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Facts:
After the hearing, a warrant of arrest was served on Sanchez. This warrant
was issued on August 13, 1993, by Judge Enrico A. Lanzanas of the
Regional Trial Court of Manila. Sanchez was forthwith taken to the CIS
Detention Center, Camp Crame, where he remains confined. library
On August 26, 1993, Judge Eustaquio P. Sto. Domingo of that court issued
a warrant for the arrest of all the accused, including the petitioner, in
connection with the said crime. library
Issue:
1. WON Sanchez’ was arrested on August 13, 1993?
2. WON such warrantless arrest is illegal and the court has therefore not
acquired jurisdiction over him.
Held:
"Arrest" is defined under Section 1, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court as the
taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for
the commission of an offense. Under Section 2 of the same Rule, an arrest
is effected by an actual restraint of the person to be arrested or by his
voluntary submission to the custody of the person making the arrest.
In the case at bar, the invitation came from a high-ranking military official
and the investigation of Sanchez was to be made at a military camp.
Although in the guise of a request, it was obviously a command or an order
of arrest that the petitioner could hardly he expected to defy. In fact,
apparently cowed by the "invitation," he went without protest (and in
informal clothes and slippers only) with the officers who had come to fetch
him.
It should likewise be noted that at Camp Vicente Lim, the petitioner was
placed on "arrest status" after he was pointed to by Centeno and
Malabanan as the person who first raped Mary Eileen Sarmenta.
Respondent Zuño himself acknowledged during the August 13, 1993
hearing that, on the basis of the sworn statements of the two state
witnesses, petitioner had been "arrested."
2. Initially, the arrest was illegal but was cured by the subsequent
issuance of the warrant of arrest.
Supreme Court agrees with the petitioner that his arrest did not come under
Section 5, Rule 113 of the Rules of Court, providing as follows:
Sec. 5. Arrest without warrant; when lawful. - A peace officer or a private
person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:
(b) When an offense has in fact just been committed and he has personal
knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be arrested has committed
it; and law library
(c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escapes from a
penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or
temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being
transferred from one confinement to another.
Even on the assumption that no warrant was issued at all, the SC find that
the trial court still lawfully acquired jurisdiction over the person of the
petitioner. The rule is that if the accused objects to the jurisdiction of the
court over his person, he may move to quash the information, but only on
that ground. If, as in this case, the accused raises other grounds in the
motion to quash, he is deemed to have waived that objection and to have
submitted his person to the jurisdiction of that court. 14chanrobles virtual law
library
The Court notes that on August 13, 1993, after the petitioner was unlawfully
arrested, Judge Lanzanas issued a warrant of arrest against Antonio L.
Sanchez in connection with Criminal Cases Nos. 93-124634 to 93-124637
for violation of R.A No. 6713. 15Pending the issuance of the warrant of
arrest for the rape-slay cases, this first warrant served as the initial
justification for his detention.
The Court also adverts to its uniform ruling that the filing of charges, and
the issuance of the corresponding warrant of arrest, against a person
invalidly detained will cure the defect of that detention or at least deny him
the right to be released because of such defect. * Applicable by analogy to
the case at bar is Rule 102 Section 4 of the Rules of Court that:
Facts:
On April 24, 1991, Jimmy Serafin, janitor and motorcycle driver of Medellin
Rural Bank, drove Eugenio Godinez and Pedro Broniola back to Hacienda
Jose Ancajas in Medellin, Cebu, after the two have withdrawn P50,557.17
to pay for the wages of the hacienda workers. Godinez carried the money
in a money bag which he hung over his left shoulder
As the three were in sitio Lahug, Antipolo, Medellin, Cebu, and nearing the
hacienda, the accused, armed with guns, tried to block their path and
ordered them to stop. Godinez recognized the armed men because Nenito
Melvida and Ermelindo Sequiño used to work in the hacienda while Vicente
Tumangan’s parents were Godinez’s neighbors.
Serafin drove on, but as the motorcycle went past the accused, he and
Godinez heard a gunshot. Godinez noticed that Broniola had fallen off the
motorcycle. Serafin leapt from the motorcycle and ran away. The
motorcycle toppled over Godinez, pinning him to the ground. Accused
Tumangan, with gun in hand, approached Godinez, took the money from
the money bag, and fled on foot with his co-accused. With the assailants
gone, Godinez ran home, leaving Broniola behind. Meanwhile, Serafin had
proceeded to the house of the Broniolas, which was near the crime scene,
and informed Broniola’s wife of the incident.
SPO Elpidio Luna, who was then at the Medellin police headquarters,
received a report from another policeman about a robbery at sitio Antipolo.
Together with other policemen and some "Cafgus," Luna went to the crime
scene where he found an abandoned motorcycle. People who by then had
milled around the site informed Luna "that the culprit had already fled."
Luna noticed that the "bushes were compressed" and found "a piece of
paper utilized as toilet paper with a stool on it which was somewhat newly
delivered." The paper was a bio-data sheet with the name "Melvida, Nenito"
and the entry for the father’s name filled in with “Elpidio Melvida."
The barangay captain was not home, so Luna took Melvida to the police
station instead. Melvida was kept at the station the whole evening of 24
April 1991 for investigation conducted, first, by Luna, then, by his fellow
policemen Sgt. Pablo Ygot, Cpl. Alfredo Mondigo and Eliseo Tepait, as
Luna had to take his supper. Melvida was allowed to go home the next day,
but only after the police had filed criminal charges against him and he had
posted bail. Melvida’s was not assisted by counsel, he admitted that this
request did not appear in the record of the investigation. Luna’s
investigation of Melvida was not reduced into writing.
Issue:
Whether or not the accused was arrested? And whether or not such arrest
is valid?
Held:
Since he was arrested without a warrant, the inquiry must now be whether
a valid warrantless arrest was effected. Rule 113 of the Rules on Criminal
Procedure provides:aw library
(b) When an offense has in fact just been committed, and he has personal
knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be arrested has committed
it;
(c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a
penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or
temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being
transferred from one confinement to another.
The first and last conditions enumerated above are not applicable in this
case; and under the facts herein, neither does the second condition apply.
Luna’s basis for arresting Melvida was the bio-data sheet with Melvida’s
name on it found at the crime scene. By no means can this indicate that
Melvida committed the offense charged. It does not even connote that
Melvida was at the crime scene for the bio-data sheet could have been
obtained by anyone and left at the crime scene long before or after the
crime was committed. Luna, therefore, had no personal knowledge of facts
indicating Melvida’s guilt; at best, he had an unreasonable suspicion.
Melvida’s arrest was thus illegal.
There was no showing that Melvida was ever informed of these rights, and
Luna admitted that Melvida was not assisted by counsel during the
investigation. Indisputably, the police officers concerned flouted these
constitutional rights of Melvida and Tumangan and deliberately disregarded
the rule regarding an investigator’s duties prior to and during custodial
interrogation laid down in Morales v. Enrile and reiterated in a catena of
subsequent cases.
MIRIAM DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO, petitioner,
vs.
CONRADO M. VASQUEZ, Ombudsman; GUALBERTO J. DE LA
LLANA, Special Prosecutor; SANDIGANBAYAN and REGIONAL TRIAL
COURT OF MANILA, respondents.
FACTS:
ISSUES:
2. Did the Sandiganbayan err when it issued the hold departure order
without any motion from the prosecution and without notice and hearing?
HELD:
It has been held that where after the filing of the complaint or information a
warrant for the arrest of the accused is issued by the trial court and the
accused either voluntarily submitted himself to the court or was duly
arrested, the court thereby acquires jurisdiction over the person of the
accused. The voluntary appearance of the accused, whereby the court
acquires jurisdiction over his person, is accomplished either by his pleading
to the merits (such as by filing a motion to quash or other pleadings
requiring the exercise of the court's jurisdiction thereover, appearing for
arraignment, entering trial) or by filing bail. On the matter of bail, since the
same is intended to obtain the provisional liberty of the accused, as a rule
the same cannot be posted before custody of the accused has been
acquired by the judicial authorities either by his arrest or voluntary
surrender.
Santiago does not deny and, as a matter of fact, even made a public
statement that she had every intention of leaving the country allegedly to
pursue higher studies abroad. We uphold the course of action adopted by
the Sandiganbayan in taking judicial notice of such fact of petitioner's plan
to go abroad and in thereafter issuing sua sponte the hold departure order.
To reiterate, the hold departure order is but an exercise of respondent
court's inherent power to preserve and to maintain the effectiveness of its
jurisdiction over the case and the person of the accused.
Since under the obligations assumed by petitioner in her bail bond she
holds herself amenable at all times to the orders and processes of the
court, she may legally be prohibited from leaving the country during the
pendency of the case. Parties with pending cases should apply for
permission to leave the country from the very same courts which, in the first
instance, are in the best position to pass upon such applications and to
impose the appropriate conditions therefor since they are conversant with
the facts of the cases and the ramifications or implications thereof.
Facts:
On November 21, 2006, respondent filed a Motion to Dismiss the Case for
Lack of Probable Cause Pursuant to Sec. 6(a), Rule 112 of the Rules of
Court and, in View of Compelling Grounds for the Dismissal of the Case to
Hold in Abeyance the Issuance of the Warrant of Arrest (Motion to
Dismiss). Petitioner filed an Opposition dated December 11, 2006 to
respondent's Motion to Dismiss.
In its Order of December 15, 2006, the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of
Makati City, Branch 56, dismissed the case because the other elements of
the crime of Robbery, specifically the elements of intent to gain, and either
violence against or intimidation of any person or force upon things, were
not specifically alleged in the Information filed against respondent.
In its Order dated February 12, 2007, the RTC granted respondent's Partial
Motion for Reconsideration and dismissed the case for lack of probable
cause pursuant to Section 6(a), Rule 112 of the Revised Rules on Criminal
Procedure. The RTC held that the evidence on record failed to establish
probable cause to charge respondent with the crime of Robbery.
Issue:
Whether or not the RTC erred in relying on Section 6(a), Rule 112 of the
Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure, claiming that the said provision
relates to the issuance of a warrant of arrest, and it does not cover the
determination of probable cause for the filing of the Information against
respondent, which is executive in nature, a power primarily vested in the
Public Prosecutor.
Held:
Section 6(a), Rule 112 of the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure clearly
provides:
SEC. 6. When warrant of arrest may issue. - (a) By the Regional Trial
Court. - Within ten (10) days from the filing of the complaint or information,
the judge shall personally evaluate the resolution of the prosecutor and its
supporting evidence. He may immediately dismiss the case if the evidence
on record clearly fails to establish probable cause. If he finds probable
cause, he shall issue a warrant of arrest, or a commitment order if the
accused has already been arrested pursuant to a warrant issued by the
judge who conducted the preliminary investigation or when the complaint or
information was filed pursuant to section 7 of this Rule. In case of doubt on
the existence of probable cause, the judge may order the prosecutor to
present additional evidence within five (5) days from notice and the issue
must be resolved by the court within thirty (30) days from the filing of the
complaint or information.32
Pursuant to the aforementioned provision, the RTC judge, upon the filing of
an Information, has the following options: (1) dismiss the case if the
evidence on record clearly failed to establish probable cause; (2) if he or
she finds probable cause, issue a warrant of arrest; and (3) in case of
doubt as to the existence of probable cause, order the prosecutor to
present additional evidence within five days from notice, the issue to be
resolved by the court within thirty days from the filing of the information.
Facts:
Joseph Grey, former Mayor of San Jorge, Samar, his son, Francis Grey,
and two others were charge of the crime of murder for the death of Rolando
Diocton. Judge Bandal denied the motion for the issuance of a warrant of
arrest. She directed the prosecution to present, within five days, additional
evidence but later, she inhibited. Judge Navidad continued the proceedings
of the case.
After finding that probable cause was supported by the evidence on record,
he issued warrants of arrest against respondents.
Issue:
Held:
No. The duty of the judge to determine probable cause to issue a warrant
of arrest is mandated by Article III, Section 2 of the Philippine Constitution.
In Soliven v. Makasiar, the Court explained that this constitutional provision
does not mandatorily require the judge to personally examine the
complainant and her witnesses. Instead, he may opt to personally evaluate
the report and supporting documents submitted by the prosecutor or he
may disregard the prosecutors report and require the submission of
supporting affidavits of witnesses.
The Court has also ruled that the personal examination of the complainant
and his witnesses is not mandatory and indispensable in the determination
of probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of arrest. The necessity
arises only when there is an utter failure of the evidence to show the
existence of probable cause. Otherwise, the judge may rely on the report of
the investigating prosecutor, provided that he likewise evaluates the
documentary evidence in support thereof.
Contrary to respondents claim, Judge Navidad did not gravely abuse hid
discretion in issuing the same. Judge Navidad’s order reads:
It was only through a review of the proceedings before the prosecutor that
could have led Judge Navidad to determine that the accused were given
the widest latitude and ample opportunity to challenge the charge of Murder
which resulted, among others, (in) a filing of a counter-charge of Perjury.
Likewise, his personal determination revealed no improper motive on the
part of the prosecution and no circumstance which would overwhelm the
presumption of regularity in the performance of official functions. Thus, he
concluded that the previous Order, denying the motion for the issuance of
warrants of arrest, was not correct. These statements sufficiently establish
the fact that Judge Navidad complied with the constitutional mandate for
personal determination of probable cause before issuing the warrants of
arrest.
G.R. No. 113630 May 5, 1994
Facts:
Issue:
NO.
Section 2, Art. III, of the 1987 Constitution, lays down the requirements for
the issuance of a warrant of arrest, i.e., a warrant of arrest shall issue only
upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses
he may produce.
Facts:
The antecedent facts are not disputed. During the period from March 30 to
April 14, 1982, petitioners, The City Fiscal of Butuan City and his assistants
filed in the City Court of Butuan several information.
The information, except the last four, were certified to by the respective
investigating Fiscals as Follows: "that a preliminary examination has been
conducted by me in this case, having examined 'the complainant and his
witnesses; that on the basis of the sworn statements, and other evidence
submitted before this Official there is reasonable ground to believe that the
crime charged has been committed and that herein accused is probably
guilty thereof.
Issue:
Whether or not the respondent city judge may, for the purpose of issuing a
warrant of arrest, compel the fiscal to submit to the court the supporting
affidavits and other documentary evidence presented during the preliminary
investigation.
Held:
P.D. No. 911 authorizes the fiscal or state prosecutor to determine the
existence of probable cause. Thus,
There is thus no dispute that the judge may rely upon the fiscal's
certification of the existence of probable cause and, on the basis thereof,
issue a warrant of arrest. But does such certification bind the judge to come
out with the warrant? We answer this query in the negative. The issuance
of a warrant is not a mere ministerial function; it calls for the exercise of
judicial discretion on the part of the issuing magistrate. This is clear from
the following provisions of Section 6, Rule 112 of the Rules of Court:
Under this section, the judge must satisfy himself of the existence of
probable cause before issuing a warrant or order of arrest. If on the face of
the information the judge finds no probable cause, he may disregard the
fiscal’s certification and require the submission of the affidavits of witnesses
to aid him in arriving at a conclusion as to the existence of a probable
cause.
The obvious purpose of requiring the submission of affidavits of the
complainant and of his witnesses is to enable the court to determine
whether to dismiss the case outright or to require further proceedings.
Facts:
However, in an order dated October 3, 1988 and before the accused could
be arrested, the trial court set aside its September 30, 1988 order on the
ground that Atty. Lituanas is not authorized to determine probable cause
pursuant to Section 2, Article III of the 1987 Constitution. The court stated
that it "will give due course to the information filed in this case if the same
has the written approval of the Provincial Fiscal after which the prosecution
of the case shall be under the supervision and control of the latter."
Issue:
Held:
2. No, the subsequent issuance of the judge of the warrant of arrest is not
void.
Second, the preliminary inquiry made by a Prosecutor does not bind the
Judge. It merely assists him to make the determination of probable cause.
The Judge does not have to follow what the Prosecutor presents to him. By
itself, the Prosecutor's certification of probable cause is ineffectual. It is the
report, the affidavits, the transcripts of stenographic notes (if any), and all
other supporting documents behind the Prosecutor's certification which are
material in assisting the Judge to make his determination.
And third, Judges and Prosecutors alike should distinguish the preliminary
inquiry which determines probable cause for the issuance of a warrant of
arrest from the preliminary investigation proper which ascertains whether
the offender should be held for trial or released. Even if the two inquiries
are conducted in the course of one and the same proceeding, there should
be no confusion about the objectives. The determination of probable cause
for the warrant of arrest is made by the Judge. The preliminary
investigation proper-whether or not there is reasonable ground to believe
that the accused is guilty of the offense charged and, therefore, whether or
not he should be subjected to the expense, rigors and embarrassment of
trial is the function of the Prosecutor.
FACTS:
January 12, 1990, a complaint was filed by the Office of the Solicitor
General before the Presidential Commission on Good Government
(PCGG), petitioner, former Administrator of the Philippine Coconut
Authority (PCA), and the former members of the PCA Governing Board,
petitioner among them, for violation of Republic Act No. 3019, the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act for having conspired and confederated
together and taking undue advantage of their public positions and/or using
their powers; authority, influence, connections or relationship with the
former President Ferdinand E. Marcos and former First Lady, Imelda
Romualdez-Marcos without authority, granted a donation in the amount of
Two Million Pesos (P2,000,000.00) to the Philippine Coconut Producers
Federation (COCOFED), a private entity, using PCA special fund, thereby
giving COCOFED unwarranted benefits, advantage and preference through
manifest partiality, evident bad faith and gross inexcusable negligence to
the grave (sic) and prejudice of the Filipino people and to the Republic of
the Philippines.
In a memorandum dated July l5, 1992 the Office of the Special Prosecutor
affirmed the recommendation as contained in the Resolution dated June 2,
1992.
August 19, 1992 then Ombudsman Conrado M. Vasquez ordered the panel
of investigators to discuss the merits of the prejudicial question posed by
respondent Lobregat.
On February 17, 1995, an order for the arrest of petitioner was issued by
the respondent Sandiganbayan.
On February 22, 1995, petitioner posted bail. On the same day he likewise
filed, through counsel, a Manifestation stating that he was posting bail
without prejudice to the Opposition To Issuance of Warrant of Arrest with
Motion For Leave To File a Motion For Reconsideration of the
Ombudsman's Resolution which he filed.
On May 25, 1995, petitioner was conditionally arraigned pleading not guilty
to the Information.
Held:
With regards to jurisdiction, the rule is well-settled that the giving or posting
of bail by the accused is tantamount to submission of his person to the
jurisdiction of the court. By posting bail, herein petitioner cannot claim
exemption effect of being subject to the jurisdiction of respondent court.
While petitioner has exerted efforts to continue disputing the validity of the
issuance of the warrant of arrest despite his posting bail, his claim has
been negated when he himself invoked the jurisdiction of respondent court
through the filing of various motions that sought other affirmative reliefs.
1. In La Naval Drug vs. CA , Lack of jurisdiction over the person of the
defendant may be waived either expressly or impliedly. When a
defendant voluntarily appears, he is deemed to have submitted
himself to the jurisdiction of the court. If he so wishes not to waive this
defense, he must do so seasonably by motion for the purpose of
objecting to the jurisdiction of the court, otherwise, he shall be
deemed to have submitted himself to that jurisdiction. Moreover,
"[w]here the appearance is by motion for the purpose of objecting to
the jurisdiction of the court over the person, it must be for the sole
and separate purpose of objecting to said jurisdiction. If the
appearance is for any other purpose, the defendant is deemed to
have submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the court. Such an
appearance gives the court jurisdiction over the person.
Facts:
Respondent filed a Motion for Reconsideration alleging that when she filed
the complaints for grave coercion and trespass to dwelling on 17
September 1999 against petitioners, no information for estafa has yet been
filed against her. In fact, the information was filed on 5 October 1999.
Issue:
Whether or not the finding of probable cause and ordering the issuance of
warrants of arrest based solely on the unsworn statement of Mauro V. de
Lara who never appeared during preliminary investigation and who was not
personally examined by the investigating judge is valid?
Held:
NO.
(b) By the Municipal Trial Court. - x x x [T]he judge may issue a warrant of
arrest if he finds after an examination in writing and under oath of the
complainant and his witnesses in the form of searching questions and
answers, that a probable cause exists and that there is a necessity of
placing the respondent under immediate custody in order not to frustrate
the ends of justice.
Facts:
A rescue operation was conducted to save the ladies who were still minor
from illegal recruiters. Such rescue operations was conducted by CIDD
officers and agents, together with the father of one of the illegally recruited
minor, and ABS CBN personnel headed by Gus Abelgas who took the
footage.
Issue:
Whether or not the issuance of warrant of arrest was valid having forgone
the mandatory conduct of preliminary examination and personal
determination of probable cause in contravention of the provisions of the
Rules of Court and in denial of complainants' constitutional rights to due
process?
Whether or not the setting the said criminal cases for arraignment without
the requisite Informations having yet been filed in court is valid?
Held:
It is apparent from the facts on record that the complainants were never
issued any subpoena to accord them the opportunity to file their counter-
affidavits to adduce evidence controverting those alleged in the criminal
complaints against them before the respondent judge issued the warrants
of arrest. Moreover, the warrants of arrest were issued without complying
with the requisite conditions therefor.
It was on August 23, 2004 that the complaints for qualified trespass to
dwelling and grave coercion were filed against "Ernesto Cruz and five (5)
John Does" before the sala of respondent judge. On August 24, 2004, a
motion for the issuance of a warrant of arrest against Ernesto Cruz was
filed. Respondent immediately granted said motion and issued a warrant
for his arrest that same day.
From the foregoing provision, there are three (3) conditions that must
concur for the issuance of the warrant of arrest by the municipal judge
during a preliminary investigation. The investigating judge must:
1. Have examined in writing and under oath the complainant and his
witnesses by searching questions and answers;
Even if the judge finds probable cause, it is not mandatory for him to issue
a warrant of arrest. He must further determine the necessity of placing the
respondent under immediate custody in order not to frustrate the ends of
justice.6 It is improper for a municipal judge to issue a warrant of arrest
without any finding that it was necessary to place the accused in immediate
custody to prevent frustration of the ends of justice. 7
Facts:
Accused Lucio Lumayok was charged for raping and murdering Gloria
Bemos on November 11, 1977. The evidence of the prosecution was black
comb owned by the accused which was found few meters away from where
the cadaver of the victim was found.
Issue:
No.
Discounting the circumstantial evidence relied upon by the trial court, the
appealed judgment would now rest only on the purported confession of the
accused taken from him while he was under custodial investigation by the
police authorities. The first of these confessions is said to have been given
in the afternoon of November 12, 1977 after the appellant herein had been
tricked into acompanying Policeman arabo and CHDF Montefalcon to go to
the police station of Hagonoy, Davao del sur. Accused is said to have
acknowledged his guilt verbally to one Policeman Andres Bajao. This first
admission of guilt allegedly made by Lucio Lumayok was, however,
rejected by the trial court as inadmissible evidence. The trial court stated:—
Paradoxically, even with the observation of the trial court that the initial
spontaneous reaction of the accused was a denial of having raped and
killed Gloria Bemos, said court, nevertheless, extended full faith and credit
to a subsequent thumb marked and unsubscribed extrajudicial confession
written in English and supposedly given also that very same day to another
policeman, Patrolman Sarona. Said confession was obtained while the
accused was detained and under custodial investigation without him being
afforded the benefit of counsel or even any form of assistance from any
member of his family. And with the accused being tortured and maltreated.
Facts:
Florencio Garces, the father of the rape victim, was fetched by his son from
the headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Service, where he was a
Supervising Agent, on May 30, 2984. He was informed that there had been
a robbery at their house at 12 Salary St. GSIS Village, Project 8, Quezon
City and that his daughter Dana May had been assaulted. Garces rushed
home and found his daughter’s room disarranged. He proceeded to the
Quezon City General Hospital where Dana May was brought. Together with
his wife, they transferred Dana May to the Chinese General Hospital,
where Dana May was employed as a staff nurse, but she was already dead
so they brought her body to the PC Crime Laboratory for autopsy. Garces
also testified on the items stolen from their house, among which were some
shoes belonging to him and a typewriter.
Accused-appellant Albior and accused Vasquez were duly tried and were
found guilty.
As accused Vasquez had already served the term of his penalty while
under preventive detention, he was released while accused-appellant was
transferred to the National Penitentiary for service of his sentence. Thus,
only accused-appellant Albior interposed an appeal contending that at the
time of the commission of the crime, he was at the house of his cousin in
Baesa, Quezon City and that he had nothing to do with the crime. He said
that he did not understand Tagalog, the dialect in which the extra-judicial
confession was written, being a Cebuano, and that he only signed it
because he was told that if he did, he would be released.
Issue:
Whether or not Albior’s constitutional rights was violated during the conduct
of the custodial investigation, thus made his statements inadmissible as
evidence.
Held:
Yes.
With regard to Albior’s sworn statement, the Court finds obvious defects
that would render it inadmissible in evidence.
