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MACROPERSPECTIVE IN TOURISM AND

HOSPITALITY: Module 1

Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

INDUSTRY

Learning Objectives:
1. Define basic terms and terminologies in tourism
2. Impart of introductory information about the travel, tourism and hospitality
industry.
3. Develop critical thinking on the scope of tourism.
4. Adopt view of the industry as a dynamic, multi-sectoral and multi-interdisciplinary
system

Pretest:
1. What is tourism?
2. Who is the tourist?

Introduction
 Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world
 Tourism is the leader in the production of new jobs.
 Tourism has developed an important part of the economic foundation of many
countries.

Myths about Tourism

Myth Reality
 The majority of tourism in the world  Tourism in the world is predominantly
is international domestic (people traveling their own
country). Domestic tourism accounts
for about 80% of tourist trips
 Most tourism journeys in the world  The majority of tourist trips are
are by air as tourists jet-set from surface transport
country to country
 Tourism is only about leisure  Tourism includes all types of purpose
holidays. of visit, including business,
conference and education.

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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• Any attempt to define tourism and to describe its scope fully must consider the
various groups that participate in and are affected by the industry. Four different
perspectives of tourism can be identified:
1. The Tourist.
-- The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and
satisfactions.
2. The businesses providing tourist goods and services.
-- Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by
supplying goods and services to the tourist market.
3. The government of the host community area.
-- Politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their
jurisdictions. The host government can play an important role in tourism
policy, development, promotion and implementation
4. The host community.
-- Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment factor.

• Based from these perspectives, we can define tourism:

...as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and
interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host government, host
communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting
and hosting of visitors.

• The United Nations World Tourism Organization defined tourism as:

..Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.

• TYPES OF TOURISM
1. International Tourism
a. Inbound Tourism. Visits to a country by nonresidents
b. Outbound Tourism. Visits by residents of a country to another
country
2. Internal Tourism. Visits by residents and nonresidents within the country
of preference
3. Domestic Tourism. Visits by residents of a country to their own country
4. National Tourism. Internal tourism plus outbound tourism

• Visitors
-- all travelers engaged in tourism

 International Visitors. Persons who travel for a period not exceeding 12

months to a country other than the one in which they

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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generally reside and whose main purpose is other

than the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the place visited.
 Domestic/ Internal Visitors. Persons who travel to a destination within their
own country, which is outside their usual environment,
for a period not exceeding 12 months.

• All visitors are subdivided into two further categories:

 Same-day Visitors/ Excursionists. Do not spend the night in a collective or
private accommodation in the country visited
 Tourists. Stay in the country visited for at least one night
-- one who travels away from home for a distance of at least 50
miles (away) for business, pleasure, personal affairs, or any
other purpose except to commute to work, whether he stays
overnight or returns the same day. (United States National
Tourism Resources Review Commission in 1973)

• Visit. Occurring every time a visitor entered an area under study

• TYPES OF TOURISTS
 Plog’s Model (According to Personality)
o Psychocentrics
- These are the tourists who prefer to visit and stay places that are
comfortable, where food is the usual; they do not like doing tourist
activities that exert effort, they prefer to do sightseeing and taking
pictures.
o Allocentrics
- These are the tourists who are the complete opposite of the
psychocentrics. They prefer off-the-beaten tracks. They are
adventurous and risk takers. They like doing tourist activities that
are somehow dangerous such as bungee jumping, white water
rafting, and ziplining. They also prefer camping, or staying in
backpacker’s hostels than in expensive, comfortable hotels.
o Midcentrics
- From the term “mid”, these tourists fall between the middle of
psychocentrics and allocentrics. Sometimes they like adventure,
some other time they prefer comfort. They want to go to places
that offer adventure activities, but they want to stay in
comfortable hotels and eat decent tourist food.

 Cohen’s Model (According to Behavior)

o Organized Mass Tourists

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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- These tourists prefer to buy package tours and travel in groups.

They buy packaged tours that are often for psychocentrics, and
they follow a schedule of activities for their tours
o Individual Mass Tourists
- These tourists also buy packaged tours but they don’t travel with
people that they know. They are often call joiners. They join in a
group of people who do not know each other but travel together.
o Explorer
- These tourists create their own travel package and itinerary.
They do not travel in groups. They also prefer places that are
less popular and less visited by people.
o Drifter
- These group do not consider themselves tourists. They do not
buy a packaged tour, they do not follow an itinerary and they like
to visit places that are not yet considered as tourist destinations.
They also like to immerse themselves with the local people.

