutral surface.
2. Pure Torsion.
The shear stress in a solid circular shaft in a given position can be expressed as:
τ = T r / J (1)
where
r = distance from center to stressed surface in the given position (m, ft)
the "Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area" is a measure of a shaft's ability to
resist torsion. The "Polar Moment of Inertia" is defined with respect to an axis
perpendicular to the area considered. It is analogous to the "Area Moment of
Inertia" - which characterizes a beam's ability to resist bending - required to
predict deflection and stress in a beam.
1 ft = 12 in
1 ft4 = 20736 in4
1 psf (lbf/ft2) = 144 psi (lbf/in2)
"Polar Moment of Inertia of an Area" is also called "Polar Moment of Inertia",
"Second Moment of Area", "Area Moment of Inertia", "Polar Moment of Area" or
"Second Area Moment".
"Polar Moment of Inertia" - a measure of a beam's ability to resist torsion -
which is required to calculate the twist of a beam subjected to torque
"Area Moment of Inertia" - a property of shape that is used to predict
deflection, bending and stress in beams
Circular Shaft and Maximum Moment or Torque
Maximum moment in a circular shaft can be expressed as:
where
J = π R4 / 2
= π (D / 2)4 / 2
where
where
τmax = T r / J
= T (D / 2) / (π D4 / 32)
= 40764331 Pa
= 40.8 MPa
θ = L T / (J G)
= 0.021 (radians)
= 1.2 o
τmax = T r / J
= 46.8 MPa
θ = L T / (J G)
= 0.023 radian)
= 1.4 o
P = 0.105 nrpm T (7)
where
P = power (W)
= 71 Nm
= 0.0153 m
= 15.3 mm
Torsion Resisting Moments from Shafts of Various Cross Sections
Maximum Torsional
Resisting Moment
Shaft Cross Section Area Nomenclature
- Tmax -
(Nm, lbf ft)
(π / 16) τmax (2 r)3
Solid Cylinder
Shaft = (π / 16) τmax D3
(π / 16) τmax ((2 R)4 - (2
Hollow Cylinder r)4) / (2 R)
Shaft
= (π / 16) τmax (D4 -
d4) / D
h = "height" of shaft
2
Ellipse Shaft (π / 16) τmax b h b = "width" of shaft
h>b
Maximum Torsional
Resisting Moment
Shaft Cross Section Area Nomenclature
- Tmax -
(Nm, lbf ft)
b = length of triangle
Triangle Shaft (1 / 20) τmax b3
side
0.123 τmax D3
Hexagon Shaft
What do you mean by pure torsion?
In general two types of stresses are induced in shaft.
1. Torsional (Shear) stresses because of transmission of torque.
2. Bending stresses because of weight of pulley, gear etc mounted on shaft.
A circular shaft is said to be in the state of pure torsion when it is subjected to torque,
without being acted upon by any bending of the moment or axial force.
OR; if shaft is subjected to the two opposite turning moment it is said to be in pure
torsion. And it will exhibit tendency of shearing off at every cross section that is
perpendicular to longitudinal axis.
In design of transmission shaft according to this code, the permissible shear stress
for shaft without keyways is taken as30% of the yield strength in tension (Syt), or
18% of the ultimate tensile strength of material (Sut), whichever islower. Therefore,
the permissible shear stress (σd) is If shafts have keyways
these values have to be reduced by 25%.
To account for these, A.S.M.E code incorporates multiplication factors k band kt for
bending and torsional moments respectively.
P.S.M.E. code (Philippines Society of Mechanical Engineers) is one of the
approaches followed in mechanical engineering to design machines.