In the case of People v. Galit [G.R. No. L-51770, March 20, 1985, 135
SCRA 465], the Court, quoting from Morales, Jr. v. Enrile [G.R. No. 61016,
April 26, 1983, 121 SCRA 538], said:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library
At the time a person is arrested, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer
to inform him of the reason for the arrest and he must be shown the
warrant of arrest, if any. He shall be informed of his constitutional rights to
remain silent and to counsel, and that any statement he might make could
be used against him. The person arrested shall have the right to
communicate with his lawyer, a relative, or anyone he chooses by the most
expedient means — by telephone if possible or by letter or messenger. It
shall be the responsibility of the arresting officer to see to it that this is
accomplished. No custodial investigation shall be conducted unless it be in
the presence of counsel engaged by the person arrested, by any person on
his behalf, or appointed by the court upon petition either of the detainee
himself of by anyone on his behalf. The right to counsel may be waived but
the waiver shall not be valid unless made with the assistance of counsel.
Any statement obtained in violation of the procedure herein laid down,
whether exculpatory or inculpatory, in whole or in part, shall be
inadmissible in evidence. [Italics supplied.]
Finally, the testimony of Albior that he agreed to sign the sworn statement
because he was promised that he would be released adds to the
conclusion that he did not understand what he was signing. No reasonable
person would believe the promise that he would be released if he knows
that he had just signed a statement admitting his participation in the
commission of a very serious offense.
Facts:
The policemen then proceeded to the area where to enforce the other
search warrant. The policemen coordinated with Antonio Pangan, the
officer in charge of security in the building. The policemen, Pangan and two
security guards proceeded to the condominium unit. Anciro, Jr. knocked
repeatedly on the front door, but no one responded. Pangan, likewise,
knocked on the door. Until Lee peeped through the window beside the front
door. The policemen allowed Pangan to communicate with appellant Lee
by sign language and pointed their uniforms to her to show that they were
policemen. The Lee then opened the door and allowed the team into the
condominium unit.
The policemen conducted the search in all the rooms within the unit.
The team proceeded with the search and found other articles not described
on the the search warrant. Huang Zhen Hua was found sleeping in one of
the rooms during the search and was surprised to see police officers.
Anciro, Jr. found two transparent plastic bags each containing one kilo of
shabu, a feeding bottle, a plastic canister and assorted
paraphernalia. Anciro, Jr. also found assorted documents, pictures, bank
passbooks issued by the Allied Banking Corporation, credit cards,
passports and identification cards of Lao and Lee. Anciro, Jr. told Lee to
bring some of her clothes because they were bringing her to the PARAC
headquarters. Lee did as she was told and took some clothes from the
cabinet in the master’s bedroom where Anciro, Jr. had earlier found the
shabu.
Issue:
Whether or not the articles not specified in the search warrant, are
inadmissible evidence.
Held:
No, Admittedly, Anciro, Jr. seized and took custody of certain articles
belonging to the appellant and Lao which were not described in the search
warrants. However, the seizure of articles not listed in a search warrant
does not render the seizure of the articles described and listed therein
illegal; nor does it render inadmissible in evidence. Such articles were in
plain view of Anciro, Jr. as he implemented the search warrants and was
authorized to seize the said articles because of their close connection to
the crime charged. An example of the applicability of the ‘plain view’
doctrine is the situation in which the police have a warrant to search a
given area for specified objects, and in the course of the search come
across some other article of incriminating character. An object that comes
into view during a search incident to arrest that is appropriately limited in
scope under existing law may be seized without a warrant. Finally, the
‘plain view’ doctrine has been applied where a police officer is not
searching for evidence against the accused, but nonetheless inadvertently
comes across an incriminating object.
Facts:
The petitioner was subsequently arrested for being a member of the New
Peoples Army (NPA), an outlawed subversive organization.
Issue:
Held:
Yes. Rolando Dural was arrested for being a member of the New Peoples
Army (NPA), an outlawed subversive organization. Subversion being
a continuing offense, the arrest of Rolando Dural without warrant is justified
as it can be said that he was committing an offense when arrested. The
crimes of rebellion, subversion, conspiracy or proposal to commit such
crimes, and crimes or offenses committed in furtherance thereof or in
connection therewith constitute direct assaults against the State and are in
the nature of continuing crimes
G.R. No. 101837 February 11, 1992
ROLITO GO y TAMBUNTING, petitioner,
vs.
THE COURT OF APPEALS, THE HON. BENJAMIN V. PELAYO, Presiding
Judge, Branch 168, Regional Trial Court, NCJR Pasig, M.M., and PEOPLE
OF THE PHILIPPINES, respondents.
Facts:
Petitioner, in a case of road rage, shot the victim and left the scene. After
establishing that the petitioner was probably the assailant, the police
launched a manhunt. Six days after the shooting, petitioner presented
himself before the police to verify the news that he was being hunted. He
was immediately detained.
Issue:
Held:
NO. Petitioner’s arrest took place six days after the shooting of the victim.
The arresting officers were obviously not present, within the meaning of
paragraph a, Section 5 of Rule 113, at the time the petitioner allegedly shot
the victim. Neither could “arrest” effected six days after the shooting be
reasonably as effected when the shooting had in fact just been committed
within the meaning of paragraph B, section 5 of Rule 113. Moreover, none
of the arresting officers had any personal knowledge of facts indicating that
petitioner was the gunman who had shot the victim.
Facts:
It appears that on September 15, 1997, some PNP CIG authorities went to
the Center for Culinary Arts located at 287 Katipunan Avenue, Loyola
Heights, Quezon City to arrest Francisco Juan Larranaga. Larranaga, thru
his lawyer, Atty. Raymundo Armovit remonstrated against the warrantless
arrest. The police did not carry out the arrest on the assurance that
Larranaga would be brought to Cebu City by his lawyer on September 17,
1997 for preliminary investigation.
Held:
NO.
The records do not show that petitioner was "lawfully arrested." For one the
petitioner was not arrested on September 15, 1997, as his counsel
persuaded the arresting officers that he would instead be presented in the
preliminary investigation to be conducted in Cebu City on September 17,
1997. For another, the arresting officers had no legal authority to make a
warrantless arrest of the petitioner for a crime committed some two (2)
months before.
(c) When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a
penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or
temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being
transferred from one confinement to another.
In cases falling under paragraphs (a) and (b) hereof, the person arrested
without a warrant shall be forthwith delivered to the nearest police station or
jail, and he shall be proceeded against in accordance with Rule 112,
Section 7.
Facts:
Sometime during the months of July and August 1999, the Toril Police
Station, Davao City received a report from a civilian asset named Bobong
Solier about a certain Noel Tudtud. Solier related that his neighbors have
been complaining about Tudtud, who was allegedly responsible for the
proliferation of marijuana in their area. Reacting to the report, few members
of the Intelligence Section of the Toril Police Station conducted surveillance
in Solier’s neighborhood in Sapa, Toril, Davao City. For five days, they
gathered information and learned that Tudtud was involved in illegal drugs.
According to his neighbors, Tudtud was engaged in selling marijuana.
On August 1, 1999, Solier informed the police that Tudtud had headed to
Cotabato and would be back later that day with new stocks of marijuana.
At around 4:00 in the afternoon that same day, a team composed of
policemen posted themselves at the corner of Saipon and McArthur
Highway to await Tudtuds arrival. All wore civilian clothes. About 8:00 later
that evening, two men disembarked from a bus and helped each other
carry a carton marked King Flakes. Standing some five feet away from the
men, PO1 Desierto and PO1 Floreta observed that one of the men fit
Tudtuds description. The same man also toted a plastic bag.
PO1 Floreta and PO1 Desierto then approached the suspects and
identified themselves as police officers. PO1 Desierto informed them that
the police had received information that stocks of illegal drugs would be
arriving that night. The man who resembled Tudtuds description denied
that he was carrying any drugs. PO1 Desierto asked him if he could see the
contents of the box. Tudtud obliged, saying, it was alright. Tudtud opened
the box himself as his companion looked on. The box yielded pieces of
dried fish, beneath which were two bundles, one wrapped in a striped
plastic bag and another in newspapers. PO1 Desierto asked Tudtud to
unwrap the packages. They contained what seemed to the police officers
as marijuana leaves.
The police thus arrested Tudtud and his companion, informed them of their
rights and brought them to the police station. The two did not resist.
Issue:
WON the accused were validly arrested without a warrant? WON the
marijuana leaves were seized in violation of their right against
unreasonable searches and seizures?
Held:
There was no valid arrest and the marijuana leaves were seized in violation
of the accused’s right against unreasonable searches and seizures.
The rule is that a search and seizure must be carried out through or with a
judicial warrant; otherwise, such search and seizure becomes
unreasonable within the meaning of the above-quoted constitutional
provision, and any evidence secured thereby, will be inadmissible in
evidence for any purpose in any proceeding. 61 Section 3 (2), Article III of
the Constitution explicitly provides:
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
5. Customs search;
Appellants in this case were neither performing any overt act or acting in a
suspicious manner that would hint that a crime has been, was being, or
was about to be, committed. If the arresting officers testimonies are to be
believed, appellants were merely helping each other carry a carton box.
Although appellant Tudtud did appear afraid and perspiring, pale and
trembling, this was only after, not before, he was asked to open the said
box.
Neither were the arresting officers impelled by any urgency that would
allow them to do away with the requisite warrant, PO1 Desiertos assertions
of lack of time notwithstanding. Records show that the police had ample
opportunity to apply for a warrant, having received Soliers information at
around 9:00 in the morning; Tudtud, however, was expected to arrive at
around 6:00 in the evening of the same day.
Appellants implied acquiescence, if at all, could not have been more than
mere passive conformity given under coercive or intimidating
circumstances and is, thus, considered no consent at all within the purview
of the constitutional guarantee.122 Consequently, appellants lack of
objection to the search and seizure is not tantamount to a waiver of his
constitutional right or a voluntary submission to the warrantless search and
seizure.
Unreasonable searches and seizures are the menace against which the
constitutional guarantees afford full protection. While the power to search
and seize may at times be necessary to the public welfare, still it may be
exercised and the law enforced without transgressing the constitutional
rights of the citizens, for the enforcement of no statute is of sufficient
importance to justify indifference to the basic principles of government.
Fact:
At around 9:30 in the morning of August 8, 1996, while the team were
positioned in the house of SPO1 Paguidopon, a "trisikad" carrying the
accused-appellants passed by. At that instance, SPO1 Paguidopon pointed
to the accused-appellants as the pushers. Thereupon, the team boarded
their, vehicle and overtook the "trisikad." SPO1 Paguidopon was left in his
house, thirty meters from where the accused-appellants were accosted.
The police officers then ordered the "trisikad" to stop. At that point,
accused-appellant Mula who was holding a black bag handed the same to
accused-appellant Molina. Subsequently, SPO1 Pamplona introduced
himself as a police officer and asked accused-appellant Molina to open the
bag. Molina replied, "Boss, if possible we will settle this." SPO1 Pamplona
insisted on opening the bag, which revealed dried marijuana leaves inside.
Thereafter; accused-appellants Mula and Molina were handcuffed by the
police officers.
Issue:
WON the arrest of the accused was valid and that the marijuana is
inadmissible as evidence for having been seized in violation of appellants’
constitutional rights against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Held:
NO, the arrest was not valid and the marijuana is inadmissible as evidence.
Search and seizure may be made without a warrant and the evidence
obtained therefrom may be admissible in the following instances: (1) search
incident to a lawful arrest; (2) search of a moving motor vehicle; (3) search
in violation of customs laws; (4) seizure of evidence in plain view; (5) when
the accused himself waives his right against unreasonable searches and
seizures; and (6) stop and frisk situations (Terry search).
Facts:
When Col. Gutierrez opened the sealed Zest-O juice box, he found 2 big
plastic bags containing crystalline substances. The initial field test
conducted by SPO2 Danilo Cruz at the PNP Headquarters revealed that
the siezed items contained shabu. 4 Thereafter, SPO2 Nulud together with
accused-appellant brought these items for further laboratory examination to
the Crime Laboratory at Camp Olivas, San Fernando, Pampanga. After due
testing, forensic chemist S/Insp. Daisy Babor concluded that the crystalline
substances yielded positive results for shabu. The small plastic bag
weighed 13.815 grams while the two big plastic bags weighed 1.942
kilograms of shabu.
Issue:
WON the search of his person and the subsequent confiscation of shabu
allegedly found on him were conducted in a lawful and valid manner.
Held:
No, Chua was not validly arrested and the search of his person and the
subsequent confiscation of shabu allegedly found on him were conducted
in an unlawful and invalid manner.
In the case at bar, there appears on record some facts of weight and
substance that have been overlooked, misapprehended, or misapplied by
the trial court which casts doubt on the guilt of accused-appellant. Neither
the in flagrante delicto nor the "stop and frisk" principles is applicable to
justify the warrantless arrest and consequent search and seizure made by
the police operatives on accused-appellant.
In in flagrante delicto arrests, the accused is apprehended at the very
moment he is committing or attempting to commit or has just committed an
offense in the presence of the arresting officer. Emphasis should be laid on
the fact that the law requires that the search be incidental to a lawful arrest.
Therefore it is beyond cavil that a lawful arrest must precede the search of
a person and his belongings. 17 Accordingly, for this exception to apply two
elements must concur: (1) the person to be arrested must execute an overt
act indicating that he has just committed, is actually committing, or is
attempting to commit a crime; and (2) such overt act is done in the
presence or within the view of the arresting officer. 18
We find the two aforementioned elements lacking in the case at bar. The
record reveals that when accused-appellant arrived at the vicinity of
Thunder Inn Hotel, he merely parked his car along the McArthur Highway,
alighted from it and casually proceeded towards the entrance of the Hotel
clutching a sealed Zest-O juice box. Accused-appellant did not act in a
suspicious manner. For all intents and purposes, there was no overt
manifestation that accused-appellant has just committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit a crime.
The police operatives cannot feign ignorance of the alleged illegal activities
of accused-appellant. Considering that the identity, address and activities
of the suspected culprit was already ascertained two years previous to the
actual arrest, there was indeed no reason why the police officers could not
have obtained a judicial warrant before arresting accused-appellant and
searching his person. Whatever information their civilian asset relayed to
them hours before accused-appellant’s arrest was not a product of an "on-
the-spot" tip which may excuse them from obtaining a warrant of arrest.
Accordingly, the arresting team’s contention that their arrest of accused-
appellant was a product of an "on-the-spot" tip is untenable.
Facts:
In the morning of December 8, 1996, SPO2 Noli Cernio was informed that
a dead body had been found in Sitio Tinotogasan. For this reason, he went
to Barangay Burabud with Chief of Police Peter Longcop and Dr. Santiago
Engo to conduct an investigation. When they arrived in Sitio Tinotogasan,
Barangay Burabud, they found the lifeless body of Candy Dolim. Candy’s
grandfather identified her body.
After conducting initial investigation on that same day, December 12, 1996,
SPO2 Noli Cernio apprehended Ronnie Cabagtong, together with Renante
Mendez. SPO2 Cernio said he questioned Ronnie and accused-appellant
Renante Mendez. Ronnie told him that accused-appellants Renante
Mendez and Baby Cabagtong went to his house at around 10 o’clock in the
evening on the day of the incident. SPO2 Cernio said he did not take the
sworn affidavit of Ronnie Cabagtong because the latter denied involvement
in the case and claimed that he was in their house on the night of the
incident. SPO2 Cernio said that Ronnie Cabagtong was released from
custody after he had informed the Chief of Police that he was innocent.
Accused-appellant Renante Mendez remained in custody for investigation,
while the Chief of Police ordered accused-appellant Baby Cabagtong to be
arrested. Rene "Baby" Cabagtong was arrested on December 13, 1996 in
his farm in Sitio Pinamihagan, Gamay, Northern Samar, by barangay tanod
Mano Mejica. Accused-appellant Baby Cabagtong was on his way home to
take his meal when he met Mejica, who asked him to go with him. When
Baby demanded to know why he should do so, Mejica pointed a gun at
him.
Issue:
WON Renante Mendez and Baby Cabagtong were validly arrested without
a warrant?
Held:
NO.
Supreme Court cannot close thier eyes to the palpable violations of the
rights of accused-appellants during the period of their detention. The record
shows that accused-appellants were arrested without any warrants from
the courts. Contrary to his claim, SPO2 Cernio did not have personal
knowledge of the commission of the crime so as to justify the warrantless
arrest of Renante Mendez. Personal knowledge of facts in arrests without
warrant under §5(b) of Rule 113 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure must
be based upon "probable cause," which means "an actual belief or
reasonable grounds of suspicion." The grounds of suspicion are reasonable
when it is based on actual facts, i.e., when it is supported by circumstances
sufficiently strong in themselves to create the probable cause of guilt of the
person to be arrested.62
Facts:
The team found the door of "Neneth's" house open and a woman inside.
"Jun" identified the woman as his associate. 7 SPO1 Badua asked "Neneth"
about the P1,600.00 as PO3 Manlangit looked over "Neneth's" house.
Standing by the door, PO3 Manlangit noticed a carton box under the dining
table. He saw that one of the box's flaps was open and inside the box was
something wrapped in plastic. The plastic wrapper and its contents
appeared similar to the marijuana earlier "sold" to him by "Jun." His
suspicion aroused, PO3 Manlangit entered "Neneth's" house and took hold
of the box. He peeked inside the box and found that it contained ten (10)
bricks of what appeared to be dried marijuana leaves.
Simultaneous with the box's discovery, SPO1 Badua recovered the marked
bills from "Neneth." The policemen arrested "Neneth." They took "Neneth"
and "Jun," together with the box, its contents and the marked bills and
turned them over to the investigator at headquarters. It was only then that
the police learned that "Jun" is Florencio Doria y Bolado while "Neneth" is
Violeta Gaddao y Catama. The one (1) brick of dried marijuana leaves
recovered from "Jun" plus the ten (10) bricks recovered from "Neneth's"
house were examined at the PNP Crime Laboratory. The bricks, eleven
(11) in all, were found to be dried marijuana fruiting tops of various weights
totalling 7,641.08 grams.
Issue:
Held:
Neither could the arrest of appellant Gaddao be justified under the second
instance of Rule 113. "Personal knowledge" of facts in arrests without
warrant under Section 5 (b) of Rule 113 must be based upon "probable
cause" which means an "actual belief or reasonable grounds of
suspicion." The grounds of suspicion are reasonable when, in the absence
of actual belief of the arresting officers, the suspicion that the person to be
arrested is probably guilty of committing the offense, is based on actual
facts, i.e., supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to
create the probable cause of guilt of the person to be arrested. A
reasonable suspicion therefore must be founded on probable cause,
coupled with good faith on the part of the peace officers making the arrest.
EDWIN CADUA, petitioner,
vs.
COURT OF APPEALS and PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, respondents.
Facts:
In the evening of January 2, 1992, between 6:30 and 7:00 in the evening,
PO3 Joselito Burdeos and companions, all assigned with the Central Police
District in Quezon City, were aboard mobile unit 118 patrolling the vicinity
of Fairview, Quezon City. While deployed, they received a radio dispatch
requesting them to proceed to Lot 10 Block 14, Alden Street, North
Fairview. Said dispatch was based on a report concerning an alleged
holdup of complainants Lourdes Bulos and her daughter Bernadette, who
were in need of police assistance.
At said address, police officers found both complainants who stated that
the alleged hold uppers had just fled. PO3 Burdeos asked where the
robbery took place. Complainants replied that they were held up by two (2)
men at the corner of Archer and Regalado Streets, near their house. The
police officers also asked in what direction the alleged hold uppers fled and
what they were wearing. Then, the police officers requested the
complainants to board the patrol unit in order to facilitate the search for the
two (2) men. As they were patrolling around the area, complainants
informed the police officers that one of the suspects was dressed in jeans
and a t-shirt while the other was dressed in a black top and black pants.
The police officers then noticed two (2) men walking alongside the street
and as the officers slowed down the mobile unit to get a closer look, the
complainants identified the men as the alleged hold uppers, one of which is
the petitioner in this case. The police officers slowed down to a stop,
alighted from the vehicle, and called out to the suspects. As Burdeos was
approaching the suspects, he noticed that petitioner Cadua was about to
pull something which was tucked at the right side of his waist. Burdeos
promptly pointed his firearm at Cadua and warned him not to move. He
then frisked Cadua and found in his possession a .38 caliber "paltik"
revolver. PO3 Reynoso Bacnat the apprehended Cadua's companion, who
was later identified as Joselito Aguilar. In Aguilar's possession was found a
fan knife.
Verification with the Firearms and Explosives Unit revealed that petitioner-
accused Edwin Cadua is not a valid license holder of a .38 caliber "paltik"
revolver.
Issue:
Whether or not the apprehension of the accused was illegal and that the
filing of the charges for illegal possession of firearms is but an afterthought
since the private complainant admitted that the accused Cadua was not the
hold-upper?
Held:
(b) When an offense has in fact just been committed, and he has
personal knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be arrested
has committed it; and
In cases falling under paragraph (a) and (b) hereof, the person
arrested without a warrant shall be forthwith delivered to the nearest
police station or jail, and he shall be proceeded against in accordance
with Rule 112, Section 7.
The findings of the trial court, accepted by the appellate court, show the
pertinence of paragraphs (a) and (b) of Section 5 above-cited. Through
police dispatch to the scene of a crime report and in the presence of
complainants, it was ascertained that a robbery had just been committed,
and the arresting officers had personal knowledge that petitioner was
directly implicated as a suspect. As explained by a respected authority on
criminal procedure:
Petitioner could not dispute that there was an initial report to the police
concerning the robbery. A radio dispatch was then given to the arresting
officers, who proceeded to Alden Street to verify the authenticity of the
radio message. When they reached said place, they met up with the
complainants who initiated the report about the robbery. Upon the officers'
invitation, both mother and daughter boarded the mobile unit to join them in
conducting a search of the nearby area. The accused was spotted in the
vicinity. Based on the reported statements of complainants, he was
identified as a logical suspect in the offense just committed.
Moreover, at that time that PO3 Burdeos called out to petitioner, the latter
was on the act of drawing out his "paltik" revolver.
Facts:
Appellant was apprehended at around 4:00 A.M. of June 20, 1994 near a
waiting shed located at Barangay Salitran, Dasmarias, Cavite by SPO1
Concordio Talingting and SPO1 Armando Clarin, both members of the
Cavite Philippine National Police Command based in Dasmarias. Appellant,
according to the two officers, was caught transporting 28 marijuana bricks
contained in a traveling bag and a carton box, which marijuana bricks had a
total weight of 28 kilos.
These two officers later asserted in court that they were aided by an
informer in the arrest of appellant. That informer, according to Talingting
and Clarin, had informed them the day before, or on June 19, 1994 at
about 2:00 P.M., that a drug courier, whom said informer could recognize,
would be arriving somewhere in Barangay Salitran, Dasmarias from Baguio
City with an undetermined amount of marijuana. It was the same informer
who pinpointed to the arresting officers the appellant when the latter
alighted from a passenger jeepney on the aforestated day, hour, and place.
Upon the other hand, appellant disavowed ownership of the prohibited
drugs. He claimed during the trial that while he indeed came all the way
from Baguio City, he traveled to Dasmarias, Cavite with only some pocket
money and without any luggage. His sole purpose in going there was to
look up his cousin who had earlier offered a prospective job at a garment
factory in said locality, after which he would return to Baguio City. He never
got around to doing so as he was accosted by SPO1 Talingting and SPO1
Clarin at Barangay Salitran.
Issue:
Held:
Yes.
Section 2, Article III of the Constitution lays down the general rule that a
search and seizure must be carried out through or on the strength of a
judicial warrant, absent which such search and seizure becomes
"unreasonable" within the meaning of said constitutional
provision. Evidence secured on the occasion of such an unreasonable
search and seizure is tainted and should be excluded for being the
proverbial fruit of a poisonous tree. In the language of the fundamental law,
it shall be inadmissible in evidence for any purpose in any proceeding. This
exclusionary rule is not, however, an absolute and rigid proscription. Thus,
(1) customs searches; (2) searches of moving vehicles, (3) seizure of
evidence in plain view; (4) consented searches; (5) searches incidental to a
lawful arrest; and (6) "stop and frisk" measures have been invariably
recognized as the traditional exceptions.
In the case at bar, when the officers approached appellant and introduced
themselves as policemen, they asked him about the contents of his
luggage, and after he replied that they contained personal effects, the
officers asked him to open the traveling bag. Appellant readily acceded,
presumably or in all likelihood resigned to the fact that the law had caught
up with his criminal activities. When an individual voluntarily submits to a
search or consents to have the same conducted upon his person or
premises, he is precluded from later complaining thereof.
After all, the right to be secure from unreasonable search may, like other
rights, be waived either expressly or impliedly. Thus, while it has been held
that the silence of the accused during a warrantless search should not be
taken to mean consent to the search but as a demonstration of that
person's regard for the supremacy of the law, the case of herein appellant
is evidently different for, here, he spontaneously performed affirmative acts
of volition by himself opening the bag without being forced or intimidated to
do so, which acts should properly be construed as a clear waiver of his
right.
Facts:
Through the testimony of Pat. Pepito Bioco, and Sgt. Romeo Taroy, it
appears that by virtue of an intelligent information obtained by the
Constabulary and INP units, stationed at Digos, Davao del Sur, on May 12,
1982, one Cesar Masamlok personally and voluntarily surrendered to the
authorities at about 9:00 o'clock A.M. at Digos, Davao del Sur Constabulary
Headquarters, stating that he was forcibly recruited by accused Ruben
Burgos as member of the NPA, threatening him with the use of firearm
against his life, if he refused.