• TOURISTS ACCORDING TO THEIR ATTITUDE AND PREFERENCES

 Adventurers/ Individual Travelers
 Mainstream Tourists
 Extreme Tourists

• PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
 Pleasure/ Vacation
 Business/ Professional
 Visiting Friends or Relatives
 Other Reasons (Pilgrimage/ Religion/ Health)

You may watch the following videos regarding different types of tourists:
a. Typologies of Tourist Behavior
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km9zM3RvkR4)
b. Types of Tourists (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orU7IxhL4lY)

• MOTIVATION AND DESIRE TO TRAVEL

 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Needs of Tourists

o Physiological
o Safety
o Belongingness
o Esteem
o Self-actualization

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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Self-
Actualization

Esteem

Love and Belongingness

Safety and Security

Physiological

 Push-and-Pull Model
o Push Factors. Motivations or desires that make a person decide to
travel or go to a certain place
o Pull Factors. Those that influence a person to make a choice or
decision

• FORMS OF TOURISM
• Adventure Tourism • LGBT Tourism • Sports Tourism
• Medical/ Health
• Culinary Tourism • Urban Tourism
Tourism
• Disaster Tourism • Nautical Tourism • Rural Tourism
• Educational
• Dark Tourism • Sex Tourism
Tourism
• Ecotourism • Space Tourism • Festival Tourism
• Heritage Tourism • Volunteer Tourism • Events Tourism

You may watch the following videos regarding different forms of tourism:
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2_y-RDs7SU
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoQv2v7Ecuo

• COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
1. Tourist Attractions and Activities
2. Accommodation
3. Transportation
4. Food and Beverage
5. Other Tourist facilities
6. Other Infrastructure
7. Institutional Elements

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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• THE TOURIST PRODUCT

The tourist product is a combination of what the tourist does at the
destination and the services he uses during his stay.

 Characteristics:
a. It is a service
b. Largely psychological in nature
c. Tends to vary in standard and quality over time
d. It is fixed

• TOURIST DESTINATION vs TOURIST ATTRACTION

 Tourist Destination is the geographical location where an attraction is located
 Tourist Attraction is what people come to visit.
Examples:
a. Banaue Rice Terraces is the attraction, Ifugao is the destination.
b. Sumaguing Cave is the attraction, Sagada is the destination.
c. Panagbenga Festival is the attraction, Baguio City is the destination.

The success of a TOURIST DESTINATION depends upon the interrelationship

of three basic factors:
1. Attractions – what people come to visit (Example: Capisaan Cave, Boracay
Beach, Puerto Princesa Underground River)
2. Amenities – the services that provides for the needs of the tourists
(Example: food establishments, hotel rooms, public comfort rooms, medical
services, ATMs or banks)
3. Accessibility – how the tourists can go to and from the destination (these are
roads and transport facilities)

Tourist Attractions can be:

a. Site Attractions – those that you can see and simply appreciate. These can be
natural or man-made.
b. Event Attractions – those that do not necessarily involve a place, but rather an
event (Example: Festivals, cultural events)
c. Natural Attractions – purely from nature (Example: caves, mountains, beaches)
d. Man-made Attractions – made by men (Example: parks, malls, museums)

• CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
1. In tourism, the product is not brought to the consumer; rather, the
consumers goes to the product to purchase it
2. The products of tourism are not used up; thus, they do not exhaust the
country’s natural resources
3. Tourism is a labor-intensive industry
4. Tourism is people-oriented
5. Tourism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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6. The tourist industry is seasonal

7. The industry is dynamic

• IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
1. Contribution to the balance of payments
2. Dispersion of development
3. Effect on general economic development
4. Employment opportunities
5. Social benefits
6. Cultural enrichment
7. Educational significance
8. A vital force for peace

• BASIC APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF TOURISM

1. Institutional Approach. Considers the various intermediaries and

institutions that perform tourism activities
2. Product Approach. Involves the study of various tourism products and
how they are produced, marketed and consumed
3. Historical Approach. Involves an analysis of tourism activities and
institutions from an evolutionary angle
4. Managerial Approach. Firm-oriented, focusing on the management
activities necessary to operate a tourist enterprise,
such as planning, research, pricing, marketing,
control and the like
5. Economic Approach. Useful in providing a framework for analyzing
tourism and its contributions to a country’s
economy
6. Sociological Approach. Examines social classes, habits and customs of
both hosts and guests
7. Geographical Approach. Sheds light on the location of tourist areas, the
movements of people created by tourism locales,
the changes that tourism brings to the landscape on
the form of tourism facilities, etc.
8. Interdisciplinary Approaches.
9. The Systems Approach. It integrates all approaches into a
comprehensive method of dealing with both micro
and macro issues

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor

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Learning Activities:
Research:
e. Tourism arrivals in the Philippines for the last 10 years (2010-2020).
From the DOT
f. Philippines’ top 10 tourism destination by arrivals (2019). Please cite
your reference.
g. World’s top 10 tourism destination by arrivals (2019). Please cite
your reference.

Posttest:
1. What is the difference between a psychocentric and an allocentric?
2. Choose five among the given forms of tourism and define. Provide a
destination which offers that kind of tourism.
3. Explain how the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs becomes a motivation for travel.
You may cite examples to support your answer.
4. Explain how the Push and Pull Model becomes a motivation for travel. You
may cite examples to support your answer.

References:
• Tourism Principles, Practices and Philosophies by Charles Goeldner, et al
• Principles of Tourism 1 by Buen Santos
• A Macroperspective on Tourism and Hospitality by Romeo Lim
• Macroperspective of Tourism and Hospitality by Zenaida Cruz

Prepared by: Shane H. Oteyza, Instructor