Concept Notes 5

Diocese of Imus Catholic Education System, Inc.
(DICES)
Saint Augustine School
Daang Amaya 3. Tanza, Cavite, Philippines 4108
Tel. No. (046) – 436-6532
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _____________________________________Act. No.: ________ Remarks

Please check the box for the type of the activity:
Concept Notes Illustrations/Examples Exercises Questions/Problems Formal Theme Worksheet
Topic: PREPARING A TENTATIVE OUTLINE
CONCEPT NOTES
What is an outline?
An outline is the organization pattern/plan of your paper. If it will be compared to a human body, the outline is
the skeleton. Generally, an outline helps you organize your ideas in a logical way. From these, you will be able to see the
general framework of your study so you can decide what you will include and not include in your paper.
The following are two forms of outline for two different research formats
INTRODUCTION + BODY + CONCLUSION FORMAT IMRD
INTRODUCTION + METHODOLOGY + RESULTS +

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1.1 Background a. Background
1.2 Thesis statement b. Research Problem
2. Body c. Scope and Limitation
2.1 Major support I d. Significance of the Study
2.1.1 Minor support 2. Materials and Methods
2.1.2 Minor support a. Participants
2.1.3 Minor support b. Procedure
2.2 Major support 2 c. Instruments
2.2.1 Minor support 3. Results and Discussions
2.2.2 Minor support 4. Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
2.3 Major support 3
2.3.1 Minor support
2.3.2 Minor support
3. Conclusion
Principles of Outlining
RESEARCH SHS-SAS-T Page 1
REFERENCE: Miranda-Plata, S. et al. (2006). Research Process and Product Workbook. Trailblazer Publications
Diocese of Imus Catholic Education System, Inc. (DICES)
Tel. No. (046) – 436-6532

An outline follows four basic principles:
1. Parallelism
2. Coordination
3. Subordination
4. Division
PARALLELISM
An outline should be expressed in parallel sentence structure. That is, nouns should be made parallel with
nouns, verbs with verbs, and so on and so forth. This will enable the reader to recognize similarity of content and
function. Consider the examples below
Example 1
Blessed are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the kingdom in heaven
Blessed are they that mourn; for they shall be comforted
Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the earth
Example 2
Run, jump, sing, just avoid committing sin.
The grammatical function in the first example is [Adjective + Linking Verb + Noun], however, in the second
example, the function is [Verb + Verb + verb + Gerund + Noun]. To make this parallel, the sentence should be corrected
as:
Run, jump, sing, just avoid Sin.
COORDINATION
In outlining, coordination means placing the items of equal significance in the same category or label.
This means that main headings, for outlines using the Roman Numeral System format, should be placed in
Roman Numerals (I, II, III, …), subheadings should be placed in Arabic letters (A, B, C, …). This gives the writer
and readers a clearer picture of what the document is about.
Correct coordination
I. Definition of Communication
II. Functions of Communication
III. Forms of Communication
Faulty coordination
Tel. No. (046) – 436-6532

II. Oral and Written Communication
III. Functions of Communication
IV. Forms of Communication
The second example is considered faulty since oral and written communications are forms
communication this should be changed to:
II. Functions of Communication
III. Forms of Communication
A. Oral
B. Written
SUBORDINATION
Another way to make the outline clear is to indicate levels of significance through its most important
and less important details. The example on the previous page shows that since oral and written are two forms
of communication, these should be subordinate to the major heading, forms of communication. Although
subordination requires logic, the writer should be able to distinguish the major and minor components of
his/her outline.
COORDINATION
Division means segregating the outline into parts/units. The basic rule is to have two or more parts and
this division should be based on rank/level/category.
Correct division
I. Preparing for a Test

A. Review for the lessons
B. Take down notes
C. Sleep early
D. Have a good breakfast
II. Taking the Test

A. Concentrate
B. Read the questions one at a time
C. Answer the items that you know first
Faulty division
I. Preparing for a Test

II. Take Down Notes
Tel. No. (046) – 436-6532

III. Taking the Test
A. Concentrate
B. Read the questions
C. Answer the test
Apart from the inconsistency in the use of the verb, i.e., “Take Down Notes” instead of “taking Don
Notes, this is faulty because item II is part of I.
General Rules
An outline generally has two kinds: topic and sentence. In an outline, ideas are arranged logically,
according to importance, and through a system of designation and indentations. Follow these simple rules:
1. For Roman numerals/letters, numbers and letters alternate

a. Main topics are shown by Roman numerals (I, II, II, ...)
b. Sub topics under Roman numerals are presented by capital letters (A, B, C, …)
c. Details under capital letters are shown by Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, …)
d. Details under Arabic numbers are shown by small letters (a, b, c, …)
2. The first letter of each point must be capitalized.
3. Any point must have at least two sub points.
4. Use either the sentence or phrase (topic/words) for each point. Do not mix the two in an outline.
5. Be consistent also of the form since you can use between the Roman numerals/letters and decimals
Skeleton of an Outline
I. ________________________
A. _________________________
Tel. No. (046) – 436-6532

B. _________________________
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
C. _________________________
D. _________________________
1. ________________________
a. _______________________
b. _______________________
(1) ______________________
(2) ______________________
(a) _____________________
(b) _______________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
II. ________________________
III. ________________________
A. __________________________
B. __________________________

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Diocese of Imus Catholic Education System, Inc.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Name: _____________________________________Act. No.: ________ Remarks

Topic: PREPARING A TENTATIVE OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION + BODY + CONCLUSION FORMAT IMRD

INTRODUCTION + METHODOLOGY + RESULTS +

1.1 Background a. Background

1.2 Thesis statement b. Research Problem

2. Body c. Scope and Limitation

2.1 Major support I d. Significance of the Study

2.1.1 Minor support 2. Materials and Methods

2.1.2 Minor support a. Participants

2.1.3 Minor support b. Procedure

2.2 Major support 2 c. Instruments

2.2.1 Minor support 3. Results and Discussions

2.2.2 Minor support 4. Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations

2.3 Major support 3

2.3.1 Minor support

2.3.2 Minor support

RESEARCH SHS-SAS-T Page 1

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Run, jump, sing, just avoid committing sin.

Run, jump, sing, just avoid Sin.

RESEARCH SHS-SAS-T Page 1

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

I. Preparing for a Test

II. Taking the Test

I. Preparing for a Test

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

1. For Roman numerals/letters, numbers and letters alternate

2. The first letter of each point must be capitalized.

3. Any point must have at least two sub points.

RESEARCH SHS-SAS-T Page 1

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

RESEARCH SHS-SAS-T Page 1

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Name: _____________________________Act. No.: Remarks