The accused was arrested and recovered from him was a .38 revolver
buried under the ground. Accused was not as well reminded of his
constitutional rights.
Issues:
Held:
The basis for the action taken by the arresting officer was the verbal report
made by Masamlok who was not required to subscribe his allegations
under oath. There was no compulsion for him to state truthfully his charges
under pain of criminal prosecution. (TSN, p. 24, October 14, 1982).
Consequently, the need to go through the process of securing a search
warrant and a warrant of arrest becomes even more clear. The arrest of the
accused while he was plowing his field is illegal. The arrest being unlawful,
the search and seizure which transpired afterwards could not likewise be
deemed legal as being mere incidents to a valid arrest.
The trial court justified the arrest of the accused-appellant without any
warrant as falling under one of the instances when arrests may be validly
made without a warrant.
Under Section 6(a) of Rule 113, the officer arresting a person who has just
committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense must
have personal knowledge of that fact. The offense must also be committed
in his presence or within his view. (Sayo v. Chief of Police, 80 Phil. 859).
At the time of the appellant's arrest, he was not in actual possession of any
firearm or subversive document. Neither was he committing any act which
could be described as subversive. He was, in fact, plowing his field at the
time of the arrest.
Neither can it be presumed that there was a waiver, or that consent was
given by the accused to be searched simply because he failed to object. To
constitute a waiver, it must appear first that the right exists; secondly, that
the person involved had knowledge, actual or constructive, of the existence
of such a right; and lastly, that said person had an actual intention to
relinquish the right. The fact that the accused failed to object to the entry
into his house does not amount to a permission to make a search therein
Facts:
The prosecution evidence shows that in the evening of March 16, 1991,
accused-appellant, then a bouncer at the "Ihaw-Ihaw" nightclub on
Bonifacio Street, Davao City, shot one Nelson Jordan. He was arrested
after he had been pointed by eyewitnesses as the gunman. Recovered
from him was a .38 caliber revolver with serial number 91955, four live
bullets, and one empty shell. The firearm and ammunition were covered by
a memorandum receipt and mission order issued by Major Francisco
Arquillano, Deputy Commander of the Civil-Military Operation and CAFGU
Affairs of the Davao Metropolitan District Command.
Accused-appellant was initially charged with murder 5 in an information filed
on March 20, 1991 and docketed as Criminal Case No. 22,456-91 in the
Regional Trial Court, Branch 18 of Davao City but, after plea-bargaining, he
was allowed to plead guilty to the lesser offense of homicide. 6 In a decision
dated September 24, 1991, the trial court sentenced him to imprisonment
of 6 years and 1 day of prision mayor, as minimum, to 12 years and 1 day
of reclusion temporal, as maximum.7
Issue:
Whether or not the accused was validly arrested despite the circumstances
surrounding accused-appellant and the seizure from him of the firearm in
question considering that both were made without any warrant from a
court?
Held:
In the case at bar there was a shooting. The policemen summoned to the
scene of the crime found the victim. Accuse-appellant was pointed to them
as the assailant only moments after the shooting. In fact accused-appellant
had not gone very far (only ten meters away from the "Ihaw-Ihaw"),
although he was then fleeing. The arresting officers thus acted on the basis
of personal knowledge of the death of the victim and of facts indicating that
accused-appellant was the assailant.
Facts:
Appellant Larry Mahinay worked as a houseboy with Maria Isip, one of his
tasks was to take care of Isip’s house which was under construction
adjacent to the latter’s residence. The victim was a 12-year old girl who
used to frequent the residence of Isip.
On the late evening of 25 June 1995, the victim was reported missing by
her mother. The following morning, the Appellant boarded a passenger
jeepney and disappeared.
The victim’s body was found, lifeless, at around 7:30 am that same day.
She was found in the septic tank wearing her blouse and no underwear.
The autopsy showed that the victim was raped and was strangled to death.
Upon re-examining the crime scene, policemen found a pair of dirty white
short pants, a brown belt and a yellow hair ribbon which was identified by
the victim’s mother to belong to her daughter. Also, they found a pair of
blue slippers which Isip identified as that of the appellant. Also found in the
yard, three armslength away from the septic tank were an underwear, a
leather wallet, a pair of dirty long pants and a pliers positively identified by
Isip as appellant’s belongings.
The appellant was soon arrested and executed an extra-judicial confession
wherein he narrated how the crime was committed. The trial ensued and
the lower court convicted him of the crime of Rape and was sentenced to
death. The case was forwarded to the Supreme Court for automatic review.
Issues:
Ruling:
The Court ruled that the appellant’s extrajudicial confession was taken
within the ambit of the law as evinced by the records and testimony of the
lawyer who assisted, warned and explained to him his constitutionally
guaranteed pre-interrogatory and custodial rights.
FACTS:
ISSUE:
(1) Whether or not the search and seizure of the marijuana plants in the
present case is lawful and the seized evidence admissible.
(2) Whether or not the seized plants is admissible in evidence against the
accused.
(3) Whether or not the prosecution has proved appellant’s guilt beyond
reasonable doubt.
HELD:
In the instant case, there was no search warrant issued by a judge after
personal determination of the existence of probable cause given the fact
that police had ample time to obtain said warrant. The protection against
illegal search and seizure is constitutionally mandated and only under
specific instances are searches allowed without warrants. The mantle of
protection extended by the Bill of Rights covers both innocent and guilty
alike against any form of high-handedness of law enforcers, regardless of
the praiseworthiness of their intentions.
With respect to the first issue, the confiscated plants were evidently
obtained during an illegal search and seizure. As to the second issue,
which involves the admissibility of the marijuana plants as evidence for the
prosecution, the said plants cannot, as products of an unlawful search and
seizure, be used as evidence against appellant. They are fruits of the
proverbial poisoned tree. It was, therefore, a reversible error on the part of
the court a quo to have admitted and relied upon the seized marijuana
plants as evidence to convict appellant.
In the fourth issue, the Constitution decrees that, “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved.” To justify the conviction of the accused, the prosecution must
adduce that quantum of evidence sufficient to overcome the constitutional
presumption of innocence. The prosecution must stand or fall on its
evidence and cannot draw strength from the weakness of the evidence for
the accused. Absent the required degree of proof of an accused’s guilt, he
is entitled to an acquittal.
People vs. Burgos GR L-68955, September 4, 1986 (144 SCRA 1)
After recovery of said firearm, Burgos (D) pointed to a stock pile of cogon
where the officers recovered alleged subversive documents. Burgos (D)
further admitted that the firearm was issued to him by Nestor Jimenez,
team leader of sparrow unit.
Ruling: No. Under Section 6(a) of Rule 113, the officer arresting a person
who has just committed, is committing, or is about to commit an offense
must have personal knowledge of that fact. The offense must also be
committed in his presence or within his view. (Sayo vs. Chief of Police, 80
Phil. 859).
In this case, the Burgos (D) was arrested on the sole basis of Masamlok's
verbal report. Masamlok led the authorities to suspect that the accused had
committed a crime. They were still fishing for evidence of a crime not yet
ascertained. The subsequent recovery of the subject firearm on the basis of
information from the lips of a frightened wife cannot make the arrest lawful.
If an arrest without warrant is unlawful at the moment it is made, generally
nothing that happened or is discovered afterward can make it lawful. The
fruit of a poisoned tree is necessarily also tainted.
Facts:
In May, 1923, the building located at No. 124 Calle Arzobispo, City of
Manila, was used by anorganization known as the Parliamentary Club.
Jose Ma. Veloso was at that time a member of theHouse of Representative
of the Philippine Legislature. He was also the manager of the club.-The
police of Manila had reliable information that the so-called Parliamentary
Club was nothingmore than a gambling house. Indeed, on May 19, 1923, J.
F. Townsend, the chief of the gamblingsquad, had been to the club and
verified this fact. As a result, on May 25, 1923, Detective AndresGeronimo
of the secret service of the City of Manila, applied for, and obtained a
search warrantfrom Judge Garduño of the municipal court. Thus provided,
the police attempted to raid theParliamentary Club a little after three in the
afternoon of the date above- mentioned. They foundthe doors to the
premises closed and barred. Accordingly, one band of police including
policemanRosacker, ascended a telephone pole, so as to enter a window
of the house. Other policemen,headed by Townsend, broke in the outer
door.-Once inside the Parliamentary Club, nearly fifty persons were
apprehended by the police. One of them was the defendant Veloso. Veloso
asked Townsend what he wanted, and the latter showedhim the search
warrant. Veloso read it and told Townsend that he was Representative
Veloso andnot John Doe, and that the police had no right to search the
house. Townsend answered thatVeloso was considered as John Doe. As
Veloso's pocket was bulging, as if it contained gamblingutensils, Townsend
required Veloso to show him the evidence of the game. About five
minuteswas consumed in conversation between the policemen and the
accused the policemen insistingon searching Veloso, and Veloso insisting
in his refusal to submit to the search.-At last the patience of the officers
was exhausted. So policeman Rosacker took hold of Velosoonly to meet
with his resistance. Veloso bit Rosacker in the right forearm, and gave him
a blow inanother part of the body, which injured the policeman quite
severely. Through the combinedefforts of Townsend and Rosacker, Veloso
was finally laid down on the floor, and long sheets of paper, of reglas de
monte, cards, cardboards, and chips were taken from his pockets.-All of the
persons arrested were searched and then conducted to the patrol wagons.
Velosoagain refused to obey and shouted offensive epithets against the
police department. It wasnecessary for the policemen to conduct him
downstairs. At the door, Veloso resisted sotenaciously that three policemen
were needed to place him in the patrol wagon.-The warrant read as follows:
Issue: WON the search warrant and the arrest of Veloso was valid.
Facts: The shooting incident by armed men in Lanao led to the issuance of
a warrant of arrest. Petitioners assert that the respondent Judge issued a
warrant of arrest against fifty (50) “John Does” transgressing the
Constitutional provision requiring that such warrants should particularly
describe the persons or things to be seized.
Held: No. Insofar as said warrant is issued against fifty (50) “John Does”
not one of whom the witnesses to the complaint could or would identify, it is
of the nature of a general warrant, one of a class of writs long proscribed as
unconstitutional and once anathematized as “totally subversive of the
liberty of the subject.”[30] Clearly violative of the constitutional injunction
that warrants of arrest should particularly describe the person or persons to
be seized,[31] the warrant must, as regards its unidentified subjects, be
voided.
As the three were in nearing the hacienda, the accused, armed with guns,
tried to block their path and ordered them to stop. Godinez heard a
gunshot. Broniola had fallen off the motorcycle. Serafin leapt from the
motorcycle and ran away. The motorcycle toppled over Godinez, pinning
him to the ground. Accused Tumangan, with gun in hand, approached
Godinez, took the money from the money bag, and fled on foot with his
coaccused. With the assailants gone, Godinez ran home, leaving Broniola
behind. Meanwhile, Serafin had proceeded to the house of the Broniolas,
which was near the crime scene, and informed Broniola's wife of the
incident.
SPO Elpidio Luna went to the crime scene where he found an abandoned
motorcycle. People who by then had milled around the site informed Luna
"that the culprit had already fled." Luna noticed that the "bushes were
compressed" and found "a piece of paper utilized as toilet paper with a
stool on it. The paper was a bio-data sheet with the name " Melvida,
Nenito" and the entry for the father's name filled in with "Elpidio Melvida."
After finding Nenito Melvida, Luna asked Melvida to go with him to the
barangay captain's house. Melvida hesitated at first, but his companions
prevailed upon him to go with Luna.
The barangay captain was not home, so Luna took Melvida to the police
station instead. Melvida was kept at the station the whole evening of 24
April 1991 for investigation conducted, first, by Luna, then, by his fellow
policemen Sgt. Pablo Ygot, Cpl. Alfredo Mondigo and Eliseo Tepait, as
Luna had to take his supper.
Melvida was allowed to go home the next day, but only after the police had
filed criminal charges against him, he had posted bail. Melvida was not
assisted by counsel during the police investigation, although Luna assured
the trial judge that the Municipal Mayor of Medellin, who is a lawyer, was
present. Luna claimed he asked the Mayor to act as Melvida's counsel, he
admitted that this request did not appear in the record of the investigation.
Luna's investigation of Melvida was not reduced into writing.
During Luna's investigation, Melvida admitted that he kept "his share from
the loot" in his house. Melvida then was brought to his house where he got
P9,000.00, in one hundred peso bills, placed inside a shoe which he
delivered to the policemen. During the investigation conducted by SPO3
Alfredo Mondigo, Melvida admitted that his companions during the robbery
were Vicente Tumangan and Ermelindo Sequiño.
ISSUE(S)
2. W/N Melvida's rights to remain silent and to counsel, and his right to be
informed of these rights are violated?
RULING(S)
Since, he was arrested without warrant, the inquiry must now be whether a
valid warrantless arrest was effected. Luna’s basis for arresting Melvida
was the bio-data sheet with Melvida’s name on it found at the crime scene.
By no means can this indicate that Melvida committed the offense charged.
It does not even connote that Melvida was at the crime scene for the bio-
data sheet could have been obtained by anyone and left at the crime scene
long before or after the crime was committed. Luna, therefore, had no
personal knowledge of facts indicating Melvida’s guilt; at best, he had an
unreasonable suspicion. Melvida’s arrest was thus illegal.
FACTS:
ISSUES:
Whether the Miranda rights of the accused-appellant were violated.
Whether the warrantless arrest of the accused-appellant was lawful.
HELD:
It was established that the accused was not apprised of his rights to remain
silent and to have competent and independent counsel in the course of the
investigation. The court held that the accused should always be apprised of
his Miranda rights from the moment he is arrested by the authorities as this
is deemed the start of custodial investigation. In fact, the court included
invitations by police officers in the scope of custodial investigations. It is
evident in this case that when the police invited the accused-appellant to
the station, he was already considered as the suspect in the case.
Therefore, the questions asked of him were no longer general inquiries into
an unsolved crime, but were intended to elicit information about his
participation in the crime. however, the Miranda rights may be waived,
provided that the waiver is voluntary, express, in writing and made in the
presence of counsel. 2nfortunately, the prosecution failed to establish that
the accused made such a waiver. There are certain situations when
authorities may conduct a lawful warrantless arrest when the accused is
caught in flagrante delicto when the arrest is made immediately after the
crime was committed6 and 7 when the one to be arrested is an escaped
convict. The arrest of the accused in this case did not fall in any of these
exceptions. The arrest was not conducted immediately after the
consummation of the crime6 rather, it was done a day after. The authorities
also did not have personal knowledge of the facts indicating that the person
to be arrested had committed the offense because they were not there
when the crime was committed. They merely relied on the account of one
eyewitness. Unfortunately, although the warrantless arrest was not lawful,
this did not affect the 8urisdiction of the Court in this case because the
accused still submitted to arraignment despite the illegality of his arrest. )n
effect, he waived his right to contest the legality of the warrantless arrest.
PEOPLE VS PASUDAG GR No. 128822, May 4, 2001
FACTS:
SPO2 Pepito Calip urinated at a bushy bamboo fence behind the public
school. About five (5) meters away he saw a warden of about "square
meters. There were marijuana plants in between corn plants and camote
tops. he inquired from a store keeper nearby as to who owned the house
with the warden. The store owner told him that Pasuda owned it. A team
was dispatched and the team arrived and went straight to the house of
accused Pasuda. The police looked for accused Pasuda and asked him to
bring the team to his backyard warden which was about five (5) meters
away. Upon seeing the marijuana plants the policemen called for a
photographer who too pictures of accused Pasuda standing beside one of
the marijuana plants. They uprooted seven marijuana plants. The team
brought accused Pasuda and the marijuana plants to the police station. At
the police station accused Pasuda admitted in the presence of Chief of
Police Astrero that he owned the marijuana plants. SPO* +a&arito
prepared a confiscation report which accused Pasuda signed.
ISSUE:
HELD:
FACTS:
ISSUE:
(1) Whether or not the search and seizure of the marijuana plants in the
present case is lawful and the seized evidence admissible.
(2) Whether or not the seized plants is admissible in evidence against the
accused.
(3) Whether or not the prosecution has proved appellant’s guilt beyond
reasonable doubt.
HELD:
In the instant case, there was no search warrant issued by a judge after
personal determination of the existence of probable cause given the fact
that police had ample time to obtain said warrant. The protection against
illegal search and seizure is constitutionally mandated and only under
specific instances are searches allowed without warrants. The mantle of
protection extended by the Bill of Rights covers both innocent and guilty
alike against any form of high-handedness of law enforcers, regardless of
the praiseworthiness of their intentions.
With respect to the first issue, the confiscated plants were evidently
obtained during an illegal search and seizure. As to the second issue,
which involves the admissibility of the marijuana plants as evidence for the
prosecution, the said plants cannot, as products of an unlawful search and
seizure, be used as evidence against appellant. They are fruits of the
proverbial poisoned tree. It was, therefore, a reversible error on the part of
the court a quo to have admitted and relied upon the seized marijuana
plants as evidence to convict appellant.
In the fourth issue, the Constitution decrees that, “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved.” To justify the conviction of the accused, the prosecution must
adduce that quantum of evidence sufficient to overcome the constitutional
presumption of innocence. The prosecution must stand or fall on its
evidence and cannot draw strength from the weakness of the evidence for
the accused. Absent the required degree of proof of an accused’s guilt, he
is entitled to an acquittal.
Miranda v. Arizona
Facts:
Miranda was arrested at his home and brought to the police station for
questioning. He was never informed of his right to remain silent or right to
have counsel present. After two hours of interrogation, Miranda made
incriminating statements including an oral and signed a written confession.
Evidence of the oral confession through police testimony and the written
confession were later used against him at trial. As a result, Miranda was
found guilty of rape and kidnapping.
Arizona trial court found Miranda guilty of rape and kidnapping. Upon
appeal to the state supreme court, the conviction was affirmed because
Miranda did not specifically ask for counsel. Miranda then joined several
other defendants and petitioned to the Supreme Court of the United States
for review.
Judgment:
The right against self-incrimination applies not only at trial but when a
suspect is taken into police custody. Since Miranda was not informed of his
rights, his confession was coerced by police in violation of the Fifth
Amendment.
Yes. Once subject to custodial interrogation, the Fifth Amendment requires
that a suspect is informed of their constitutional rights to: remain silent,
have an attorney present, if he cannot afford an attorney one will be
appointed to him and that any statement made may later be used against
them at trial.
The court took into consideration common police tactics and police
instruction manuals and determined that each uncovered an interrogation
procedure aimed at attaining confessions through coercive means. For
example, many occur when the suspect is isolated and put in unfamiliar or
intimidating surroundings.
The Court held that police are encouraged to use trickery and make the
false promises necessary to obtain a confession. Although such methods
are not physically coercive, the interrogation process is aimed at putting the
suspect in an emotionally vulnerable state so his judgment is impaired.
These coercive tactics are a violation of the Fifth Amendment. To ensure
that a confession is obtained voluntarily, a suspect must be informed of his
constitutional right against self-incrimination in addition to the
consequences of a waiver. A waiver of Fifth Amendment rights must be
made voluntary, intelligently and knowingly.
A suspect must also be informed that they have a right for counsel to be
present. Indigent individuals should receive the same right and will be
provided counsel if they cannot afford private representation. Denial of this
right also constitutes a violation of the Fifth Amendment, as such presence
can prevent improperly coercive police tactics. When a suspect asserts his
Fifth Amendment right to an attorney or right to remain silent, the police
must cease questioning.
(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall
have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel, preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places,
solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
The confession contains details that only the perpetrator of the crime could
have given. The details are consistent with the medico-legal findings that
the wounds sustained by the two victims were possibly caused by one and
the same bladed weapon. It has been held that voluntariness of a
confession may be inferred from its being replete with details which could
possibly be supplied only by the accused, reflecting spontaneity and
coherence which cannot be said of a mind on which violence and torture
have been applied. When the details narrated in an extrajudicial confession
are such that they could not have been concocted by one who did not take
part in the acts narrated, where the claim of maltreatment in the extraction
of the confession is unsubstantiated and where abundant evidence exists
showing that the statement was voluntarily executed, the confession is
admissible against the declarant. There is greater reason for finding a
confession to be voluntary where it is corroborated by evidence aliunde
which dovetails with the essential facts contained in such confession.
Now, under the first paragraph of this provision, it is required that the
suspect in custodial interrogation must be given the following warnings: (1)
He must be informed of his right to remain silent; (2) he must be warned
that anything he says can and will be used against him; and (3) he must be
told that he has a right to counsel, and that if he is indigent, a lawyer will be
appointed to represent him.
Facts
The victim was last seen with the appellant Bebot Mojello. On December
16,200 the body of Lenlen Rayco was found lifeless, naked and bruised on
the seashore. The medico-legal report positively indicated that the victim
was raped.
The appellant was charged of the crime of Rape with Homicide defined and
penalized under Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by
Republic Act No. 7659.The accused was arraigned and entered a not guilty
plea. The lower court found him guilty. Hence, an automatic review of the
case was submitted to the Supreme Court.
Issues
WON the appellant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime charged
Ruling
The decision of the lower court was affirmed and was modified. The
accused was found guilty of the crime of statutory rape.
The Court also noted that even if improper interrogation methods were
used at the start, it does not bar the possibility of having a valid confession
by properly interrogating the subject.
With regards to the second query, appellant alleges that the lower court
erred in convicting him of the crime of rape with homicide sentencing him of
the death penalty despite of the insufficiency of circumstantial evidence to
prove his guilt.
The Court sustained the appellant’s conviction on the crime of rape based
on his admission to the said crime, the medico-legal report and the witness’
testimony proving the corpus delicti but held that there was no sufficient
evidence to prove that the appellant killed the victim or that the rape
committed caused the death of the victim. Therefore, he cannot be
convicted of the said special complex crime as that would raise a
reasonable doubt to his guilt.
The Court found him guilty beyond reasonable doubt for the crime only that
of statutory rape, the victim being 11 years old, and was sentenced to
suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua.
Held. Chief Justice Burger issued the opinion for the United States
Supreme Court in holding that Petitioner was allowed to be impeached
using his conflicting statements.
Held. Yes. Reverse the decision of the lower court to suppress the gun and
statement.
Although admittedly this caveat may cloud the Miranda rule, police officers
have the ability to distinguish when this exception should apply.
His motivation in asking where the gun was is not at issue in this case.
Facts: Lolito Soriano is a fish dealer. His helpers were Ricardo Tan and
Marcial Laroa. While the three were driving on their way to Davao City to
sell fish, accused Emeliano Trinidad asked for a ride to Agusan del Norte.
Trinidad, a member of the Integrated National Police, was in uniform and
had two firearms, a carbine and a .38 caliber revolver.
Tan was driving the car at that time, and he was instructed by Trinidad to
slow down because they were treading dangerous territory. Tan suddenly
heard two gunshots -- Soriano and Laroa slumped dead for both were hit
on the head. Trinidad had used his carbine in killing the two victims. Tan
was able to get off the car and hail a jeepney passing by. However, he
noticed that Trinidad was also seated at the back of the said jeepney. Tan
immediately got off the jeepney, followed by Trinidad. When the jeepney
started to drive away, Tan suddenly clung to its side, but Trinidad fired two
shots, one of which hit Tan on his right thigh. Tan jumped from the jeep and
fortunately a Philippine Constabulary member chanced upon him and
helped him board a bus for Butuan.
Ruling: Trinidad should only be held criminally liable for attempted murder.
Moreover, the wound on his thigh was not fatal and the doctrinal rule is that
where the wound inflicted on the victim is not sufficient to cause his death,
the crime is only ATTEMPTED murder, the accused not having performed
all the acts of execution that would have brought about the death (citing,
People v. Pilones)
Agapito, Palmares and Padua). The decision for the first two petitioners
was rendered on March 8, 1954 and the third on Dec. 5, 1955. The last
petitioner Bagolbagol was penalized with reclusion perpetua on Jan. 12,
1954. Each of the petitioners have been imprisoned for more than 13 years
by virtue of their convictions.
They now invoke the doctrine laid down in People v. Hernandez which
negated such complex crime, a ruling which was not handed down until
after their convictions have become final. In
People v. Hernandez, the SC ruled that the information against the
accused for rebellion complexed with murder, arson and robbery was not
warranted under Art. 134 of the RPC, there being no such complex offense.
This ruling was not handed down until after their convictions have become
final. Since Hernandez served more than the maximum penalty that could
have been served against him, he is entitled to freedom, and thus, his
continued detention is illegal.
ISSUE: Whether or not Art. 22 of the RPC which gives a penal judgment a
retroactive effect is applicable in this case (WON judicial decisions
favourable to the accused/convicted for the same crime can be applied
retroactively)
HELD: It was not shown that the alleged waiver was given freely and
voluntarily. The questioning was rather perfunctory. An even more telling
circumstance against such alleged waiver being given credence was that
private respondent, a native of Samar, then nineteen years old, was
interrogated extensively in Tagalog, no showing having been made that his
acquaintance with the language was such that he could fully understand
the import of what was asked him. The Court ruled that there is no bar to a
waiver of the right to counsel during custodial interrogation if made
intelligently and voluntarily, with full understanding of its consequences.
As for the procedural safeguards to be employed, unless other fully
effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of
silence and to assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it, the following
measures are required. Prior to any questioning, the person must be
warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does not
make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the
presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. The defendant may
waive effectuation of those rights, provided the waiver is made voluntarily,
knowingly and intelligently. If, however, he indicates in any manner and at
any stage of the process that he wishes to consult with an attorney before
speaking, there can be no questioning. Likewise, if the individual is alone
and indicates in any manner that he does not wish to be interrogated, the
police may not question him. The mere fact that he may have answered
some questions or volunteered some statements on his own does not
deprive him of the right to refrain from answering any further inquiries until
he has consulted with an attorney and thereafter consents to be
questioned." Thus, the alleged waiver falls far short. It is clearly
inadmissible.
FACTS:
The prisoner was arrested for killing the victim oil the occasion of a robbery.
He had been detained and interrogated almost continuously for five days,
to no avail. He consistently maintained his innocence. There was no
evidence to link him to the crime. Obviously, something drastic had to be
done. A confession was absolutely necessary. So the investigating officers
began to maul him and to torture him physically. Still the prisoner insisted
on his innocence. His will had to be broken. A confession must be
obtained. So they continued to maltreat and beat him. 'They covered his
face with a rag and pushed his face into a toilet bowlful of human waste.
The prisoner could not take any more. His body could no longer endure the
pain inflicted on him and the indignities he had to suffer. His will had been
broken. He admitted what the investigating officers wanted him to admit
and he signed the confession they prepared. Later, against his will, he
posed for pictures as directed by his investigators, purporting it to be a
reenactment.
ISSUE:
RULING:
Facts:
The Decision dated February 27, 1991 of the Regional Trial Court of
Quezon City, Branch 88, in Criminal Cases Nos. 89-4843 and 89-4844
finding herein appellants guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crimes of
murder and frustrated murder, respectively for the killing of U.S. Col. James
N. Rowe and for seriously wounding Joaquin Vinuya.
Issue:
Held:
The following are the appealed Decision of the Regional Trial Court. In
Criminal Case No. Q-89-4843, appellants Juanito Itaas and Donato
Continente are found GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of
murder, as principal and as accomplice, respectively. Appellant Itaas, as
principal, is hereby sentenced to suffer imprisonment of reclusion perpetua.
Appellant Continente as accomplice, is hereby sentenced to suffer
imprisonment for twelve (12) years of prision mayor, as minimum, to
fourteen (14) years and eight (8) months of reclusion temporal, as
maximum. Both appellants Itaas and Continente are ORDERED to pay
jointly and severally the amount of P50,000.00 to the heirs of the victim,
Col. James Rowe, by way of civil indemnity.In Criminal Case No. Q-89-
4844, appellants Juanito Itaas and Donato Continente are found GUILTY
beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of attempted murder, as principal
and as accomplice, respectively. Appellant Itaas, as principal, is hereby
sentenced to suffer imprisonment for six (6) years of prision correccional,
as minimum, to nine (9) years and six (6) months of prision mayor, as
maximum. Appellant Continente, as accomplice, is hereby sentenced to
suffer imprisonment of six (6) months of arresto mayor, as minimum, to two
(2) years and four (4) months of prision correccional, as maximum.
FACTS:
Accused Bernardo Quidato Jr was accused of parricide. He and two co-
conspirators allegedly attacked with a bolo and iron bars hack and stab the
victim, Bernardo Quidato Sr., appellant’s father and namesake, which
caused the victim’s untimely demise.
Among those presented as witness were accused’s wife and brother. Also
presented were the extrajudicial confessions of appellant’s two other co-
accused. Appellant’s wife testified that while the accused were drinking
tuba she overheard them saying that they were planning to go to the
victim’s house on the night of the incident in order to “get money” and that
she had no idea of what later transpired. Appellant objected to his wife’s
testimony as it was prohibited by the rule on marital disqualification.
Appellant likewise denies the allegations of his co-accused who in their
extrajudicial confession pointed to the participation of appellant.
ISSUES:
HELD:
1. NO. They should not be given credence, and indeed, appellant should
be acquitted. The prosecution relied heavily on appellant’s co-accused’s
affidavits. However, the failure to present the affiants in the witness stand
gives these affidavits the character of hearsay. It is hornbook doctrine that
unless the affiants themselves take the witness stand to affirm the
averments in their affidavits, the affidavits must be excluded from the
judicial proceeding, being inadmissible hearsay. “The voluntary admissions
of an accused made extrajudicially are not admissible in evidence against
his co-accused when the latter had not been given an opportunity to hear
him testify and cross-examine him.”
Section 30, Rule 130 is not applicable in this case because it refers to
confessions made during the existence of the conspiracy. In this case, the
conspiracy had clearly ended by the time the confession was made.
People vs Labtan
Facts:
When the defense presented its case, only accused Henry Feliciano
testified for his behalf. His defense consisted of an alibi and a repudiation
of his sworn statement. He Testified that he was brought to the police
station, was mauled for two hours, and was forced to sign a document. He
was also brought to the office of Atty. Chavez and saw the latter sign the
documents. He did not know what was happening.Atty. Chavez did not
even talk to him before signing the document. Then he was brought back to
Jail. He appealed to the higher court alleging that the court a quo erred un
admitting in evidence the tainted extra-judicial confession he executed in
the absence of an effective and vigilant counsel.
ISSUE:
2. Did Atty. Chavez provide the accused the kind of counseling required by
the Constitution?
HELD:
" [T]he right to counsel attaches upon the start of an investigation, i.e. when
the investigating officer starts to ask questions to elicit information and/or
confessions or admissions from the respondent/accused. At such point or
stage, the person being interrogated must be assisted by counsel to avoid
the pernicious practice extorting false or coerced admissions or
confessions from the lips of the person undergoing interrogation, for the
commission of an offense. The moment there is a move or even urge of
said investigators to elicit admissions or confessions or even plain
information which may appear innocent or inocuous at the time, from said
suspect, he should then and there be assisted by counsel, unless he
waives the right, but the waiver shall be made in writing and in the
presence of counsel."cralaw virtua1aw library
FACTS:
On July 28, 1991, the lifeless body of Edmundo Orizal was found in the rest
house of Ronnie Balao. The victim was found to have sustained seven (7)
gunshot wounds in the chest, abdomen, back, left and right thighs, and two
(2) grazing wounds on the left arm and back.
Investigation by the Tuguegarao police station identified the suspects in the
murder of Edmundo Orizal as Armando Gallardo y Gander, Alfredo
Columna y Correa, and Jessie Micate y Orteza. The police received
information that the suspects were detained at the Camalaniugan Police
Station because of other criminal charges. The Tuguegarao police went to
the Camalaniugan Police Station to fetch the suspects. Only Armando
Gallardo and Alfredo Columna alias Fermin were in the custody of the
Camalaniugan Police Station. They were investigated by Police
Investigator SPO4 Isidro Marcos, and they gave statements admitting that
they, together with Jessie Micate, killed Edmundo Orizal.
During the investigation, the dialect used was Ilocano, the native tongue of
the accused, and during the taking of the statements, Atty. Rolando
Velasco assisted them. Judge Vilma Pauig was present. She administered
the oath on the jurat of the statements. Accused-appellants signed their
statements admitting the killing of Edmundo Orizal.
ISSUE:
RULING:
The Court held that “while the initial choice of the lawyer in cases where a
person under custodial investigation cannot afford the services of a lawyer
is naturally lodged in the police investigators, the accused really has the
final choice as he may reject the counsel chosen for him and ask for
another one. A lawyer provided by the investigators is deemed engaged by
the accused where he never raised any objection against the former’s
appointment during the course of the investigation and the accused
thereafter subscribes to the veracity of his statement before the swearing
officer.
In the case at bar, although Atty. Velasco was provided by the State and
not by the accused themselves, the accused were given an opportunity
whether to accept or not to accept him as their lawyer. They were asked
and they immediately agreed to have Atty. Velasco as their counsel during
the investigation. There is no requirement in the Constitution that the
lawyer of an accused during custodial investigation be previously known to
them. The Constitution provides that the counsel be a competent and
independent counsel, who will represent the accused and protect their
Constitutionally guaranteed rights.
FACTS: These consolidated petitions are among several petitions filed with
this Court arising from the much-publicized public school teachers' mass
actions of September/October 1990.
Petitioners are public school teachers from various schools in Metro Manila
who were simultaneously charged, preventively suspended, and eventually
dismissed in October 1990 by then Secretary Isidro D. Cariño of the
Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS).
The decision was anchored on the reports that the above-named teachers
participated in the mass action/illegal strike in Sept. 19-21, 1990 and
subsequently defied the return-to-work order dated September 17, 1990
issued by the Department.
In Rolando Gan v. Civil Service Commission, we denied the claim that the
teachers were thereby denied their rights to peaceably assemble and
petition the government for redress of grievances reasoning that this
constitutional liberty to be upheld, like any other liberty, must be exercised
within reasonable limits so as not to prejudice the public welfare.
But the public school teachers in the case of the 1990 mass actions did not
exercise their constitutional rights within reasonable limits. On the contrary,
they committed acts prejudicial to the best interest of the service by staging
the mass protests on regular school days, abandoning their classes and
refusing to go back even after they had been ordered to do so. Had the
teachers availed of their free time — recess, after classes, weekends or
holidays — to dramatize their grievances and to dialogue with the proper
authorities within the bounds of law, no one — not the DECS, the CSC or
even the Supreme Court — could have held them liable for their
participation in the mass actions.
FACTS:
ISSUE:
RULING:
Facts:
Issue:
Held:
US vs Wade
Facts.
Two men robbed a bank in Eustace, Texas. One man, with two pieces of
tape on his face, went into the bank, pointed a gun at the cashier and
demanded the money. His accomplice waited outside in a stolen getaway
car. Wade and his accomplice were indicted for the robbery and counsel
was appointed. About two weeks later, a Federal Bureau of Investigation
(“FBI”) agent caused the two men to be part of a lineup consisting of five or
six other men at which the bank employees were asked to make an
identification, and at which the two men were in fact identified.
Held. Yes. The court must analyze whether potential substantial prejudice
to defendant’s rights inheres in the particular confrontation and the ability of
counsel to help avoid that prejudice. The in court identification must be
found to have independent origin, free of the primary taint of the improperly
conducted lineup, in order to be admitted.
Facts:
Pablito Andan alias "Bobby" was accused of the crime of rape with
homicide. The offense was committed on February 19,1994 in Baliuag,
Bulacan; the victim being Marianne Guevarra, 22 and a 2 nd year student at
the Fatima School of Nursing. On said day, victim left her home for her
school dormitory in Valenzuela. While on her way, appellant invited her to
his house. He used the pretext that the blood pressure of his wife's
grandmother should be taken. Marianne agreed to do so as the old woman
was her distant relative. She did not know that nobody was inside the
house. Appellant then punched her in the abdomen, brought her to the
kitchen and raped her. By night time, Marianne, who was still unconscious,
was dragged by appellant to their backyard that was adjacent to a vacant
lot. Appellant was to transfer Marianne to the vacant lot when she moved,
prompting appellant to hit her head with a piece of concrete block. No
longer moving, he dragged her to the lot and abandoned her. At 11amher
body was discovered. The autopsy revealed that she died of "traumatic
injuries. “Marianne’s gruesome death drew public attention and prompted
Baliuag Mayor Cornelio Trinidad to form an investigation team. The
investigation pointed to the appellant. Appellant's nearby house was
searched but he was not there. On February 24, a police team led by
Mayor Trinidad traced appellant in his parents' house. They took him and
brought him to the police headquarters where he was interrogated. Initially,
he denied any knowledge of Marianne's death. However, when the police
confronted him with evidence, appellant relented but implicated two of his
neighbors, and that he was merely a lookout. Larin and Dizon were likewise
brought there by the police. The following day a physical examination
conducted on the suspects revealed that appellant has multiple scratches
on the neck, chest and back. By that time, people and media
representatives were already at the police headquarters awaiting the
results of the investigation. Mayor Trinidad arrived. Upon seeing the mayor,
appellant approached him and whispered that they talk privately. The
mayor led him to the office of the Chief of Police and there, he broke down
and said "Mayor, patawarin mo ako! I will tell you the truth. I am the one
who killed Marianne." The mayor opened the door of the room to let the
public and media representatives witness the confession. Since no lawyer
was available he ordered the proceedings photographed and videotaped.
In the presence of the mayor, the police, representatives of the media and
appellant's own wife and son, appellant confessed his guilt. He asked for
forgiveness from Larin and Dizon whom he falsely implicated saying he did
it because of ill-feelings against them. He also said that the devil entered
his mind because of the pornographic magazines and tabloid he read
almost every day. After his confession, appellant hugged his wife and son
and asked the mayor to help him. His confession was captured on
videotape and covered by the media nationwide. On arraignment, however,
appellant entered a plea of "not guilty." He testified that on said date he
was at his parent’s house for the birthday party of his nephew. He, his wife
and son went home after 5pm, slept at 8pm, and woke up at 6am the next
day. Appellant claimed that after he was picked up by the police on
February 24, he was coerced to confess that he raped and killed Marianne.
Fearing for his life, appellant did as he was told. The trial court convicted
the appellant and sentenced him to death. He was found guilty of the crime
charged in the Information (Rape with Homicide) and penalized
accordingly. Hence, the automatic review.
Issue:
Held:
People vs. Decierdo 149 SCRA 496 G.R. No. L-46956, 7 May 1987
FACTS:
ISSUE:
RULING:
Facts:
Two informations for murder were filed against SPO1 Wilfredo Leaño,
SPO1 Ferdinand Marzan, SPO1 Ruben B. Agustin, SPO2 Alexander Micu,
SPO2 Rodel Maderal, and SPO4 Emilio Ramirez in the Regional Trial
Court (RTC) of Santiago City.
The venue was later transferred to Manila. On 22 April 1999, the RTC of
Manila convicted all of the accused and sentenced them to two counts of
reclusion perpetua except SPO2 Maderal who was yet to be arraigned at
that time, being at large. The case was... appealed to this Court on
automatic review where we, on 9 October 2001, acquitted the accused
therein on the ground of reasonable doubt.
Issues:
WON an accused can seek any judicial relief if he does not submit his
person to the jurisdiction of the court
Ruling:
Custody of the law is required before the court can act upon the application
for bail, but is not required for the... adjudication of other reliefs sought by
the defendant where the mere application therefor constitutes a waiver of
the defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
Principles:
There is, however, an exception to the rule that filing pleadings seeking
affirmative relief constitutes voluntary appearance, and the consequent
submission of one's person to the jurisdiction of the court. This is in the
case of pleadings whose prayer is... precisely for the avoidance of the
jurisdiction of the court, which only leads to a special appearance. These
pleadings are: (1) in civil cases, motions to dismiss on the ground of lack of
jurisdiction over the person of the defendant, whether or not other...
grounds for dismissal are included; (2) in criminal cases, motions to quash
a complaint on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the person of the
accused; and (3) motions to quash a warrant of arrest.
The first two are consequences... of the fact that failure to file them would
constitute a waiver of the defense of lack of jurisdiction over the person.
The third is a consequence of the fact that it is the very legality of the court
process forcing the submission of the person of the accused that is the...
very issue in a motion to quash a warrant of arrest.
In cases not involving the so-called special appearance, the general rule
applies, i.e., the accused is deemed to have submitted himself to the
jurisdiction of the court upon seeking affirmative relief.
FACTS:
This is a petition for certiorari and prohibition that seeks the Court to nullify
and set aside the warrant of arrest issued by respondent judge against
petitioner in Criminal Case No. 03-219952 for violation of Article 315, par.
2(a) of the Revised Penal Code in relation to Presidential Decree (P.D.) No.
1689. Petitioner asserts that respondent judge erred in finding the
existence of probable cause that justifies the issuance of a warrant of arrest
against him and his co-accused.
ISSUE:
HELD:
The court held that the documents presented were sufficiently established
the existence of probable cause as required under Section 6, Rule 112 of
the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure. Probable cause where facts and
circumstances would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent person to
believe that an offense has been committed by the person sought to be
arrested without resorting to the calibrations of technical rules of evidence
of which his knowledge is nil. Rather, he relies on the calculus of common
sense of which all reasonable men have an abundance which is less
stringent than that used for establishing the guilt of the accused. As long as
the evidence presented shows a prima facie case against the accused, the
trial court judge has sufficient ground to issue a warrant of arrest.
In the same manner, the accused continued refusal to submit to the court’s
jurisdiction gives the Court more reason to uphold the action of the
respondent judge. The purpose of a warrant of arrest is to place the
accused under the custody of the law to hold him for trial. His evasive
stance shows an intent to circumvent and frustrate the object of this legal
process.
Facts:
Issue:
Whether or not respondent judge show partiality, grave abuse of authority
and oppression?
Held:
The Court Administrator find that the charges filed against respondent are
baseless. When complainant filed the omnibus motion on May 7, 2002, the
court has not yet acquired jurisdiction over his person. With the filing of
Information, the trial court could then issue a warrant for the arrest of the
accused as provided for by Section 6 of Rule 112 of the Revised Rules on
Criminal Procedure. The issuance of the warrant was not only procedurally
sound but it was even required considering that respondent had yet to
acquire jurisdiction over the person of complainant. Consequently,
complainant’s charge that respondent Judge failed to act on the omnibus
motion before issuing the arrest warrant is untenable. Whether respondent
correctly disregarded the omnibus motion in view of the alleged fatal
defects is a judicial matter, which is not a proper subject in an
administrative proceeding. It bears noting that respondent court
immediately deferred the execution of the warrant of arrest upon issuance
by the Court of Appeals of the TRO. Neither can we ascribe partiality nor
grave abuse of authority on the part of respondent for issuing anew an alias
warrant after the expiration of the Court of Appeals’ 60-day TRO. With the
lifting of the restraining order, no legal obstacle was left for the issuance of
the arrest warrant and thus set in motion the delayed prosecutorial process
by acquiring jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
October 7, 2008
Held: Yes. The right to the security of person is not merely a textual hook in
Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution. At its core is the immunity of one’s
person against government intrusion. The right to security of person is
“freedom from fear,” a guarantee of bodily and psychological integrity and
security.
To whom may the oppressed, the little ones, the desaperacidos, run to, if
the Orwellian sword of the State, wielded recklessly by the military or under
the guise of police power, is directed against them? The law thus gives the
remedy of the writ of amparo, in addition to the rights and liberties already
protected by the Bill of Rights. Amparo, literally meaning “to protect,” is
borne out of the long history of Latin American and Philippine human rights
abuses—often perpetrated by the armed forces against farmers thought to
be communist insurgents, anarchists or brigands. The writ serves to both
prevent and cure extralegal killings, enforced disappearances, and threats
thereof, giving the powerless a powerful remedy to ensure their rights,
liberties, and dignity. Amparo, a triumph of natural law that has been
embodied in positive law, gives voice to the preys of silent guns and
prisoners behind secret walls.
G.R. No. 70748 October 21, 1985 LAURENTE C. ILAGAN et al. vs. HON.
JUAN PONCE ENRILE et al. MELENCIO-HERRERA, J.:
FACTS:
On May 10, 1985, Attorney Laurente C. Ilagan was arrested in Davao City
by elements of the PC-INP and detained at Camp Catitipan on the basis of
a Mission Order allegedly issued by the Ministry of National Defense. On
that same day, fifteen lawyers from the IBP Davao Chapter visited Atty.
Ilagan. Thereafter, two other petitioners were arrested for the same cause.
This petition for habeas corpus was then filed by and on behalf of the three
arrested lawyers hereinafter referred to as the detained attorneys on the
ground that their arrests were illegal and violative of the Constitution, since
arrests cannot be made on the basis of Mission Orders. and that there
appears to be a military campaign to harass lawyers involved in national
security cases.
On May 16, 1985, the Court issued the Writ, required a Return, and set the
petition for hearing on May 23, 1985. Respondents contend that the
lawyers were arrested due to basis of a PDA issued by the President on
January 25, 1985 and that the lawyers played active roles in organizing
mass actions of the Communist Party of the Philippines and the National
Democratic Front.
ISSUE:
HELD:
If the detained attorneys question their detention because of improper
arrest, or that no preliminary investigation has been conducted, the remedy
is not a petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus but a Motion before the trial
court to quash the Warrant of Arrest, and /or the Information on grounds
provided by the Rules or to ask for an investigation / reinvestigation of the
case. Habeas corpus would not lie after the Warrant of commitment was
issued by the Court on the basis of the Information filed against the
accused. So is it explicitly provided for by Section. 14, Rule of 102 of the
Rules of Court.
Velasco v. CA
Issue:
3. Whether by filing his motion for bail, Larkins admitted that he is under the
custody of the court and voluntarily submitted his person to its jurisdiction
hence would invalidate from availing the remedy of habeas corpus.
4. Whether the order denying the urgent motion for bail is improper. If in the
affirmative, whether Larkins may benefit from such improper order.
Held:
2. NO. Even if the arrest of a person is illegal, supervening events may bar
his release or discharge from custody. What is to be inquired into is the
legality of his detention as of, at the earliest, the filing of the application for
a writ of habeas corpus, for even if the detention is at its inception illegal, it
may, by reason of some supervening events, such as the instances
mentioned in Section 4 of Rule 102, be no longer illegal at the time of the
filing of the application. Among such supervening events is the issuance of
a judicial process preventing the discharge of the detained person.
Another is the filing of a complaint or information for the offense for which
the accused is detained, as in the instant case. By then, the restraint of
liberty is already by virtue of the complaint or information and, therefore,
the writ of habeas corpus is no longer available.
3. YES. The filing of a petition or motion for bail in cases where no bail is
recommended has the same legal import and effect as the posting of bail in
cases where bail is recommended. It is settled that the giving or posting of
bail by the accused is tantamount to submission of his person to the
jurisdiction of the court. In the case of Carrington vs. Peterson, 30 this
Court declared that when a defendant in a criminal case is brought before a
competent court by virtue of a warrant of arrest or otherwise, in order to
avoid the submission of his body to the jurisdiction of the court he must
raise the question of the court's jurisdiction over his person at the very
earliest opportunity. If he gives bail, demurs to the complaint or files any
dilatory plea or pleads to the merits, he thereby gives the court jurisdiction
over his person. (State ex rel. John Brown vs. Fitzgerald, 51 Minn., 534) In
United States vs. Grant, 31 this Court held that conceding again that the
warrant issued in this case was void for the reason that no probable cause
was found by the court before issuing it, the defendant waived all his rights
to object to the same by appearing and giving bond.
While it may be true that on 6 December 1994, or four days after the filing
of the Urgent Motion for Bail, Larkins, thru a new counsel, filed an Urgent
Omnibus Motion for Dismissal of the Complaint and for Immediate Release
based on the alleged illegality of his warrantless arrest, the said motion was
a mere afterthought which came too late in the day. By then, the trial court
had firmly acquired jurisdiction over his person.
Hence, even granting that Larkins was illegally arrested, still the petition for
a writ of habeas corpus will not prosper because his detention has become
legal by virtue of the filing before the trial court of the complaint against him
and by the issuance of the 5 January 1995 order.
4. NO. The trial court did not conduct a hearing of the urgent motion for
bail, as required under Section 5, Rule 114 of the Rules of Court. The grant
or denial of bail must be based upon the court's determination as to
whether or not the evidence of guilt is strong. This discretion may only be
exercised after evidence is submitted at the hearing conducted for that
purpose. The court's order granting or refusing bail must contain a
summary of the evidence for the prosecution followed by its conclusion
whether or not the evidence of guilt is strong; otherwise, the order would be
defective and voidable. In fact, even if the prosecutor refuses to adduce
evidence in opposition to the application to grant and fix bail, the court may
ask the prosecution such questions as would ascertain the strength of the
State's evidence or judge the adequacy of the amount of bail. It was thus
incumbent upon the trial court to receive the evidence for the prosecution
on the urgent motion for bail. For this procedural shortcoming, Larkins
should also be partly blamed. He did not press for a hearing after the
scheduled hearing on 5 December 1994 was cancelled because, as he
claimed, the presiding Judge was out of the country.
Petitioner argues that his temporary release did not render the instant
petition moot and academic because of the restrictions imposed by the
respondents which constitute an involuntary and illegal restraint on his
freedom.
Issue: WON a petition for a writ of habeas corpus becomes moot and
academic in view of the detained person’s release with restrictions.
FACTS:
A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC or The Rule on the Writ of Amparo was promulgated
to arrest the rampant extralegal killings and enforced disappearances in the
country. Its purpose is to provide an expeditious and effective relief “to any
person whose right to life, liberty and security is violated or threatened with
violation by an unlawful act or omission of a public official or employee, or
of a private individual or entity.”
(d) that the intention for such refusal is to remove subject person from the
protection of the law for a prolonged period of time.
As thus dissected, it is now clear that for the protective writ of amparo to
issue, allegation and proof that the persons subject thereof are missing are
not enough. It must also be shown and proved by substantial evidence that
the disappearance was carried out by, or with the authorization, support or
acquiescence of, the State or a political organization, followed by a refusal
to acknowledge the same or give information on the fate or whereabouts of
said missing persons, with the intention of removing them from the
protection of the law for a prolonged period of time. Simply put, the
petitioner in an amparo case has the burden of proving by substantial
evidence the indispensable element of government participation.
FACTS:
Rubrico, in her petition, said she was abducted on April 3, 2007 by armed
men belonging to the 301st Air Intelligence and Security Squadron, based
at the Philippine Air Force Field Station at Fernando Air Base in Lipa City,
Batangas. During her detention, the petitioner added, her daughters Mary
Joy Rubrico Carbonel and Jean Rubrico Apruebo were harassed by Senior
Insp. Arsenio Gomez and that there were also armed men following
them. The petitioners prayed that a writ of amparo be issued, ordering the
individual respondents to desist from performing any threatening act
against the security of the petitioners and for the Office of the Ombudsman
(OMB) to immediately file an information for kidnapping qualified with the
aggravating circumstance of gender of the offended party. It also prayed for
damages and for respondents to produce documents submitted to any of
them on the case of Lourdes.
The respondents then filed a joint return on the writ specifically denying the
material inculpatory averments against them. Respondents interposed the
defense that the President may not be sued during her incumbency.
ISSUE:
WHETHER OR NOT the [CA] committed reversible error in dismissing
[their] Petition and dropping President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as party
respondent.
HELD:
The presidential immunity from suit remains preserved under our system of
government, albeit not expressly reserved in the present constitution.
Addressing a concern of his co-members in the 1986 Constitutional
Commission on the absence of an express provision on the matter, Fr.
Joaquin Bernas, S.J. observed that it was already understood in
jurisprudence that the President may not be sued during his or her tenure.
Settled is the doctrine that the President, during his tenure of office or
actual incumbency, may not be sued in any civil or criminal case, and there
is no need to provide for it in the Constitution or law. It will degrade the
dignity of the high office of the President, the Head of State, if he can be
dragged into court litigations while serving as such.
The Court also affirmed the dismissal of the amparo case against other
respondents for failure of the petition to allege ultimate facts as to make out
a case against that body for the enforced disappearance of Lourdes and
the threats and harassment that followed.
Facts
Cleofas Sanchez filed before the Supreme Court a petition for issuance of
a Writ of Amparo with Motion for Production and Inspection directed
against Gen. Esperon, the then Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP). The Supreme Court resolved to issue a Writ of Amparo
and ordered Gen. Esperon to make a verified return of the writ before the
Court of Appeals. Cleofas amended her petition on January 14, 2008 to
include Marciana Medina ) and to implead other military officers including
Lt. Sumangil and Sgt. Villalobos as therein additional respondents.
and Heherson Medina were catching frogs outside their home in Sitio Dalin,
Barangay Bueno,
Capas, Tarlac. On September 18, 2006 at around 1:00 a.m., the “wives” of
Nicolas, namely, Lourdez and Rosalie Sanchez, who were then at home,
heard gunshots and saw armed men in soldiers’ uniforms passing by; and
that that at around 4:00 a.m. of the same day, Lourdez and Rosalie went
out to check on Nicolas and He her son but only saw their caps, slippers,
pana and airgun for catching frogs, as well as bloodstains. They likewise
alleged that Josephine Galang Victoria informed them that she saw Nicolas
and Heherson at the Camp of the Bravo Company sometime in 2006. the
respondents prayed for the issuance of a writ of Amparo, the production of
the victims’ bodies during the hearing on the Writ, the inspection of certain
military camps, the issuance of temporary and permanent protection
orders, and the rendition of judgment under Section 18 of the Rule on the
Writ of Amparo.
Issue
Ruling
As regards the first issue, the Court ruled in the negative. Evidence is
required in Amparo petition. Effect of failure to establish that the public
official observed extraordinary diligence in the performance of their duty the
requirement for a government official or employee to observe extraordinary
diligence in the performance of duty stresses the extraordinary measures
expected to be taken in safeguarding every citizen’s constitutional rights as
well as in the investigation of cases of extra-judicial killings and enforced
disappearances. The failure to establish that the public official observed
extraordinary diligence in the performance of duty does not result in the
automatic grant of the privilege of the Amparo writ. It does not relieve the
petitioner from establishing his or her claim by substantial evidence. The
omission or inaction on the part of the public official provides, however,
some basis for the petitioner to move and for the court to grant certain
interim reliefs.
On the second issue, the Court also ruled in the negative. The interim or
provisional remedies provided in Section 14 of the Amparo Rule are
intended to assist the court before it arrives at a judicious determination of
the amparo petition – Section 14 of theAmparo Rule provides for interim or
provisional reliefs that the courts may grant in order to, inter alia, protect
the witnesses and the rights of the parties, and preserve all relevant
evidence, These provisional reliefs are intended to assist the court before it
arrives at a judicious determination of the amparo petition.
Gen. Razon vs. Tagitis, G.R. No. 182498, December 3 2009
Facts
Tagitis, a consultant for the World Bank and the Senior Honorary
Counselor for the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Scholarship
Programme, was last seen in Jolo, Sulu. More than a month after his
disappearance, the respondent filed a Petition for the Writ of Amparo
(petition) with the CA through her Attorney-in-Fact, Atty. Felipe P. Arcilla,
directed against Lt. Gen. Alexander Yano, et. al. The petition stated that
Engr. Tagitis went out of the pension house to take his early lunch but while
out on the street, a couple of burly men believed to be police intelligence
operatives, forcibly took him and boarded the latter on a motor vehicle then
sped away without the knowledge of his student and according to a reliable
source; that he was in the custody of police intelligence operatives,
specifically with the CIDG, PNP Zamboanga City, being held against his
will in an earnest attempt of the police to involve and connect Engr. Tagitis
with the different terrorist groups; That the respondent filed a complaint with
the PNP Police Station in the ARMM in Cotobato and in Jolo, but instead of
helping her she was told of an intriguing tale by the police that her
husband, subject of the petition, was not missing but was with another
woman having good time somewhere, which is a clear indication of the
refusal to help and provide police assistance in locating her missing
husband.
The petitioners mainly dispute the sufficiency in form and substance of the
Amparo petition filed before the CA. Petitioners contend that the petition
violated Section 5(c), (d), and (e) of the Amparo Rule.
Issue
Does the Amparo Rule intended that the petition be complete in every
detail in stating the threatened or actual violation of a victim’s rights for it to
be given due course by the court?
Ruling
The Court ruled in negative. The framers of the Amparo Rule never
intended Section 5(c) to be complete in every detail in stating the
threatened or actual violation of a victim’s rights. As in any other initiatory
pleading, the pleader must of course state the ultimate facts constituting
the cause of action, omitting the evidentiary details. In an Amparo petition,
however, this requirement must be read in light of the nature and purpose
of the proceeding, which addresses a situation of uncertainty; the petitioner
may not be able to describe with certainty how the victim exactly
disappeared, or who actually acted to kidnap, abduct or arrest him or her,
or where the victim is detained, because these information may purposely
be hidden or covered up by those who caused the disappearance. In this
type of situation, to require the level of specificity, detail and precision that
the petitioners apparently want to read into the Amparo Rule is to make this
Rule a token gesture of judicial concern for violations of the constitutional
rights to life, liberty and security. To read the Rules of Court requirement on
pleadings while addressing the unique Amparo situation, the test in reading
the petition should be to determine whether it contains the details available
to the petitioner under the circumstances, while presenting a cause of
action showing a violation of the victim’s rights to life, liberty and security
through State or private party action. The petition should likewise be read in
its totality, rather than in terms of its isolated component parts, to determine
if the required elements – namely, of the disappearance, the State or
private action, and the actual or threatened violations of the rights to life,
liberty or security – are present.
People v. Alojado, 305 SCRA 236 (1999)
Facts:
On October 11, 1994, Julette Peñaranda and Gerra Rustia went to Amsic
Elementary School where they were Grade III pupils. During the recess at
around 10:00 a.m., both girls went to the house of Julette to get a dress
which Julette intended to show to her teacher. On their way back to school,
appellant talked to them, showed them a picture of a woman and asked
them if they knew the woman in the picture. Julette told appellant that she
did not know the woman. Appellant told them to help him look for the
woman. The two girls accompanied appellant who was then riding a green
bicycle. The three of them rode towards Amsic. In view of an obstruction on
the road, appellant told the girls to go down and walk as they made a turn
towards Plaridel. Thereafter, the two girls rode the bicycle again. This time
it was Julette who stayed at the back while Gerra was placed at the front of
the bicycle.
Appellant tied their hands at their back and tied the left foot of Julette to
one foot of Gerra with Gerra's belt. Appellant also tied their mouths with
Gerra's socks. Appellant made Julette and Gerra suck his sex organ.
Appellant removed the clothes of Julette and raped her by inserting his
penis into her sex organ. Appellant knelt down as he raped Julette. Julette
saw blood coming from her sex organ.
Appellant turned to Gerra and spat at her sex organ. He inserted his ' penis
into the genitalia of Gerra, who was made to lie down. After appellant raped
Gerra, he told the two victims to stay as he would just rest. When appellant
left, Julette removed the handle of the bag used to tie her hands and their
feet. They stood up and walked toward the house of Mrs. Stickle, whom
they asked for help. When Mrs. Stickle saw them at the gate of her house,
Julette was wearing her shorts while Gerra was wearing nothing. Mrs.
Stickle and the neighbors brought them to the Angeles City General
Hospital.
Dr. Hernand Tulud of the Angeles City Hospital attended to the victims. He
found blood clot on the genital area of Gerra, which was still bleeding.
Dr. Tulud also examined the vagina of Julette and found 'multiple
laceration[s] of the vagina; [and] positive laceration of the posterior wall
with penetration to the cul de sac.' (p. 24, ibid). After being given
intravenous fluids, she was transferred to Jose B. Lingad Hospital because
she was complaining of abdominal pains.
Dr. Efren Natino, the obstetrician and volunteer consultant of Jose Lingad
Hospital, examined Julette. He noted [a] laceration in her genitalia, which
was profusely bleeding. Dr. Natino opined that the laceration could have
been caused by an erect penis.
Ruling:
On her part, Gerra sufficiently explained why she had failed to immediately
identify appellant at the hospital. She had just awakened and, prior to that,
had undergone blood transfusion. What is important is that when she was
asked again, she promptly tried to be more alert; gathering her senses, she
admitted her mistake and subsequently pointed to appellant as the culprit.
She was probably just being careful not to point to anybody as the culprit,
especially when she had not yet gotten hold of her senses. Instead of
destroying her credibility and creating the impression that she was coaxed
by the police, the foregoing circumstances show her conscious awareness
that appellant was the man who had abused her and Julette. Thus, during
the trial, she again identified him. Indeed, the natural reaction of a victim is
to point to the guilty party, for to inculpate the wrong person is to let the
malefactor go unpunished and free to repeat the same outrage.
We are not persuaded by the argument that the first time appellant was
identified was not in a police lineup, but in the hospital where the police
brought him alone to face the two victims. The fact remains that the victims
were able to recognize him at the time and again during the trial.
Moreover, there is no law that requires a police lineup as the only means
by which culprits may be identified.
FACTS: The accused was seen by the victim’s father with an ice pick and
washing his bloodied hands at the well. The 9 year old victim was later
found dead and half naked with lacerations in her vagina but no sperm. He
was convicted of homicide only. For his conviction, several circumstantial
pieces of evidence were submitted including strands of his hair for
comparison with the strands of hair found in the victim’s right hand at the
scene of the crime as well as blood-stained undershirt and short pants
taken from his house. The accused-appellant avers the acquisition of his
hair strands without his express written consent and without the presence
of his counsel, which, he contends is a violation of his Constitutional right
against self-incrimination under Sections 12 and 17, Article III of the
Constitution, to wit:
Sec. 12.
(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall
have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places,
solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
On the other hand, the blood-stained undershirt and short pants taken from
the accused are inadmissible in evidence. They were taken without the
proper search warrant from the police officers. Accused-appellant’s wife
testified that the police officers, after arresting her husband in their house,
took the garments from the clothesline without proper authority. This was
never rebutted by the prosecution. Under the libertarian exclusionary rule
known as the “fruit of the poisonous tree,” evidence illegally obtained by the
state should not be used to gain other evidence because the illegally
obtained evidence taints all evidence subsequently obtained. Simply put,
accused-appellant’s garments, having been seized in violation of his
constitutional right against illegal searches and seizure, are inadmissible in
court as evidence.
UMIL V. RAMOS
FACTS:
Military agents received confidential information that a certain man, Ronnie
Javellon, believed to be one of the five NPA sparrows who recently
murdered two Capcom mobile patrols was being treated in St. Agnes
Hospital, for having gunshot wounds.
Later on, it was found out that Ronnie Javellon is a fictitious name and that
his real name is Rolando Dural (verified as one of the sparrows of the
NPA).
ISSUE:
HELD:
Dural was identified as one of several persons who the day before his
arrest, without a warrant, at the St. Agnes Hospital, had shot two (2)
CAPCOM policemen in their patrol car. That Dural had shot the two (2)
policemen in Caloocan City as part of his mission as a "sparrow" (NPA
member) did not end there and then.
Dural, given another opportunity, would have shot or would shoot other
policemen anywhere as agents or representatives of the organized
government. It is in this sense that subversion like rebellion (or insurrection)
is perceived here as a continuing offense. Unlike other so-called "common"
offenses, i.e. adultery, murder, arson, etc., which generally end upon their
commission, subversion and rebellion are anchored on an ideological base
which compels the repetition of the same acts of lawlessness and violence
until the overriding objective of overthrowing an organized government is
attained.
Nor can it be said that Dural's arrest was grounded on mere suspicion by
the arresting officers of his membership in the CPP/NPA. His arrest was
based on "probable cause," as supported by actual facts mentioned in this
case.
With all these facts and circumstances existing before, during and after the
arrest of the afore-named persons (Dural, Buenaobra, Roque, Anonuevo,
Casiple, and Ocaya), no prudent man can say that it would have been
better for the military agents not to have acted at all and made any arrest.
That would have been an unpardonable neglect of official duty and a cause
for disciplinary action against the peace officers involved.
The courts should not expect of law-enforcers more than what the law
requires of them. Under the conditions set forth in Section 5, Rule 113,
particularly paragraph (b) thereof, even if the arrested persons are later
found to be innocent and acquitted, the arresting officers are not liable. But
if they do not strictly comply with the said conditions, the arresting officers
can be held liable for the crime of arbitrary detention, for damages under
Article 32 of the Civil Code 26 and/or for other administrative sanctions.
Issue: Whether or not petitioner may assail the validity of his waarant of
arrest.
Ruling:
No. Although the warrant of arrest was irregularly issued, any infirmities
attached to it was cured when petitioner submitted himself to the
jurisdiction of the court by applying for bail, submitting a memorandum in
support thereof, and filing a motion for reconsideration when his application
was denied.
Decision:
In the case syllabus, the Court sums up its holding in three parts:
3. "The State failed to sustain its burden in this case of showing that
petitioner's statements were admissible under Wong Sun."
FACTS:
ISSUE:
Held:
The investigation which the city of fiscal of Manila makes is not the
preliminary investigation proper provided for in section 11, Rule 108, above
quoted, to which all person charged with offenses cognizable by the Court
of First Instance in provinces are entitled, but it is a mere investigation
made by the city fiscal for the purpose of filing the corresponding
information against the defendant with the proper municipal court or Court
of First Instance of Manila if the result of the investigation so warrants, in
order to obtain or secure from the court a warrant of arrest of the
defendant.
Facts:
Petitioner was charged with the crime of kidnapping. When he found out
that an Information had been filed and that a warrant of arrest had been
issued against him, he went into hiding. His lawyer, at the instance of his
wife, fined a motion asking that the Court fix the amount of the bond at
P10K for the petitioner’s release pending trial, but the Provincial Fiscal of
Pampanga opposed the motion on the ground that the filing was premature
because the petitioner had been arrested. The respondent Judge
dismissed the motion on the ground that the petitioner does not have the
right to ask for the court to admit him to bail pending his arrest or
surrender.
The petitioner contends that as, under the Constitution, "all persons shall
before conviction be bailable by sufficient sureties, except those charged
with capital offenses when evidence of guilt is strong," Article III, Section 1,
paragraph (16), Constitution of the Philippines, and that the words "all
persons" used in said constitutional provision have been interpreted to
mean "all persons, without distinction, whether formally charged or not yet
so charged with any criminal offense".
ISSUE: WON the judge erred in not granting the petition for admission to
bail.
HELD/RATIO: No.
In the case of Herras Teehankee vs. Rovira, 75 Phil. 634, this Court held:
xxx According to this provision, the general rule is that any person, before
being convicted of any criminal offense, shall be bailable, except when he
is charged with a capital offense and the evidence of his guilt is strong. Of
course, only those persons who have been either arrested, detained
or otherwise deprived of their liberty will ever have occasion to seek
the benefits of said provision. But in order that a person can invoke the
constitutional precept, it is not necessary that he should wait until a
formal complaint or information is filed against him. From the moment
he is placed under arrest, detention or restraint by the officers of the
law, he can claim this guarantee of the Bill of Rights, and this right he
retains unless and until he is charged with a capital offense and
evidence of his guilt is strong.
And in the case of Manigbas vs. Luna, 52 O.G. 1405, it was held:
xxx the right to bail only accrues when a person is arrested or deprived of
his liberty. The purpose of bail is to secure one's release and it would
be incongruous to grant bail to one who is free. Thus, bail is the
security required and given for the release of a person who is in the
custody of the law.'
Without surrendering himself, he filed the motion in which he asks that the
court fix the amount of the bail bond for his release pending trial. It is,
therefore, clear that the petitioner is a free man and is under the
jurisprudence not entitled to admission to bail.
Facts:
Two informations for murder were filed against SPO1 Wilfredo Leaño,
SPO1 Ferdinand Marzan, SPO1 Ruben B. Agustin, SPO2 Alexander Micu,
SPO2 Rodel Maderal, and SPO4 Emilio Ramirez in the Regional Trial
Court (RTC) of Santiago City, but the venue was later transferred to the
RTC of Manila which convicted all of the accused and sentenced them to
two counts of reclusion perpetua except SPO2 Maderal who was yet to be
arraigned at that time, being at large. The case was appealed to the
Supreme Court on automatic review where we accused therein was
acquitted on the ground of reasonable doubt.
Judge Tumaliuan noted the absence of petitioners and issued a Joint Order
denying said urgent motion on the ground that, since the court did not
acquire jurisdiction over their persons, the motion cannot be properly heard
by the court. In the meantime, petitioners appealed the resolution of State
Prosecutor Leo T. Reyes to the Department of Justice.
With all due respect, the Honorable Court of Appeals gravely erred in
reversing and setting aside the Joint Order of Judge Anastacio D. Anghad
dated August 17, 2001, September 21, 2001,
October 16, 2001 and November 14, 2001 issued in criminal cases
numbered 36-3523 and 36-3524; and, erred in upholding, affirming and
reinstating the Order dated July 6, 2001 issued by then Acting Presiding
Judge Wilfredo Tumaliuan, on the alleged rule that an accused cannot seek
any judicial relief if he does not submit his person to the jurisdiction of the
court.
Court: An accused cannot seek any judicial relief if he does not submit his
person to the jurisdiction of the court. Jurisdiction over the person of the
accused may be acquired either through compulsory process, such as
warrant of arrest, or through his voluntary appearance, such as when he
surrenders to the police or to the court. It is only when the court has already
acquired jurisdiction over his person that an accused may invoke the
processes of the court (Pete M. Pico vs. Alfonso V. Combing, Jr.,
Proceeding from this premise, the Court of Appeals ruled that petitioners
Miranda, Ocon and Dalmacio cannot seek any judicial relief since they
were not yet arrested or otherwise deprived of their liberty at the time they
filed their "Urgent Motion to complete preliminary investigation; to
reinvestigate; to recall and/or quash warrants of arrest."4
If we allow the granting of bail to persons not in the custody of the law, it is
foreseeable that many persons who can afford the bail will remain at large,
and could elude being held to answer for the commission of the offense if
ever he is proven guilty. On the other hand, if we allow the quashal of
warrants of arrest to persons not in the custody of the law, it would be very
rare that a person not genuinely entitled to liberty would remain scot-free.
This is because it is the same judge who issued the warrant of arrest who
will decide whether or not he followed the Constitution in his determination
of probable cause, and he can easily deny the motion to quash if he really
did find probable cause after personally examining the records of the case.
FACTS: Cortes filed a complaint against Judge Catral for granting bail
without hearing.
Catral says: bailbond recommended was 180K. accused filed for reduction
and there was no opposition from prosecutor.
Barangay Captain Nilo de Rivera with a homicide case was granted with a
bailbond of P14,800.00 by Judge Segundo Catral. The amount is too low. It
is because this Nilo de Rivera is another goon of Julio Bong Decierto.
Jimmy Siriban the right hand man of Julio ‘Bong’ Dicierto was sued for
concubinage and convicted by Judge Herminio del Castillo in MTC. Jimmy
Siriban appealed and it was elevated to the RTC Branch 08, the sala of
Judge Segundo Catral. Judge Segundo Catral acquitted Jimmy Siriban,
rumors in Aparri spread that the wife of Judge Segundo Catral went to
Jimmy Siriban’s house to get the envelop warrant the imposition of
administrative sanction against respondent judge.
HELD/RATIO: YES.
Bail should be fixed according to the circumstances of each case. The
amount fixed should be sufficient to ensure the presence of the accused at
the trial yet reasonable enough to comply with the constitutional provision
that bail should not be excessive. Therefore, whether bail is a matter of
right or of discretion, reasonable notice of hearing is required to be given to
the prosecutor or fiscal or at least he must be asked for his
recommendation because in fixing the amount of bail, the judge is required
to take into account a number of factors such as the applicant’s character
and reputation, forfeiture of other bonds or whether he is a fugitive from
justice.
FACTS:
Spouses Romeo Nabor and Liliosa Napay and their nine- year old daughter
Rosaldiza Nabor tenanted and lived in a coconut plantation located in
Barangay Salugan, Camilig, Albay. Rosaldiza helped in the household
chores by washing the family’s dirty laundry every Saturday at the
barangay reservoir. The route to the reservoir was uninhabited. Going there
was quite a long trek. It usually took Rosaldiza fifteen minutes to negotiate
the grassy path from the reservoir to their house.
One day, in 1992, Rosaldiza went to the reservoir to wash her clothes and
to take a bath. On her way back home, Manallo suddenly appeared from
the bushes, grabbed her and raped her. Alex dressed up and warned her
not to tell her parents, brothers and sisters of the incident, otherwise, he
would kill them all. Rosaldiza put on her clothes and ran home. Rosaldiza
related to her mother what had happened to her.
Then Rosaldiza and Liliosa went back to the police station and executed
their respective sworn statements. An information was filed with the
Regional Trial Court of Legaspi City, charging Alex with rape.
He denied raping Rosaldiza and claimed that they were lovers. He was
found guilty.
HELD/RATIO:
NO. Even a cursory reading of the decision of the trial court will readily
show that it convicted appellant of the crime charged in light of the
testimony of Rosaldiza and Dr. Loria- Florece and the physical evidence
adduced by the prosecution.
The trial court considered appellant’s flight from the scene of the crime, his
having jumped bail and for eluding arrest for six long years as evidence of
his guilt for the crime charged.
The Court cannot write finish to this case without making of record its
concern and displeasure at the egregious procedural lapse of the trial court
in granting bail to appellant. It bears stressing that he was charged with
rape punishable by reclusion perpetua to death. Section 5, Rule 114 of the
1985 Rules of Criminal Procedure reads:
In this case, the appellant filed his motion for bail on May 8, 1992. There
was no specific date and time for the hearing of said motion. And yet, on
the same day that the motion was filed, the trial court granted the said
motion and fixed the bail bond for the provisional liberty of the appellant in
the amount of P50,000.00 without any factual basis therefore stated in the
order. Even when the public prosecutor prayed the court on June 17,
1992, for the cancellation of the property bond of the appellant on the
ground that the trial court granted his motion for bail without even affording
the prosecution a chance to be heard thereon and adduce its evidence in
opposition thereto, the trial court held in abeyance resolution thereof and
even allowed the appellant to remain free on his bond in the amount of only
P50,000.00. Patently, the prosecution was deprived of its right to due
process.
A bail application does not only involve the right of the accused to
temporary liberty, but likewise the right of the State to protect the people
and the peace of the community from dangerous elements. These two
rights must be balanced by a magistrate in the scale of justice, hence, the
necessity for hearing to guide his exercise of jurisdiction.
LAVIDES VS CA
FACTS: Manolet Lavides was arrested on April 3, 1997 for child abuse
under R.A. No. 7610 (an act providing for stronger deterrence and special
protection against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination, providing
penalties for its approval of the bail bonds shall be made only after the
arraignment to enable this Court to immediately acquire jurisdiction over
the accused; violation, and other purposes). His arrest was made without a
warrant as a result of an entrapment conducted by the police. It appears
that on April 3, 1997, the parents of complainant Lorelie San Miguel
reported to the police that their daughter, then 16 years old, had been
contacted by petitioner for an assignation that night at petitioner’s room at
the Metropolitan Hotel in Diliman, Quezon City. Apparently, this was not the
first time the police received reports of petitioner’s activities.
When petitioner opened the door, the police saw him with Lorelie, who was
wearing only a t-shirt and an underwear, whereupon they arrested him.
Based on the sworn statement of complainant and the affidavits of the
arresting officers, which were submitted at the inquest, an information for
violation of Art. III, §5(b) of R.A. No. 7610 was filed against petitioner.
Nine more informations for child abuse were filed against petitioner by the
same complainant, Lorelie San Miguel, and by three other minor children
The Court of Appeals declared conditions (a) and (b) invalid but declined to
pass upon the validity of condition (d) on the ground that the issue had
become moot and academic. Petitioner takes issue with the Court of
Appeals with respect to its treatment of condition (d) of the May 16, 1997
order of the trial court which makes petitioner’s arraignment a prerequisite
to the approval of his bail bonds. His contention is that this condition is void
and that his arraignment was also invalid because it was held pursuant to
such invalid condition.
HELD:
CONDITION IS VOID.
The condition imposed in the trial court’s order of May 16, 1997 that the
accused cannot waive his appearance at the trial but that he must be
present at the hearings of the case is valid and is in accordance with Rule
114. For another condition of bail under Rule 114, §2(c) is that "The failure
of the accused to appear at the trial without justification despite due notice
to him or his bondsman shall be deemed an express waiver of his right to
be present on the date specified in the notice. In such case, trial shall
proceed in absentia." Jjsc Art. III, §14(2) of the Constitution authorizing
trials in absentia allows the accused to be absent at the trial but not at
certain stages of the proceedings, to wit: (a) at arraignment and plea,
whether of innocence or of guilt, (b) during trial whenever necessary for
identification purposes, and (c) at the promulgation of sentence, unless it is
for a light offense, in which case the accused may appear by counsel or
representative. At such stages of the proceedings, his presence is required
and cannot be waived.
Presumption of Innocence
People v. Espera
706 SCRA 704
Facts:
Espera was accused of two counts of rape, to which he pleaded not
guilty to both charges. Pre-trial was conducted and trial ensued. The victim
was on her way home from her work at the clinic with her friend. They
hailed a tricycle at around 11:30 pm, when she shone a beam of flashlight
unto the driver and vehicle, she recognized the driver Espera by face,
wearing a red shirt and maong pants, but not by name. Victim’s friend was
first to disembark. Upon reaching her house, the tricycle did not stop but
kept on going until they reached a quarry site, where Espera said that the
brakes were faulty. While tracing her way home, the victim noticed that
Espera was following her, his shirt was already covering his face and
holding a gun. When she ran and shouted for help, Espera caught up with
her and beat her first before dragging her to a secluded location where he
raped her by inserting his organ into her mouth then proceeded to
penetrate her sex organ. After the deed, Espera threatened to kill her if she
would tell the truth. The next day, the victim told her mother of the ordeal;
she confessed the next day to her friend when she did not come to the
clinic. She was then examined by a doctor and reported the incident to the
authorities. At the police station, she recognized Espera through his voice,
even though he cut his hair and shaved his beard. Espera left town but was
eventually apprehended. Espera’s alibi was that he lived far away from the
crime scene and that he was at home drunk and sleeping.
Held:
No. An accused enjoys the presumption of innocence until and unless
his guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt. The law requires the
prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt not only each element of
the crime but also the identity of the accused as the criminal.
People v. Sy
590 SCRA 511
Facts:
Accused-appellant Jason Sy was charged before the RTC of San
Fernando, Pampanga, Branch 47, with illegal sale of shabu in violation of
Section 15, Article III, of Republic Act No. 6425.
In finding him guilty beyond reasonable doubt, the trial court gave full
faith and credence to the testimonies of the prosecution witnesses, noting
that they testified in a clear and straightforward manner.
Held:
In the instant case, the Court finds that the testimonies of the
prosecution witnesses adequately establish these elements. The trial
court’s assessment of the credibility of witnesses must be accorded the
highest respect, because it had the advantage of observing their demeanor
and was thus in a better position to discern if they were telling the truth or
not. The Court has no reason to doubt the assessment of the trial court
regarding the credibility of the prosecution and defense witnesses. The
testimony of the buy-bust team established than an entrapment operation
against accused-appellant was legitimately and successfully carried out.
The testimonies are further bolstered by the physical evidence consisting of
the shabu presented as evidence before the court.
People v. Cantalejo
586 SCRA 777
Facts:
An Information for violation of Section 5 of Republic Act (R.A.) No.
9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002, was filed against appellant Cesar Cantalejo y Manlangit. At the
arraignment, appellant pleaded not guilty to offense charged. Thereafter,
trial on the merits ensued.
Held:
No. The Constitution mandates that an accused shall be presumed
innocent until the contrary is proven beyond reasonable doubt. The burden
lies on the prosecution to overcome such presumption of innocence by
presenting the quantum of evidence required. In so doing, the prosecution
must rest on its own merits and must not rely on the weakness of the
defense. And if the prosecution fails to meet the required amount of
evidence, the defense may logically not even present evidence on its own
behalf. In which case the presumption prevails and the accused should
necessarily be acquitted.
People v. Clara
702 SCRA 273
Facts:
The accused was charged with illegal sale of dangerous drugs under
section 5 Article II of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act.
The accused, on the other hand, denied any involvement in the buy-
bust operation. On cross=examination, the accused inconsistent on the
part of his testimony. The accused was convicted.
Held:
No. It is basic in criminal prosecutions that an accused is presumed
innocent of the charge laid unless the contrary is proven beyond
reasonable doubt. The prosecution has the burden to overcome such
presumption of innocence by presenting the quantum of evidence required.
People v. Erguiza
571 SCRA 660
Facts:
Larry Erguiza was charged of the crime of rape. That on or about
5:00 o'clock in the afternoon of January 5, 2000, AAA, a thirteen-year old
first year high school student, together with her friends, siblings Joy and
Ricky Agbuya, went to the mango orchard located at the back of ZZZ
Elementary School to gather fallen mangoes. When they were bound for
home at around 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon, AAA's short pants got
hooked on the fence. AAA asked Joy and Ricky to wait for her but they ran
away and left her.
While AAA was trying to unhook her short pants, Larry suddenly
grabbed and pulled her. Poking a knife at her neck, Larry threatened to hurt
her if she would make a noise. Accused-appellant dragged AAA towards a
place where a tamarind tree and other thorny plants grow. Then Larry
removed his maong pants and forced AAA to lie down on the grassy
ground. Thereafter, proceeded in raping her.
Issue: Whether or not the prosecution was able to establish the guilt
beyond reasonable doubt.
Held:
No. This Court is not unmindful of the doctrine that for alibi to
succeed as a defense, appellant must establish by clear and convincing
evidence (a) his presence at another place at the time of the perpetration of
the offense and (b) the physical impossibility of his presence at the scene
of the crime.
Atienza v. People
G.R. No. 188694 February 12, 2014
Facts:
This case involves crimes of Robbery and Falsification of Public
Document against Atienza and Castro. Atienza and Castro (petitioners) are
employees of the CA, particularly assigned to its Budget Division and
holding the positions of Budget Officer I and Utility Worker I.
Held:
No. Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of collateral facts and
circumstances from which the main fact in issue may be inferred based on
reason and common experience. It is sufficient for conviction if: (a) there is
more than one circumstance; (b) the facts from which the inferences are
derived are proven; and (c) the combination of all the circumstances is
such as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt. To uphold a
conviction based on circumstantial evidence, it is essential that the
circumstantial evidence presented must constitute an unbroken chain
which leads one to a fair and reasonable conclusion pointing to the
accused, to the exclusion of the others, as the guilty person. Stated
differently, the test to determine whether or not the circumstantial evidence
on record is sufficient to convict the accused is that the series of
circumstances duly proven must be consistent with each other and that
each and every circumstance must be consistent with the accused’s guilt
and inconsistent with his innocence.
Accordingly, there being no circumstantial evidence sufficient to
support a conviction, the Court hereby acquits petitioners, without
prejudice, however, to any subsequent finding on their administrative
liability in connection with the incidents in this case.
Rights to be informed
Pielago v. People
693 SCRA 476
Facts:
On July 1, 2006, between 2:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m., AAA and her two
(2)-year old brother, CCC, were playing with Pielago whom they call as
Kuya Alvin at the porch of Boyet Ros’ (Boyet) house. After playing, the
three (3) went inside Boyet’s house to watch television. After a while,
Pielago turned off the television and brought AAA and CCC to a bedroom.
While CCC played with a toy carabao at a corner, Pielago made AAA lie
down on bed. Pielago then took off AAA’s short pants and inserted his right
hand’s forefinger inside her vagina. AAA felt pain and blood came out of
her vagina which frightened her. Unsatisfied, Pielago made AAA lie on her
chest on the same bed then fingered her anus. After a few minutes, AAA
and CCC were called for lunch by their mother, BBB. Pielago immediately
replaced AAA’s shorts then sent her and CCC out of the bedroom. BBB
noticed the bloodstains at the back portion of AAA’s shorts. When BBB
asked AAA what happened, AAA did not answer immediately until she said
“Kuya Alvin tugsok buyay saka lubot ko buda dila pa.” (which means “Kuya
Alvin inserted something in my vagina and my anus and he licked me).
Incensed by what AAA told her, BBB went to a certain Manay Eden who
accompanied her to the house of Boyet where she found Pielago still lying
on bed. BBB continually hit Pielago as she asked him what he did to AAA.
Pielago, however, denied the accusations and maintained that he was
asleep when the incident happened. At 6:00 p.m. of the same day, AAA
and BBB lodged a complaint at the Police Station where AAA was
physically examined by a medico-legal officer which issued a report
showing a superficial laceration caused by the insertion into the victim’s
genitals of a foreign object, possibly a small finger or any blunt object.
RTC found Pielago guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of
Rape by Sexual Assault. CA affirmed RTC’s decision.
Issue: Whether or not the court erred in convicting Pielago of the crime of
Rape by Sexual Assault despite his being charged in the information for
Acts of Lasciviousness only.
Held:
No. It is well-settled that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused is
entitled to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against
him. In this respect, the designation in the Information of the specific statute
violated is imperative to avoid surprise on the accused and to afford him
the opportunity to prepare his defense accordingly. In the instant case, the
designation of the offense in the Information against Pielago was changed
from the crime of acts of lasciviousness in relation to Section 5(b) of R.A.
No. 7610 to the crime of rape by sexual assault penalized under Article
266-A(2)26 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A. No. 8353. It
cannot be said, however, that his right to be properly informed of the nature
and cause of the accusation against him was violated. This Court is not
unaware that the Information was worded, as follows: “x x x commit an act
of lasciviousness upon the person of [AAA], a minor being four (4) years
old, by kissing the vagina and inserting one of his fingers to the vagina of
AAA, x x x.” And, as correctly explained by the CA, the factual allegations
contained in the Information determine the crime charged against the
accused and not the designation of the offense as given by the prosecutor
which is merely an opinion not binding to the courts. As held in Malto v.
People:
What controls is not the title of the information or the
designation of the offense but the actual facts recited in the
information. In other words, it is the recital of facts of the commission
of the offense, not the nomenclature of the offense, that determines
the crime being charged in the information.
The CA further ratiocinated that the variance in the two crimes is not
fatal to Pielago’s conviction. Indeed, in order to obtain a conviction for rape
by sexual assault, it is essential for the prosecution to establish the
elements that constitute such crime. Article 266-A(2) of the Revised Penal
Code explicitly provides that the gravamen of the crime of rape by sexual
assault which is the insertion of the penis into another person’s mouth or
anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into another person’s genital or
anal orifice. In the instant case, this element is clearly present when AAA
straightforwardly testified in court that Pielago inserted his forefinger in her
vagina and anus. Jurisprudence has it that testimonies of child-victims are
given full weight and credit, since when a woman or a girl-child says that
she has been raped, she says in effect all that is necessary to show that
rape was indeed committed. Thus, AAA’s unrelenting narration of what
transpired, accompanied by her categorical identification of Pielago as the
malefactor, established the case for the prosecution.
People v. Lagarde
576 SCRA 809
Facts:
In this appeal, accused-appellant, Sergio Lagarde, seeks to reverse
the Decision of the CA affirming the judgment of conviction for rape handed
down by the RTC.
On December 27, 2001, around 12 noon, AAA, 11 years old, and her
mother were at the house of one Lolita Lagarde-Sarsosa to attend an
occasion wherein the accused-appellant was also there. After lunch, AAA’s
mother, Lagarde and the other visitors had a drinking spree. At around 4:00
p.m., AAA went outside towards the jackfruit tree to pick its fruit as ordered
by her mother. However, she was not able to pick the said fruit because
Lagarde was behind her who suddenly placed his hand over her mouth and
dragged her to the copra dryer where he allegedly raped AAA. After the
sexual assault, AAA told her mother and underwent a physical examination
which positively showed that the victim had a sexual intercourse.
Held:
No. SC agrees with the appellate court that the death penalty is not
warranted by the alleged aggravating circumstances, i.e., victim's minority,
use of bladed weapon, and uninhabited place. First, the death penalty was
abolished under Republic Act No. (RA) 9346. Second, the use of a bladed
weapon and uninhibited place cannot be appreciated here because these
were not specifically alleged in the information. Section 8, Rule 110 of the
Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure provides:
People v. Noque
610 SCRA 195
Facts:
Accused Joselito Noque was caught in a buy-bust operation
conducted by SPO4 Norberto Murillo on January 30, 2001. SPO4 Murillo
frisked the appellant and recovered the buy-bust money. He also
confiscated the pranela bag that contained a large quantity of crystalline
granules suspected to be shabu. Two Informations were filed before the
RTC of Manila docketed as Criminal Case Nos. 01-189458 and 01-189459
charging of the crimes of illegal sale and illegal possession of a regulated
drug.
The trial court convicted the accused on both charges. The trial court
held that while the Informations alleged methamphetamine hydrochloride
as the drug seized from the appellant, the drug actually confiscated which
was ephedrine, which by means of chemical reaction could change into
methamphetamine. The trial court further held that under Section 4, Rule
120 of the Rules of Court, a variance in the offense charged in the
complaint or information and that proved shall result in the conviction for
the offense charged which is included in the offense proved.
The CA affirmed the trial court’s decision. The CA held that the
designations and allegations in the informations are for the crimes of illegal
sale and illegal possession of regulated drugs.
Hence, the accused appealed the case before the Supreme Court.
Issue: Whether or not appellant’s right to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusations was violated.
Held:
No. Appellants right to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusations was not violated. The Supreme Court agrees with the findings
of the CA and the trial court, as well as the testimony of the forensic
chemical officer, that the drug known as ephedrine has a central nervous
stimulating effect similar to that of methamphetamine. In fact, ephedrine is
an important precursor used in the clandestine synthesis of
methamphetamine, which in crystallized form is methamphetamine
hydrochloride
People v. Posada
667 SCRA 790
Facts:
Accused-appellants Roger Posada and Emily Posada were convicted
by the RTC Branch 43, Virac, Catanduanes, in Criminal Case No. 3490 for
selling 12 pieces of transparent sealed plastic sachet, containing
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or shabu with a total weight of 0.4578
grams, in violation of Section 5, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
Roger was also convicted by the same RTC in Criminal Case No.
3489 for possession of one piece of torn plastic sachet, containing residue
of a crystalline substance (allegedly shabu), a piece of small aluminum foil,
a pair of small scissors, and 15 pieces of used lighter all of which are
intended to be used for smoking or introducing dangerous drugs into the
body of a person, in violation of Section 12, Article II of R.A. No. 9165.
Aggrieved by the RTC Decision, the accused-appellants filed an
appeal before the Court of Appeals (CA) which, via a Decision dated June
17, 2010, affirmed the RTC Decision as to the accused-appellants'
conviction in Criminal Case No. 3490 but acquitted Roger in Criminal Case
No. 3489 on the ground of reasonable doubt.
Held:
Yes. The unfortunate fact of this case is that rather than separately
charging Emily for the sale of the one sachet of shabu and charging both
Emily and Roger for possession of the 12 sachets of shabu, the public
prosecutor lumped the charges together to sale of 12 sachets of shabu.
This is wrong. The Information is defective for charging the accused-
appellants of selling 12 sachets of shabu when, in fact, they should have
been charged of selling one sachet of shabu and possessing 12 sachets of
shabu. From the evidence adduced, Emily and Roger never sold the 12
sachets of shabu. They possessed them. Thus, they should have not been
convicted for selling the 12 sachets of shabu. However, this was exactly
what was done both by the trial court and the CA. Without basis in fact,
they convicted the couple for selling the 12 sachets of shabu.
People v. Bermas
306 SCRA 135
Facts:
Complainant Manuela Bermas, 15 years old, was raped by her own
father, appellant Rufino Bermas, while she was lying down on a wooden
bed inside their house armed with a knife and by means of force and
intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously has
carnal knowledge of the undersigned complainant against her. Hence,
complainant as assisted by her mother accuses Rufino Mirandilla Bermas,
filed a complaint against the accused of the crime of Rape before the RTC
of Parañaque. Accused Rufino Mirandilla Bermas pleaded not guilty. The
accused denied the allegation hence he even performed the dual role of a
father and a mother to his children since the time of his separation from his
wife and he thinks that the complainant might have been motivated by ill-
will or revenge in view of the numerous scolding’s that she has received
from him on account of her frequent coming home late at night.
The trial court convicted the accused guilty of the offense charged
and sentencing him to suffer the extreme penalty of death.
Issue: Whether or not the accused was denied his constitutional right to
effective and vigilant counsel.
Held:
Yes. Accused forthwith pleaded not guilty. The pre-trial was waived.
The prosecution placed complainant Manuela Bermas at the witness stand.
The counsel de officio testified on direct examination with hardly
any participation by defense counsel who, inexplicably, later waived the
cross-examination and then asked the court to be relieved of her duty as
counsel de officio. Furthermore, Atty. Roberto Gomez was appointed the
new counsel de officio and asked for a ten minute recess before he began
his cross examination which is far too inadequate On the day the defense
will present their evidence another lawyer Atty.Lonzame was appointed as
counsel de officio. Therefore, the accused has not properly and effectively
been accorded the right to counsel. So important is the right to counsel that
it has been enshrined in our fundamental law and its precursor laws
People v. Rapeza
520 SCRA 596
Facts:
Appellant Jerry Rapeza was charged of murder for killing the spouses
Cesar Ganzon and Priscilla Libas. Appellee contends that upon the
supplied information that the appellant wanted to confess, SPO2 Ciriaco
Gapas invited the former for questioning and thus was brought to the police
station without informing his rights. The Solicitor General further contends
that the appellant was not informed of his constitutional right at the time of
his alleged detention for the custodial investigation began only when the
investigators started to elicit information from him which took place at the
time he was brought to the house of Atty. Reyes. Moreover, appellant did
not interpose any objection to having Atty. Reyes as his counsel. However,
the appellant testified that he claims that he affixed his thumb mark through
violence and intimidation. He stresses that he was not informed of his rights
during the time of his detention when he was already considered a suspect
as the police had already received information of his alleged involvement in
the crimes. Neither did a competent and independent counsel assist him
from the time he was detained until trial began. Appellant likewise
maintains that although the Sinumpaang Salaysay states that his rights
were read to him, there was no showing that his rights were explained to
him in a way that an uneducated person like him could understand. The
RTC found him guilty of both crimes. The Court of Appeals upheld the trial
court.
Held:
Yes. The constitutional requirement obviously had not been
observed. Settled is the rule that the moment a police officer tries to elicit
admissions or confessions or even plain information from a suspect, the
latter should, at that juncture, be assisted by counsel, unless he waives this
right in writing and in the presence of counsel. Appellant did not make any
such waiver.
People v. Tolentino
423 SCRA 448
Facts:
In the Information filed by the Provincial Prosecutor of Isabela,
appellant Warlito Tolentino y Laquin was charged of rape, allegedly
committed as follows:
That on or about 6:00 o'clock in the evening of February 06, 1996, at
Barangay Namnama, Batal, City of Santiago, Philippines, and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused by means of
violence and intimidation and with lewd design, did then and there willfully,
unlawfully and feloniously have carnal knowledge of the complainant
MYLENE R. MENDOZA, a 7 year old girl against her will.
Held:
No. The Supreme Court held in Gamboa v. Cruz, that a police line-up
was not part of the custodial inquest, inasmuch as the accused therein was
not yet being investigated and hence, the right to counsel had not yet
attached. This ruling was affirmed in People v. Loveria, and People v. De
Guzman. Both held that where the accused was not being investigated by
the police, when the witness was in the process of identifying him, his right
to counsel was not violated. The reason is that at this stage, he was not
entitled to the constitutional guarantee invoked. Under the circumstances of
this case, we see no reason to depart from these cited precedents.
People v. Lara
678 SCRA 332
Facts:
At the police station, Lara was placed in a line-up where he was
positively identified by Sumulong, Manacob and Atie;and after being
identified, Lara was informed of his rights and subsequently detained.
Held:
No. Police line-up is not part of the custodial investigation; hence, the
right to counsel guaranteed by the Constitution cannot yet be invoked at
this stage.
This is because during a police line-up, the process has not yet
shifted from the investigatory to the accusatory and it is usually the witness
or the complainant who is interrogated and who gives a statement in the
course of the line-up.
An exception to this rule is when the accused had been the focus of
police attention at the start of the investigation.
Facts:
Appellants Siongco, Boton and Enriquez, induced 11-year old Nikko
Satimbre, a resident of Balanga, Bataan, to board a bus bound for Pilar,
Bataan and promised the latter a “Gameboy”. He was then bought to
Dinalupihan, Bataan where he was kept for the night. Two days after,
Siongco called Elvira Satimbre, Nikko’s mother, and demanded
P400,000.00, in exchange for the release of her son.
Held:
No. A scrutiny of the records shows that Atty. Moralde was appointed
as appellants’ counsel de oficio in six (6) hearings, because their regular
counsel de oficio, Atty. Antoniano from the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO),
was inexplicably absent. There is no denial of the right to counsel where a
counsel de oficio is appointed during the absence of the accused's counsel
de parte, or in this case the regular counsel de oficio, pursuant to the
court's desire to finish the case as early as practicable under the
continuous trial system. The choice of counsel by the accused in a criminal
prosecution is not a plenary one. If the chosen counsel deliberately makes
himself scarce, the court is not precluded from appointing a de oficio
counsel, which it considers competent and independent, to enable the trial
to proceed until the counsel of choice enters his appearance. Otherwise,
the pace of a criminal prosecution will be entirely dictated by the accused,
to the detriment of the eventual resolution of the case.
Facts:
Appellant was then asked to sign a paper where a listing of the
contents of the envelope was made but she requested to contact her
lawyer which was denied. She was forced to sign otherwise she would be
handcuffed. The list of the inventory was neither read to her nor did they
leave a copy for her or to any of the occupants.
Issue: Whether or not the lower court erred in not finding that by the raiding
team ordering accused to sign the inventory after the arrest without the
assistance of counsel.
Held:
No. To insure that a waiver is voluntary and intelligent, the
Constitution requires that for the right to counsel to be waived, the waiver
must be in writing and in the presence of the counsel of the accused. There
is no such written waiver in this case, much less was any waiver made in
the presence of the counsel since there was no counsel at the time
appellant signed the receipt. Clearly, appellant affixed her signature in the
inventory receipt without the assistance of counsel which is a violation of
her right under the Constitution.
People v. Deniega
251 SCRA 626
Facts:
The accused was investigated and made an extrajudicial confession
without the presence of a counsel.
Held:
Yes. There would be denial of the right to the assistance of
competent and independent counsel if the investigation or, as in the case
before us, during the process of signing. The competent or independent
lawyer so engaged should be present from the beginning to end, i.e., at all
stages of the interview, counseling or advising caution reasonably at every
turn of the investigation, and stopping the interrogation once in a while
either to give advice to the accused that he may either continue, choose to
remain silent or terminate the interview.
Ampong v. CSC
563 SCRA 293
Facts:
Evelyn Junio-Decir applied and took a Professional Board
Examination for Teachers (PBET) and passed. At the time of the PBET
examinations, petitioner Sarah P. Ampong and Decir were public school
teachers under the supervision of the Department of Education, Culture
and Sports (DECS). Ampong transferred to the Regional Trial Court (RTC)
in Alabel, Sarangani Province, where she was appointed as Court
Interpreter III. In July 1994, a woman representing herself as Evelyn Decir
went to the Civil Service Regional Office (CSRO) No .XI, Davao City, to
claim a copy of her PBET Certificate of Eligibility. During the course of the
transaction, the CSRO personnel noticed that the woman did not resemble
the picture of the examinee in the Picture Seat Plan(PSP). Upon further
probing, it was confirmed that the person claiming the eligibility was
different from the one who took the examinations. It was petitioner Ampong
who took and passed the examinations under the name Evelyn Decir. The
CSRO conducted a preliminary investigation and determined the existence
of a prima facie case against Decir and Ampong for Dishonesty, Grave
Misconduct and Conduct Prejudicial to the Best Interest of the Service. On
August 1994, they were formally charged and required to file answers
under oath. Decir denied the charges against her. The CSC found
petitioner Ampong and Decir guilty of dishonesty, dismissing them from the
service.
Held:
No. In police custodial investigations, the assistance of counsel is
necessary in order for an extra-judicial confession to be made admissible in
evidence against the accused in a criminal complaint. If assistance was
waived, the waiver should have been made with the assistance of counsel.
But while a party's right to the assistance of counsel is sacred in
proceedings criminal in nature, there is no such requirement in
administrative proceedings. In Lumiqued v. Exevea, this Court ruled that a
party in an administrative inquiry may or may not be assisted by counsel.
Moreover, the administrative body is under no duty to provide the person
with counsel because assistance of counsel is not an absolute requirement.
Ombudsman v. Jurado
561 SCRA 135
Facts:
In the case at bench, the incident which gave rise to the complaint
against Petitioner happened on March 16, 1992. And yet it was only on
November 20, 1997 or a lapse of more than five (5) years that the case
relative to the said incident was filed against him. Records disclose that on
August 11, 1992, the complaint only charged George O. Dizon and 2
others. Then on February 13, 1996 or after almost 4 years, the Evaluation
and Preliminary Investigation Bureau of the OMB made another
recommendation which ultimately included Petitioner as among those to be
charged. From February 13, 1996 to November 20, 1997 or a period of
more than one (1) year, what took them so long to decide that Petitioner be
included in the charges?
From the foregoing unfolding of events, it is quite clear that it took the
Ombudsman almost six (6) years to decide that a case be filed against
Petitioner. Under such circumstances. We cannot fault Petitioner for
invoking violation of his right to speedy disposition of his case.
Held:
No. In determining whether or not the right to the speedy disposition
of cases has been violated, this Court has laid down the following
guidelines: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reasons for such delay; (3)
the assertion or failure to assert such right by the accused; and (4) the
prejudice caused by the delay.
Gleaned from the foregoing, the SC find that respondent's right to the
speedy disposition of cases has not been violated.
Mari v. Gonzales
657 SCRA 414
Facts:
The private respondent was charged for the crime of rape. He was
incarcerated on November 18, 2004 to March 16, 2005 while a preliminary
investigation of the case was conducted before the Presiding Judge of the
Municipal Circuit Trial Court (MCTC) of Sogod.
However, the petitioner moved for change of venue for hearing that
further caused the delay of the trail.
On this ground, the accused applied for dismissal of the case for
violation of his right against speedy trial where it was granted on January
16, 2009.
Issue: Whether or not the right to speedy trial of the accused is violated.
Held:
No. in Corpuz v. Sandiganbayan, an accused's right to speedy trial is
deemed violated only when the proceeding is attended by vexatious,
capricious, and oppressive delays. In determining whether petitioner was
deprived of this right, the factors to consider and balance are the following:
(a) duration of the delay; (b) reason therefor; (c) assertion of the right or
failure to assert it; and (d) prejudice caused by such delay.
Hence, the Court does not find any grave abuse of discretion
committed by the trial court in dismissing the case against private
respondent for violation of his constitutional right to speedy trial.
Coscolluella v. Sandiganbayan
701 SCRA 188
Facts:
Coscolluela served as governor of the Province of Negros Occidental
(Province) for three (3) full terms which ended on June 30, 2001. During his
tenure, Nacionales served as his Special Projects Division Head, Amugod
as Nacionales’ subordinate, and Malvas as Provincial Health Officer.
Held:
Yes. A person’s right to the speedy disposition of his case is
guaranteed under Section 16, Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
Examining the incidents in the present case, the Court holds that
petitioners’ right to a speedy disposition of their criminal case had been
violated.
Barcelona v. Lim
G.R. No. 189171 June 3, 2014
Facts:
The records disclose that on 14 August 2000, respondent
businessman Dan Joel Lim (Lim), the owner of Top Gun Billiards, filed a
Sinumpaang Salaysay (sworn statement) with the Criminal Intelligence
Division of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). Lim claimed as
follows: (1) his employees, Arnel E. Ditan and Pilipino Ubante, were
influenced by petitioner to file a labor complaint against Lim; and (2)
petitioner, then an NLRC officer, demanded 20,000 for the settlement of the
labor case filed against Lim. On the strength of this sworn statement, the
NBI organized an entrapment operation against petitioner.
On 16 August 2000, Lim informed the NBI that petitioner would drop
by Top Gun Billiards around seven o’clock in the evening, expecting to
receive the 20,000 petitioner was demanding from him; otherwise,
petitioner would order that Top Gun Billiards be closed. After Lim handed
him the marked bills, petitioner began counting them. The latter was
arrested by the NBI right when he was about to put the money in his bag.
Six years after petitioner had filed his Appeal Memorandum, the CSC
dismissed it.
Issue: Whether the right of petitioner to the speedy disposition of his case
has been violated by the CSC.
Held:
No. The right to a speedy disposition of cases is guaranteed by the
Constitution. The concept of speedy disposition is flexible. The fact that it
took the CSC six years to resolve the appeal of petitioner does not, by
itself, automatically prove that he was denied his right to the speedy
disposition of his case. After all, a mere mathematical reckoning of the time
involved is not sufficient, as the facts and circumstances peculiar to the
case must also be considered.
Corpuz v. Sandiganbayan
442 SCRA 294
Facts:
After the termination of the requisite preliminary investigation in OMB
Cases Nos. 0-99-2188 to 2205, the Office of the Ombudsman issued a
Resolution on July 27, 2000 finding probable cause against petitioners
Antonio H. Roman, Sr. and Marialen C. Corpuz, the President and Vice-
President of FILSYN Corporation, respectively, and several others. On April
10, 2000, the petitioners, the Undersecretary of Finance Antonio P.
Belicena, and the officers of the Petron Corporation, were charged with
violation of Section 3(e) of Republic Act No. 3019, involving the so-called
"tax credit scam"
Several of the other accused also filed similar motions for reconsideration
and/or motions to quash/dismiss which the prosecution opposed.
Only the petitioners filed their petition for certiorari and mandamus
assailing the February 4, 2002 and the December 12, 2003 Resolutions of
the Sandiganbayan, asserting that the graft court committed a grave abuse
of its discretion amounting to excess or lack of jurisdiction in issuing the
same.
In its Comment on the petition, the Office of the Ombudsman, through
the Office of the Special Prosecutor, avers that the delay in the submission
to the Sandiganbayan of its report on its reinvestigation was caused by the
pendency of the other cases of equal, if not of more importance, not to
mention the filing of twenty-two (22) other motions for reconsideration
and/or reinvestigation by the other accused in the said cases. It asserts that
the more than one-year delay is not capricious, much less, intolerably
capricious.
Issue: Whether or not the right to speedy disposition of cases was violated.
Held:
No. In determining whether the accused has been deprived of his
right to a speedy disposition of the case and to a speedy trial, four factors
must be considered: (a) length of delay; (b) the reason for the delay; (c) the
defendant’s assertion of his right; and (d) prejudice to the defendant.
Prejudice should be assessed in the light of the interest of the defendant
that the speedy trial was designed to protect, namely: to prevent
oppressive pre-trial incarceration; to minimize anxiety and concerns of the
accused to trial; and to limit the possibility that his defense will be impaired.
Of these, the most serious is the last, because the inability of a defendant
adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system.
There is also prejudice if the defense witnesses are unable to recall
accurately the events of the distant past. Even if the accused is not
imprisoned prior to trial, he is still disadvantaged by restraints on his liberty
and by living under a cloud of anxiety, suspicion and often, hostility. His
financial resources may be drained, his association is curtailed, and he is
subjected to public obloquy.
Condrada v. People
398 SCRA 482
Facts:
Petitioner was charged with rape in Criminal Case No. 10770
presently pending before the RTC of Borongan, Eastern Samar, Branch 2.
When he was arraigned on February 26, 1999, petitioner pleaded not guilty
to the charge against him.
On March 31, 1999, the date set by the trial court for the initial
hearing, the prosecution moved that the same be postponed due to the
absence of the complainant and her witnesses. The hearing was reset on
April 29, 1999.
During the hearing on May 31, 1999, the prosecution requested for
another postponement. Petitioner moved for at least a temporary dismissal
of the case. The prosecution manifested that it would not object to a
temporary dismissal. Thus, on the same date, the trial court issued an
order temporarily dismissing the case.
Issue: Whether or not the petitioner was denied of his right to speedy
disposition of cases.
Held:
No. It is clear from the records that the dismissal ordered by the trial
court on May 31, 1999 was a temporary dismissal of the case, and not a
permanent dismissal on the ground that the right of the accused to speedy
trial had been violated by the delay in the prosecution of the said case. The
trial court apparently denied petitioners motion to have Criminal Case No.
10770 dismissed on the ground of his right to speedy trial when despite
said motion made in open court on April 29, 1999, it ordered the resetting
of the hearing of the case on May 31, 1999. In subsequently granting
petitioners request for the dismissal of Criminal Case No. 10770 on May
31, 1999, the trial court expressly stated that the same was subject to
reinstatement within thirty days from the date of the temporary dismissal.
The trial court explained:
Facts:
For the death of Certified Public Accountant Andrew Angelo and for
the hack wound in the face of Erolando Toledo, accused-appellants Roldan
Mancio y Salveron and Rolando Yero together with Edgar David, Rorong
Estrera and Richard Doe were charged with Murder and Attempted Murder.
The two (Roldan Mancio and Rolando Yero) pleaded not guilty when
arraigned. The other three accused were at large.
Issue:
Ruling:
The well settled rule that "where the issue is one of credibility of
witnesses, an appellate court will generally not disturb the findings of the
trial court, considering that it is in a better position to decide the question,
having heard the witnesses themselves and observed their treatment and
manner of testifying during trial, unless it has plainly overlooked certain
facts of substance and value that, if considered, might affect the result of
the case." In the instant case, We find no justifiable or compelling reason to
disturb the findings and conclusions of the trial court on the credibility of the
prosecution witnesses singled out by herein appellants.
Facts:
At the trial of the case on 27 August 1957, counsel for the defense
asked the Court to order the prosecution to furnish the defendants with a
list of all the names of the witnesses for the prosecution. The private
prosecutor answered that he had no objection to the motion and asked that
he be granted fifteen days within which to submit the names of the
witnesses. The Assistant Provincial Fiscal also did not object to the motion.
On the same day, 27 August 1957, the Court entered an order directing the
prosecution to furnish the defense with a list of all the names of its
witnesses within ten days therefrom.
Issue:
Ruling:
The fact that some of the witnesses for the prosecution who are not
listed in the information were present in the courtroom and heard the
testimony of the other witnesses does not disqualify them from being
witnesses. Counsel for the defense should have asked for the exclusion of
all witnesses who have not testified under and pursuant to section 14, Rule
115.
The writ prayed for is granted; the orders complained of are set aside;
and the respondent Court is directed to allow the witness or witnesses
called by the prosecution, whose names do not appear in the information
as witnesses, to testify in criminal case No. 4814 of the respondent Court,
without pronouncement as to costs.
II. PLEA
1. Not Guilty
People vs. Alba, 305 SCRA 811 (1999)
Facts:
Ruling:
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court correctly found
accused-appellant guilty of two (2) counts of rape. The offended party was
born on January 7, 1984. 16 Accordingly, when she was raped for the first
time in May of 1993, she was just 9 years old. When she was raped a
second time on February 7, 1994, she was 10 years old.
Facts:
Issue:
Ruling:
2. Guilty
People vs. Villarama, 210 SCRA 246 (1992)
Facts:
Issue:
Issue:
Ruling:
Gale was allowed to change his plea pursuant to the then prevailing
Section 2, Rule 116 of the Rules of Court, 45 which provided:
Facts:
By pleading guilty to the rape and killing of a 9-year old girl a death
sentence would seem inevitable. But a mere plea of guilt is not sufficient for
conviction as the court must first assure itself that the accused fully
understood the consequences of his plea. In the instant case, the trial court
failed to conduct a searching inquiry into the voluntariness of his admission
of guilt and that he fully comprehended the implications thereof. As the
court a quo inadequately discharged its duty of conducting a searching
inquiry, the plea of guilt to a capital offense therefore inevitably became null
and void.
When this case was called for the presentation of evidence for the
accused, counsel for the accused manifested that he had no evidence to
present in favor of the accused except the plea of GUILTY made in open
court. In view thereof, the above-entitled case is hereby submitted for
decision based on the evidence presented by the prosecution without the
accused presenting evidence in his behalf except the plea of GUILTY
which is admitted by the prosecution.
Issue:
Ruling:
Facts:
As the victim was only nine years old, her mother, Lanie Calaguin,
filed the complaint for rape allegedly committed by Joseph Lakindanum.
Upon arraignment, accused pleaded "not guilty" to the offense charged. On
October 2, 1996, however, just before the direct examination of the victim
started, the defense counsel manifested that the accused wanted to
withdraw his original plea of "not guilty" and replace it with a "guilty" plea.
The Court gave defense counsel time to confer with his client and apprise
him of the consequences of entering a guilty plea. 3cräläwvirtualibräry
At the next hearing, the trial court judge examined the accused to
determine the voluntariness and full comprehension of the plea he was
about to make. Thereafter, Lakindanum was rearraigned and he pleaded
"guilty" to the charge.
Issue:
Ruling:
It is clear that the judge can hardly be said to have satisfied the
requirement of conducting a searching inquiry into the voluntariness and
full comprehension by the accused of entering a guilty plea. Worse, the
judge erroneously informed Lakindanum that by pleading guilty, the latter
forfeited his right to testify and to adduce evidence in his defense. Section
4, Rule 116 of the Rules of Court is clear on the matter:
Facts:
Issue:
The trial court violated section 3 of Rule 116 when it accepted the
plea of guilt of the appellant. Said section requires that the court shall
conduct a searching inquiry the voluntariness and full comprehension of the
consequences of his plea and require the prosecution to prove his guilt and
the precise degree of culpability. The accused may also present evidence
in his behalf. The trial court simply inquired if appellant had physical marks
of maltreatment. It did not ask the appellant when he was arrested,
who arrested him, how and where he was interrogated, whether he was
medically examined before and after his interrogation, etc. It limited its
efforts trying to discover late body marks of maltreatment as if
involuntariness is caused by physical abuse alone.
Facts:
According to the information, Eduardo Bandojo and Mamerto Artuz, in
conspiracy with each other, while on board a pumpboat on the seawaters
of Bantayan, Cebu, on June 15, 1983, fatally shot Consolacion Alfar and
then took her money in the sum of P5,000.00. Thereafter, they threw the
dead body into the sea and forced the other passengers to jump overboard
(although they were fortunately saved by another pumpboat). The accused-
appellants admitted the above charge in extrajudicial confessions taken
from them without observance of their rights under Article IV, Section 20, of
the Constitution on June 17, 1983.
Issue:
Whether or not the guilty pleas were valid and had been validly
accepted? YES.
Ruling:
Facts:
Issue:
Whether or not the guilty pleas were valid and had been validly
accepted? NO.
Ruling:
In the instant case, the trial judge required the taking of testimony as
to the circumstances under which the crime was committed before passing
judgment so that the resulting verdict cannot in any way be branded as
deficient.
Facts:
Four score years ago, this Court first laid down the rule "that Courts
of First Instance may sentence defendants in criminal causes (sic) who
plead guilty to the offense charged in the complaint, without the necessity
of taking testimony. However, in all cases, and especially in cases where
the punishment to be inflicted is severe, the court should be sure that the
defendant fully understands the nature of the charges preferred against him
and the character of the punishment to be imposed before sentencing him."
The Court continued that" [While there is no law requiring it yet in every
case under the plea of guilty where the penalty may be death it is advisable
for the court to call witnesses for the purpose of establishing the guilt and
the degree of culpability of the defendant. This, however, must be left to the
discretion of the trial court." Thus, although Talbanos and a plethora of
other cases advise the trial court to receive evidence and to ensure that the
accused understands his plea of guilty, at the same time they recognize the
discretion of the trial court to convict the accused merely on his plea of
guilty if it is convinced that the taking of evidence is not necessary and that
the accused understands the allegations of the indictment and the
consequences of his plea of guilty.
Issue:
Whether or not the guilty pleas were valid and had been validly
accepted? YES.
Ruling:
We are convinced that the guilt of the accused has been proven
beyond reasonable doubt in the light of overwhelming evidence presented
by the prosecution, fully corroborated and substantiated by the plea of
guilty of the accused.
Facts:
Issue:
Whether or not the Improvident Plea of guilt had really affected the
case at bar? YES.
Ruling:
Facts:
On 30 July 1987, Rolando Abadina, a former colonel of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, was charged before the Relations regional Trial
Court, filing NCJR Quezon City, with the offense of Violation of Pres.
Decree No. 1866 [Megal Possession of Firearms and Ammunition) in an
Information.
Issue:
Ruling:
It may be true that there is nothing in Executive Orders Nos. 107 and 222
that expressly legalizes the unlicensed possession of firearms and
ammunition, but this Court, applying statutes 4 similar to the executive
orders in question, and which also provided for a period within which a
holder or possessor of unlicensed firearms and ammunition may surrender
the same to the proper authorities without incurring criminal liability, had
ruled that a criminal hability was temporarily filing hfted for mere
possession' of unlicensed firearms and ammunition during the period
covered, although such person is not exempt from criminal liability filing
within the period provided, he carries the firearm and ammunition (unless it
is for the purpose of surrendering the same) or he commits any other
offense with the use of such unlicensed firearm and ammunition.
Facts:
Parties charged moved for the dismissal of the case mainly on the
ground that the City Court of Angeles had no jurisdiction over the offense
because the private document that contained the alleged false statement of
fact was signed by them outside the territorial limits of said city. Petitioners
filed on November 26, 1965 with the City Court a motion to quash upon the
ground that said court had no jurisdiction over the offense charged.
Issue:
Whether or not Court of Angeles has Jurisdiction over the case? NO.
Ruling:
The motion to quash now provided for in Rule 117 of the Rules of
Court is manifestly broader in scope than the demurrer, as it is not limited
to defects apparent upon the face of the complaint or information but
extends to issues arising out of extraneous facts, as shown by the
circumstance that, among the grounds for a motion to quash, Section 2 of
said Rule provides for former jeopardy or acquittal, extinction of criminal
action or liability, insanity of the accused etc., which necessarily involve
questions of fact in the determination of which a preliminary trial is required.
In the present case, the portion of the record of the reinvestigation which
was submitted to the respondent judge for consideration in connection with
the resolution of the motion to quash filed by the defendants shows beyond
question that the offense charged was committed far beyond the territorial
jurisdiction of Angeles City.
Facts:
Issue:
Whether or not the police officer has the authority to file the
information? NO.
Ruling:
It is true that after a case has already been filed in court and the court
thereby acquires jurisdiction over it, fiscals as a rule are divested of the
power to dismiss a criminal action without the consent of the court. In the
case at bench, however, the RTC had not yet acquired jurisdiction over the
complaint filed directly before it by Sgt. Sanchez who was not a prosecutor.
Neither was he authorized by the Provincial Prosecutor to file such case
directly with the respondent court.
If the trial court cannot designate the prosecutor who will conduct a
reinvestigation, there is more cogent reason why it should not be allowed to
do so in original preliminary investigations, particularly where — as in this
case — the said trial court has not even validly acquired jurisdiction over
the case because of the lack of authority of the police officer who filed the
case.
4. Double Jeopardy
Manantan v. CA, 350 SCRA 387 (2001);
Facts:
Issue:
Ruling:
Petitioner opines that the Court of Appeals should not have disturbed
the findings of the trial court on the lack of negligence or reckless
imprudence under the guise of determining his civil liability. He argues that
the trial court's finding that he was neither imprudent nor negligent was the
basis for his acquittal, and not reasonable doubt. He submits that in finding
him liable for indemnity and damages, the appellate court not only placed
his acquittal in suspicion, but also put him in "double jeopardy."
Facts:
Assassination of former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. He was
killed from his plane that had just landed at the Manila International Airport.
His brain was smashed by a bullet fired point-blank into the back of his
head by an assassin. The military investigators reported within a span of
three hours that the man who shot Aquino (whose identity was then
supposed to be unknown and was revealed only days later as Rolando
Galman) was a communist-hired gunman, and that the military escorts
gunned him down in turn. Then Pres. Marcos stated that evidence shows
that Galman was the killer.
Issue:
Ruling:
Facts:
Issue:
Ruling:
In support of the rule that there can be no implied waiver of the right
against self-incrimination and all other constitutional rights by the witness or
by the accused, is the fact that the right against double jeopardy can only
be renounced by the accused if the criminal case against him is dismissed
or otherwise terminated with his express consent. Without such express
consent to the dismissal or termination of the case, the accused can always
invoke his constitutional right against double jeopardy.
Sta. Rita v. CA, 247 SCRA 484 (1995);
Facts:
Petitioner Sta. Rita was charged in the RTC with violating Section
2(a) in relation to Sections 22(d) and 28(e) of Republic Act No. 1161, as
amended, otherwise known as the Social Security Law. The Information
alleged that petitioner, "as President/General Manager of B. Sta. Rita Co.,
Inc. a compulsorily (sic) covered employer under the Social Security Law,
as amended, did then and there willfully and unlawfully fail, neglect and
refuse and still fails, neglects and refuses to remit to the Social Security
System contributions for SSS, Medicare and Employees Compensation for
its covered employees."
Issue:
Ruling:
Facts:
Issue:
Ruling:
It is also settled that amendment of an information to charge a more
serious offense is permissible and does not constitute double jeopardy
even where the accused was already arraigned and pleaded not guilty to
the charge, where the basis of the more serious charge did not exist, but
comes as a subsequent event. In this case the basis for the amendment
was the psychosis of complainant which was determined after the filing of
the information.
Facts:
Issue:
Whether or not the trial court erred in acquitting the accused on the
ground of the insufficiency of evidence for the reason that the NBI Forensic
Expert was not presented to testify on the NBI report of its findings? NO.
Ruling:
Facts:
Ruling:
Even granting for the sake of argument that RAMON admitted during
the pre-trial that Exhibits "D" to "D-4," inclusive, and Exhibit "E" contained
methamphetamine hydrochloride, the admission cannot be used in
evidence against him because the Joint Order was not signed by RAMON
and his counsel. Section 4 of Rule 118 of the Rules of Court expressly
provides:
Put in another way, to bind the accused the pre-trial order must be
signed not only by him but his counsel as well. The purpose of this
requirement is to further safeguard the rights of the accused against
improvident or unauthorized agreements or admissions which his counsel
may have entered into without his knowledge, as he may have waived his
presence at the pre-trial conference; eliminate any doubt on the conformity
of the accused to the facts agreed upon.
Effect of Non-Appearance
Fule vs. CA, 162 SCRA 446 (1985)
Facts:
This is a Petition for Review on certiorari of the Decision of
respondent Appellate Court, which affirmed the judgment of the Regional
Trial Court, Lucena City, Branch LIV, convicting petitioner (the accused-
appellant) of Violation of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 (The Bouncing Checks
Law) on the basis of the Stipulation of Facts entered into between the
prosecution and the defense during the pre-trial conference in the Trial
Court. At the hearing of August 23, 1985, only the prosecution presented its
evidence. At the subsequent hearing on September 17, 1985, petitioner-
appellant waived the right to present evidence and, in lieu thereof,
submitted a Memorandum confirming the Stipulation of Facts. The Trial
Court convicted petitioner-appellant.
Issue:
Whether or not the omission of the signature of the accused and his
counsel, as mandatorily required by the Rules, renders the Stipulation of
Facts inadmissible in evidence? YES.
Ruling:
Facts:
This case stemmed from a criminal complaint for estafa filed by
petitioner against respondents before the RTC. In the course of the
proceedings, the counsel on record, private prosecutor Atty. Luna,
manifested that there was an on-going settlement between petitioner and
respondents, and that they would file the necessary motion relative
thereto. Thus, in an Order dated September 12, 2000, the prosecution was
given 10 days from said date to submit such motion and directed the
prosecution to furnish the accused’s counsel a copy of the same for their
comment; after which, the case would be deemed submitted for resolution.
As a result, the RTC, in an Order dated September 18, 2001, dismissed the
case for failure of the prosecution to comply with the court’s directive, as
well as to take any further step to prosecute the case, in view of the
accused’s (i.e., respondents’) constitutional right to speedy trial. More than
2 years from the issuance of the September 18, 2001 Dismissal Order,
petitioner, through a new collaborating counsel, Atty. Malabago, filed a
motion for reconsideration, claiming that he learned of the September 18,
2001 Dismissal Order only on June 7, 2004,and that he believed in good
faith that the case was merely archived in accordance with the terms of the
Compromise Agreement. Several hearings were conducted on petitioner’s
pending motions, including an amended motion for reconsideration and
second amended motion for reconsideration.
Issue: Whether or not the respondent’s Right to Speedy Trial has been
violated.
Held:
No. In this case, no such grave abuse of discretion can be attributed
to the RTC in dismissing the case for denial of the respondents’ right to
speedy trial. Aside from the lapse of two (2) years and nine (9) months from
the time the case was dismissed to the time petitioner sought for a
reconsideration of the same, it is also not disputed that it was petitioner
who caused the inordinate delay. As culled from the records, it was the
private prosecutor who sought for a temporary suspension of the case
during the September 12, 2000 hearing with a manifestation that they
would file the necessary motion relative to the settlement. Despite having
executed a Compromise Agreement – which this Court notes was not
notarized – petitioner and his counsel failed to furnish the RTC a copy of
the same or comply with the directive to submit the necessary motion. Even
when the respondents reneged on their obligation under the Compromise
Agreement having failed to pay not only the first two (2) installments, which
was already a ground to revive the criminal case under paragraph 3 (d)
thereof, but rather all 36 monthly installments, still, petitioner and his
counsel failed to lift a finger to prosecute the case. Such inordinate and
unjustified delay on the part of the prosecution clearly prejudiced the
respondents. Hence, there can be no gainsaying that their right to speedy
trial had been violated.
Tan v. People
586 SCRA 139
Facts:
Two separate information were filed against respondent Tan for
violation of the Revised Securities Act, when he failed to file with SEC the
amount of all BWRC (Best World Resources Corporation) shares of which
he is the beneficial owner within 10 days after he became such beneficial
owner.
During the trial, petitioner made its formal offer of evidence. RTC
admitted the pieces of evidence, but denied admission of all other exhibits.
Tan filed Motion for Leave to File Demurrer to Evidence. Petitioner filed its
Opposition to which Tan filed a Reply. In the end, RTC issued an order
granting Tan’s Demurrer to Evidence.
The only instance when double jeopardy will not attach is when the
trial court acted with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction, which is not present in this case. RTC did not violate
petitioner’s right to due process as the petitioner was given more than
ample opportunity to present its case which led to grant of Tan’s demurrer.
RTC never prevented petitioner from presenting its case. In fact, one of the
main reasons for the RTCs decision to grant the demurrer was the absence
of evidence to prove the classes of shares that the Best World Resources
Corporation stocks were divided into, whether there are preferred shares
as well as common shares, or even which type of shares respondent had
acquired,
Petitioner argues that the RTC displayed resolute bias when it chose
to grant respondents demurrer to evidence notwithstanding that it had filed
a Motion to Hold in Abeyance the Resolution of Tan’s Demurrer to
Evidence and The Prosecution’s Opposition Thereto. Petitioner contends
that instead of acting on the motion, the RTC peremptorily granted Tan’s
demurrer to evidence which prevented petitioner from its intention to file a
petition to question the orders.
While it would have been ideal for the RTC to hold in abeyance the
resolution of the demurrer to evidence, nowhere in the rules, however, is it
mandated to do so. Furthermore, even if this Court were to consider the
same as an error on the part of the RTC, the same would merely constitute
an error of procedure or of judgment and not an error of jurisdiction as
persistently argued by petitioner.
As such RTC did not abuse its discretion in the manner it conducted
the proceedings of the trial, as well as its grant of respondent’s demurrer to
evidence.
Perez v. People
544 SCRA 532
Facts:
Petitioner, Zenon Perez was then the acting municipal treasurer of
Tubigon, Bohol, was found to be guilty of malversation of public funds. That
upon the examination of the Provincial Auditor’s Office to the account of the
petitioner, it was found out that instead of the supposed cash on hand
amounting to 94k, there was only 21k, thus incurring a shortage of 73k.
(estimated)
Issue: Whether or not the accused has waived his right to speedy trial.
Held:
Yes. Petitioner has clearly slept on his right. The matter could have
taken a different dimension if during all those twelve years, petitioner had
shown signs of asserting his right to a speedy disposition of his case or at
least made some overt acts, like filing a motion for early resolution, to show
that he was not waiving that right.
People v. Besonia
422 SCRA 210
Facts:
Regional Trial Court of Iloilo City, Branch 23, emanates the fiat
sentencing appellant Jonathan Besonia to two counts of the most severe
penalty of death for having committed two counts of murder. The decision
leaves much to be desired. More than half of it was devoted to the narration
about Besonia’s plea of guilty and the consequent searching inquiry
conducted by the trial court. Before the start of the trial, Besonia, through
his counsel Atty. Calixto Perez, manifested that he would enter a plea of
guilty to the lesser offense of homicide after a medical operation on his gall
bladder.5 Thereafter, the trial court ordered the prosecution to begin
presenting its evidence. The prosecution thereupon presented as
witnesses Dr. Tito Doromal and SPO1 Ricardo Clarete. RTC finds Besonia
guilty, thus, Bsonia argues that the trial court based mainly on his
confession, which is inadmissible for having been obtained in gross
violation of his constitytional right against self-incrimination.
Ruling:
No. We cannot subscribe to Besonia’s claim that his confession and
admissions during the searching inquiry were elicited in violation of his
constitutional right not to be compelled to testify against himself. The right
against self-incrimination is intended to prevent the State, with all its
coercive powers, from extracting from the suspect testimony that may
convict him and to avoid a person subjected to such compulsion to perjure
himself for his own protection. It does not apply where, as in these cases,
the testimony was freely and voluntarily given by the accused himself
without any compulsion from the agents of the State. There is nothing in
the records that would indicate that Besonia was forced, intimidated, or
compelled by the trial court or by anybody into admitting the crimes. At any
rate, his plea of guilty and confession or admissions during the searching
inquiry cannot be the sole basis for his conviction.
Chavez v. CA
24 SCRA 663
Facts:
Judgment of conviction was for qualified theft of a motor
vehicle(thunderbird car together with accessories). An information was filed
against the accused together with other accused, that they conspired, with
intent to gain and abuse of confidence without the consent of owner Dy
Lim, took the vehicle. All the accused plead not guilty. During the trial, the
fiscal grecia (prosecution) asked roger Chavez to be the first witness.
Counsel of the accused opposed. Fiscal Grecia contends that the accused
(Chavez) will only be an ordinary witness not an state witness. Counsel of
accused answer that it will only incriminate his client. But the jugde ruled in
favor of the fiscal.
Held:
Yes. Petitioner was forced to testify to incriminate himself, in full
breach of his constitutional right to remain silent. It cannot be said now that
he has waived his right. He did not volunteer to take the stand and in his
own defense; he did not offer himself as a witness.
People v. Olvis
G.R. No. 71092 September 30, 1987
Facts:
On September 9, 1975, authorities from the Integrated National
Police station of Barrio Polanco, in Zamboanga del Norte, received a report
that a certain Deosdedit Bagon is missing. Bagon had been in fact missing
since two days before.
Held:
Yes. Forced re-enactments, like uncounseled and coerced
confessions come within the ban against self- incrimination. Evidence
based on such re-enactment is a violation of the Constitution and hence,
incompetent evidence.
Marcelo v. Sandiganbayan
302 SCRA 102
Facts:
On February 10, 1989, Jacinto Merete, a letter carrier in the Makati
Central Post Office, disclosed to his chief, Projecto Tumagan, the
existence of a group responsible for the pilferage of mail matter in the post
office. Among those mentioned by Merete were Arnold Pasicolan, an
emergency laborer assigned as a bag opener in the Printed Matters
Section, and Redentor Aguinaldo, a mail sorter of the Makati Post Office.
For this reason, Tumagan sought the aid of the National Bureau of
Investigation in apprehending the group responsible for mail pilferage in
the Makati Post Office.
At 2:00 p.m., a postal delivery jeep, driven by one Henry Orindai, was
parked in front of the Esguerra Building on Adelantado Street. Pasicolan
alighted from the jeep bringing with him a mail bag. Upon reaching
Amorsolo St., Pasicolan gave the mail bag to two persons, who were later
identified as Ronnie Romero and petitioner Lito Marcelo. The latter
transferred the contents of the mail bag to a travelling bag. Meanwhile, the
NBI team led by agent Vela, upon seeing Pasicolan going towards
Amorsolo St., moved their car and started towards Amorsolo St. They were
just in time to see Pasicolan handing over the mail bag to Marcelo and
Romero. At that point, Atty. Sacaguing and Arles Vela arrested the two
accused. The NBI agents followed the postal delivery jeep, overtook it, and
arrested Pasicolan.
Issue: Whether or not the letters signed by the petitioner were inadmissible
as evidence.
Held:
The Supreme Court held that the letters were valid evidence. It is
known that during custodial investigation, a person has the right to remain
silent and the right to an attorney. Any admission or confession made in the
absence of counsel is inadmissible as evidence. Furthermore, no person
shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. In the instant case,
even though the petitioner was asked to sign the letters, the letters are still
admissible as evidence because the accused was convicted not only by
means of these letters but also by testimonies made by the NBI agents.
Moreover, the Supreme Court held that the letters were validly seized as an
incident of a valid arrest and therefore can stand on their own. The decision
of the Sandiganbayan is affirmed.
People v. Ayson
175 SCRA 216
Facts:
Felipe Ramos was a ticket freight clerk of the Philippine Airlines,
assigned at its Baguio City station. It was alleged that he was involved in
irregularities in the sales of plane tickets, the PAL management notified him
of an investigation to be conducted. That investigation was scheduled in
accordance with PAL's Code of Conduct and Discipline, and the Collective
Bargaining Agreement signed by it with the Philippine Airlines Employees'
Association (PALEA) to which Ramos pertained. A letter was sent by
Ramos stating his willingness to settle the amount of P76,000. The findings
of the Audit team were given to him, and he refuted that he misused
proceeds of tickets also stating that he was prevented from settling said
amounts. He proffered a compromise however this did not ensue. Two
months after a crime of estafa was charged against Ramos. Ramos
pleaded not guilty. Evidence by the prosecution contained Ramos’ written
admission and statement, to which defendants argued that the confession
was taken without the accused being represented by a lawyer. Respondent
Judge did not admit those stating that accused was not reminded of his
constitutional rights to remain silent and to have counsel. A motion for
reconsideration filed by the prosecutors was denied. Hence this appeal.
Held:
No. Section 20 of the 1987 constitution provides that the right against
self-incrimination. This is accorded to every person who gives evidence,
whether voluntarily or under compulsion of subpoena, in any civil, criminal,
or administrative proceeding. The right is not to "be compelled to be a
witness against himself.” It prescribes an "option of refusal to answer
incriminating questions and not a prohibition of inquiry." the right can be
claimed only when the specific question, incriminatory in character, is
actually put to the witness. It cannot be claimed at any other time. It does
not give a witness the right to disregard a subpoena, to decline to appear
before the court at the time appointed, or to refuse to testify altogether. It is
a right that a witness knows or should know. He must claim it and could be
waived.
The individual may knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and agree
to answer or make a statement. But unless and until such rights and
waivers are demonstrated by the prosecution at the trial, no evidence
obtained as a result of interrogation can be used against him.
Mapa v. Sandiganbayan
231 SCRA 783
Facts:
On January 20, 1987, petitioners Placido L. Mapa and Lorenzo
Vergara, together with Gregorio Ma. Araneta III, Fernando Balatbat, Ramon
Aviado, Jr., Dominador Lopez, Jr., Fernando Maramag, Jr., and Jose
Crisanto, Jr., were charged with violation of the Anti-Graft and Corrupt
Practices Act (R.A. 3019). However he was granted an immunity from suit
by the PCGG related to the previous charges against him, provided that he
will testify as witness against the Marcoses in criminal proceedings in the
United States Vs Ferdinand Marcos, during the RICO, where Ferdinand
Marcos and his wife, Imelda Marcos were being tried for charges of
corruption. All the expenses of Mapa were shouldered by the PCCG when
they flew to New York to testify against the Marcoses. During the trial,
Ferdinand Marcos died and La Bella, the American prosecutor dispensed
the testimony of Mapa and thereby acquitted Imelda Marcos. Since Mapa,
was not able to testify, it was contended that the immunity from suit of
Mapa took without force and effect. However, the record shows that the
petitioners provided information to the PCGG relating to the prosecution of
the RICO cases against the Marcoses in New York. Hence this petition.
Issue: Whether or not the immunity given by the PCGG to Mapa is still in
effect and force.
Ruling:
Under Sec. 5, EO 14, the PCGG has the separate power to grant
immunity to any person from being prosecuted provided they will meet the
conditions provided by the PCGG.
In the case at bar, Mapa was granted immunity from the prosecution
or criminal case where he is being tried, and the PCGG even shouldered all
the expenses of Mapa when they flew to New York to testify implying that
Mapa was able to meet the conditions and the PCGG accepted the
information given by him (MAPA) to testify against the Marcoses during the
RICO trial. Failure of the petitioner to testify on the RICO can not nullify the
immunity given to him by the PCGG since the petitioner was able to satisfy
the requirements both of the law and the parties’ implementing
agreements. Though the petitioners were not able to testify against the
Marcoses in RICO, it can be said that it not their own fault.
Kastigar v. US
406 U.S 441
Facts:
Subpoenaed to appear before a federal grand jury, the petitioners
refused to answer questions in asserting the Fifth Amendment, despite the
government having granted them immunity. The immunity was based on a
part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 stating that neither the
testimony nor any other information from the testimony could be used
against the witnesses. Petitioners argued that the scope of the immunity
they were given was not as broad as the scope of the privilege against self-
incrimination, and were unsuccessful in the District Court. The Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals affirmed the order, and the petitioners were granted
certiorari.
Held:
Yes. Affirm the lower court’s decision allowing the compulsion of
testimony.
The total proscription on use found in this federal statute, that is, from both
use and derivative use, provides enough of a safeguard against Fifth
Amendment rights being infringed on by barring the testimony from even
being used as an investigatory lead.
The petitioners’ concern that the bar against derivative use could not
be enforced effectively is overcome by subsequent prosecuting authorities
having the burden of showing that their evidence comes from an
independent source.
Tanchanco v. Sandiganbayan
G.R. No. 141675 – 96 November 25, 2005
Facts:
Tanchanco served as NFA Administrator from 1972 to 1986, during
the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. His co-petitioner Romeo Lacson
(Lacson) was the Deputy Administrator of the NFA when he was the
Administrator.
3)The Philippines shall not bring any additional civil or criminal charges
against Tanchanco, arising from:
Held:
Tanchanco is entitled to immunity.
People v. Ortillas
428 SCRA 659
Facts:
Appellant, Marlon Ortillas y Gamlanga (Ortillas), was charged for the
crime of Murder. His case was raffled to Branch 225 (Las Piñas) presided
over by Judge Florentino M. Alumbres.
The only other hearing that took place after the testimony of Russel
on June 8, 1995, was on September 5, 1995 when NBI Medico-Legal
Officer Roberto Garcia testified for the prosecution.
All in all, the continuation of the hearing was postponed thirteen times
from June 8, 1995 until May 8, 1996 when the prosecution finally rested its
case with the submission of its documentary evidence.
Appellant Ortillas contended that the judgment of the trial court has
unduly deprived him of his constitutional right to meet the witness face to
face which includes the right to cross-examine the witness.
Held:
YES. Section 6, Rule 132 of the then prevailing Rules on Evidence
provides:
On December 28, 2000, RCBC paid the balance of the contract price.
The corresponding deeds of sale for the shares in question were executed
in January 2001.
Issue: Whether petitioners was denied of due process when they were
allegedly denied the right to cross-examine the witnesses presented by
RCBC.
Held:
No. The Supreme Court held in Velez v. De Vera, the Court En Banc
expounded that in administrative proceedings, cross-examination is not
indispensable, thus:
Right to appeal
Hilario v. People
551 SCRA 191
Facts:
Petitioner, together with one Gilbert Alijid (Alijid), was charged with
two counts of Murder in the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 76, Quezon
City to which petitioner, assisted by counsel de parte, pleaded not guilty.
During trial, Atty. Raul Rivera of the Public Attorney's Office (PAO),
counsel of Alijid, took over representing petitioner in view of the death of
the latter's counsel.
The Assistant City Prosecutor filed his Comment on the Petition for
Relief where he contended that the petition should no longer be
entertained; and that perfection of appeal in the manner and within the
period permitted by law was not only mandatory but jurisdictional and
failure to perfect the appeal rendered the judgment final and executory.
Held:
Yes. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to
appeal in the manner prescribed by law. The importance and real purpose
of the remedy of appeal has been emphasized in Castro v. Court of
Appeals where we ruled that an appeal is an essential part of our judicial
system and trial courts are advised to proceed with caution so as not to
deprive a party of the right to appeal and instructed that every party-litigant
should be afforded the amplest opportunity for the proper and just
disposition of his cause, freed from the constraints of technicalities. While
this right is statutory, once it is granted by law, however, its suppression
would be a violation of due process, a right guaranteed by the Constitution.
Thus, the importance of finding out whether petitioner's loss of the right to
appeal was due to the PAO lawyer's negligence and not at all attributed to
petitioner.
Guy v. People
582 SCRA 108
Facts:
These are consolidated petitions for review assailing the decision of
the Sandiganbayan dated 2 September 2004 in Criminal Cases No. 26508-
101 which found petitioners guilty of violating Sec. 3(e) of Republic Act No.
3019 (R.A. No. 3019).
Held:
No. In criminal cases, an appeal throws the whole case wide open for
review and the reviewing tribunal can correct errors or even reverse the
trial court’s decision on grounds other than those that the parties raise as
errors. We have examined the records of the case and find no cogent
reason to disturb the factual findings of the Sandiganbayan. We find that
the evidence on record amply supports the findings and conclusions of the
respondent court. The elements of the offense charged have been
successfully proven by the prosecution.
People v. Tambis
560 SCRA 343
Facts:
Cerilo Tambis was charged before the Regional Trial Court of
Quezon City with Murder. At around 10:00 o'clock in the evening of June
12, 1998, as Luzviminda was at her neighbor's house to fetch her husband-
the victim who was drinking with a group, Tambis arrived. He suddenly
stabbed the victim on the left abdomen and attempted to stab him a second
time but Luzviminda pushed Tambis away as the victim repaired to hide
inside the neighbor's house. The victim died of the stab wound at a hospital
the following day.
Upon the other hand, Tambis, admitting that he stabbed the victim,
claimed self-defense, averring that when the victim saw him, the latter got
mad and attacked him with a knife to thus draw him to grab the knife with
which he stabbed the victim.
Held:
Appellant's appeal thus fails.
People v. Sison
555 SCRA 156
Facts:
This is an appeal by Renante Sison alias Dante from the Decision of
Branch 44 of the Regional Trial Court of Dagupan City, First Judicial
Region convicting him of the crime of murder. Both accused were arraigned
on September 10, 1993. Renante pled not guilty. Jessie was not arraigned
as the trial judge found him mentally unfit. He was ordered to be treated at
the Baguio General Hospital. His trial was suspended. In due time, he
recovered. Hence, on May 11, 1994, the trial judge directed his return to jail
to face trial. On June 16, 1994 the prosecution moved to discharge him as
a state witness. The motion was granted despite the opposition of the
accused-appellant.
Issue: Whether or not questions not raised in the trial court will not be
considered on appeal.
Ruling:
Yes. The records will show that it is only now that the accused-
appellant is assailing the discharge of Jessie Sison as a state witness. This
is too late in the day. In the early case of US v. Inductivo, where it was only
on appeal that counsel for the accused first argued against the competence
of one Obdulio as a state witness, we held that ". . . it is almost universal
rule . . . that aside from matters jurisdictional, which can only be raised for
the first time on appeal, and aside from a few other exceptions which need
not be noticed, questions not raised in the trial court will not be considered
on appeal."
People v. Alicando
251 SCRA 293
Facts:
Appellant was charged with the crime of rape with homicide of a four-
year old girl. He was arrested and during the interrogation, he verbally
confessed his guilt without the assistance of a counsel. On the basis of his
uncounseled verbal confession, the police came to know where to find the
evidence to support a case against him. He pleaded guilty during the
arraignment and was tried, convicted then sentenced to death.
Issue: Whether or not the trial court correctly convicted the appellant and
sentence him with death penalty.
Held:
NO. The arraignment of the appellant is null and void. The trial judge
failed to follow section (1) (a) of Rule 116 that the accused must be
arraigned before the court where the complaint or information has been
filed or assigned for trial. The arraignment must be made in open court by
the judge or clerk by furnishing the accused a copy of the complaint or
information with the list of witnesses, reading the same in the language or
dialect known to him and asking him whether he pleads guilty or not guilty.
The prosecutor may, however, call at the trial witnesses other than those
named in the complaint or information."
In this case, the records do not reveal that the Information against the
appellant was read in the language or dialect known to him. In addition, the
plea of guilt made by the appellant is likewise null and void. The trial court
violated section 3 of Rule 116 when it accepted the plea of guilt of the
appellant without conducting a searching inquiry into the voluntariness and
full comprehension of the consequences of his plea and require the
prosecution to prove his guilt and the precise degree of culpability. The
accused may also present evidence in his behalf. The bottom line of the
rule is that the plea of guilt must be based on a free and informed
judgment. Thus, the searching inquiry of the trial court must be focused on:
(1) the voluntariness of the plea, and (2) the full comprehension of the
consequences of the plea.
The questions of the trial court failed to show the voluntariness of the
plea of guilt of the appellant nor did the questions demonstrate appellant's
full comprehension of the consequences of his plea. The records do not
reveal any information about the personality profile of the appellant which
can serve as a trustworthy index of his capacity to give a free and informed
plea of guilt. The age, socio-economic status, and educational background
of the appellant were not plumbed by the trial court. The questions were
framed in English yet there is no inkling that appellant has a nodding
acquaintance of English. It will be noted too that the trial court did not
bother to explain to the appellant the essential elements of the crime of
rape with homicide.
People v. Estomaca
256 SCRA 421
Facts:
The accused, an illiterate laborer, was charged guilty of five instances
of rape of her daughter. When he was arraigned, he pleaded guilty to all of
the complaints against him. Eventually however, he informed the court that
he was only guilty of two counts of rape that the other three might have
been done by the victim’s boyfriend and he was merely blamed for it.
Held:
No. Section 1(a) of Rule 116 requires that the arraignment should be
made in open court by the judge himself or by the clerk of court furnishing
the accused a copy of the complaint or information with the list of witnesses
stated therein, then reading the same in the language or dialect that is
known to him, and asking him what his plea is to the charge. The
requirement that the reading be made in a language or dialect that the
accused understands and known is a mandatory requirement, just as the
whole of said Section 1 should be strictly followed by trial courts. This the
law affords the accused by way of implementation of the all-important
constitutional mandate regarding the right of an accused to be informed of
the precise nature of the accusation leveled at him and is, therefore, really
an avenue for him to be able to hoist the necessary defense in rebuttal
thereof. It is an integral aspect of the due process clause under the
Constitution.
In the case at hand, there is no showing that the rule above has been
followed or adopted in the arraignment of the accused. What it appears is
only a bare reading of the five complaints, synthetically and cryptically
reported in the transcript. Moreover, the court found out that the complaint
or information was not read to the accused in the language known to him,
as his local dialect was kinaray-a and the lower court conducted the
arraignment in Ilonggo. The bottom line of the rule is that a plea of guilt
must be based on a free and informed judgment. Thus, the searching
inquiry of the trial court must be focused on: (1) the voluntariness of the
plea; and (2) the full comprehension of the consequences of the plea. The
questions of the trial court failed to show the voluntariness of the plea of
guilt of the appellant nor did the questions demonstrate appellants full
comprehension of the consequences of the plea. The records do not reveal
any information about the personality profile of the appellant which can
serve as a trustworthy index of his capacity to give a free and informed plea
of guilt. The age, socio-economic status, and educational background of
the appellant were not plumbed by the trial court.
People v. Gutierrez
91 Phil 876 (1952)
Facts:
Gutierrez, a Japanese collaborator, was charged with treason. Counsel
alleged the information did not plead specific acts constituting treason and
moved to quash but Motion to quash was denied. Instead of moving for
specifications or bill of particulars, counsel objected to the introduction of
evidence showing specific acts constituting the crime.
Held:
No. Section 2, Rule 113, points out the way to object to a defective or
insufficient information. It must be by a motion to quash.
A defendant in a criminal case who believes or feels that he is not
sufficiently informed of the crime with which he is charged and not in a
position to defend himself properly and adequately could move for
specifications. Failure to move for specifications or for the quashing of the
information on any of the grounds provided for in the Rules of Court
(section 2, Rule 113) deprives him of the right to object to evidence which
could be lawfully introduced and admitted under an information of more or
less general terms but which sufficiently charges the defendant with a
definite crime.
Facts:
Joseph ARCACHE was accused of the crime of treason before the
People's Court in an information specifying the different kinds of properties
alleged to have been sold by him to the Japanese imperial forces during
the enemy occupation. Also added in the accusatory charge is the phrase
"and other similar equipments".
ARCACHE was duly arraigned before herein respondent-judges of the
People's Court, and entered a plea of not guilty.
Issue: Whether or not the order for a bill of particulars is legal and valid.
Held:
YES. The orders complained of are legal and valid and they were
issued by herein respondent-judges, in the exercise of sound judicial
discretion, for the protection of the rights and interests of the accused.
People v. Arlegui
128 SCRA 556 (1984)
Facts:
In fine, there are two sections numbered almost identically, one with a
capitalized "B" and the other with a non-capitalized "b", ("Section 4-B" and
"Section 4(b)") and both these sections of the same PD caused the
confusion encountered by the respondent-judge in the misreading and
misapplication of the law.
Held:
No. Respondent-judge ARLEGUI should have ordered a bill of
particulars instead of dismissing the case.