Smart Tirana: Sustainability

sustainability
Article
Smart Tirana
Antonella Lerario *, Antonietta Varasano, Silvia Di Turi and Nicola Maiellaro ID
Construction Technologies Institute—National Research Council of Italy, 70124 Bari, Italy;

[email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (S.D.T.); [email protected] (N.M.)
* Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-080-5481265
Received: 31 October 2017; Accepted: 12 November 2017; Published: 15 December 2017
Abstract: Albania represents an interesting case of a newly emerging destination in the international
tourist market, with intensive pressures coming from seasonal visit flows and the related impacts on
the environment. The Albanian Culture Marketing Strategy, while correctly focusing on heritage for
the de-seasoning of visits in congested areas and for awareness-raising about the country’s cultural
identity among tourists and residents, presents some limitations in the definition of application
patterns and concrete solutions. In particular, the active contribution of potential users, of ICTs
and, in particular, the potentialities of widespread tools such as mobile apps seem to be overlooked.
In this article, the current scenario of the Albanian tourism sector, with particular emphasis on the
cultural segment, is presented through a detailed analysis of relevant program documents in order to
outline strengths and weaknesses of the underlying approach. Then, the potential contribution of
mobile apps to the sustainable development of destinations are analyzed and the market of available
technologies is presented through a taxonomy of a consistent number of representative cases. Finally,
the SOS-Tirana app is presented and its adequateness to the context is discussed.
Keywords: mobile-app; total heritage; sustainable tourism; cultural heritage; social sustainability;
Albanian tourism
1. Introduction
In the last decades, Albania has experienced the growth of its reputation on the tourist destination
market in the Mediterranean basin, in an evolution process which started in 1992 that, characterized as
“the Waking Sleeping Beauty”, led it to the rank of the most recommended destination in 2011 [1].
Much of the credit for this belongs to its peculiar geographic conformation, that concentrates
many sites and points of interests in a relatively small area. Other reasons are to be found in the huge
amount and variety of the built environment, resulting from subsequent stratifications [2] and in the
equally rich and variegated natural resources: mountain areas and beaches can be often visited within
a single day. Actually, even if we cannot talk about ‘mass’ tourism, coastal zones in particular are
currently (more precisely since 2015) the scene of a “tourism boom”, demonstrated by the abundance of
resorts built to support the ‘sea-and-sand’ segment, with an intensive and uncontrolled development,
not supported through adequate infrastructuring processes. Nevertheless, it is estimated that 80% of
total coasts still remain untouched by human modifications [3].
Already in 2010, the growth rate in the number of visitors was much higher than in the other
countries of the region, with 50% of yearly arrivals concentrated in July and August. Most flows
(72% in 2010) occur by road, thus producing considerable impacts on the ecosystem and on the whole
territory with specific reference to transport.
Indeed, another massive heritage remains undiscovered, which is represented by inland areas
that—differently from coastal zones, gradually abandoned in time by their inhabitants for their
undefended nature against hostile attacks and only recently re-evaluated—represent the most genuine
and profound expression of local communities’ culture.
Sustainability 2017, 9, 2338; doi:10.3390/su9122338 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

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Other remarkable features of the scene are the increase in the number of visits to bigger towns’
attractions, the establishing of a specific interest among non-resident Albanians and the emerging of
three fast-growing segments: cultural tourism, adventure tourism and ecotourism [2]. The limited
increase in the related revenues shows a rise in the number of low-income visitors and a decrease in
the duration of stays.
In this context, the paper describes a research carried out at the Construction Technologies
Institute—National Research Council of Italy. Based on a detailed analysis of the Albanian tourism
sector, with its potentialities and gaps in sustainability and concrete tools for its achievement, it aims
to present one possible solution in the field of mobile apps. The objective of the study is to give and
discuss a tool for the promotion of Tirana’s “total heritage”.
The aim of the research is to amplify the so-called “wow-effect”, central in the current Albanian
promotion strategy, considering the complex of components that visitors meet in local contexts, from
history to social systems, values and surrounding in which he is immersed.
The framework used in the research articulates as follows.
Firstly, a description of the tourist sector of Albania is presented, as deduced from available
literature and media reports and above all from major technical report that form the basis of the official
National promotion Strategy. Then, the article analyzes with a critical lens the Strategy adopted by
the central government, by focusing on its ground principles, governance-related issues and action
instruments and matching it against, on one hand, conceptual references that can be found in the
international scientific discourse and, on the other hand, actual signs of ‘what is happening in Albania’
from a more concrete perspective. This aims at deriving a measure of the distance existing between the
country’s needs and possible solutions and give a tangible contribution, in the field of ICTs, as befitting
as possible.
Secondly, the relationship between sustainable smart tourism and mobile applications is explored
with a review process in order to identify the usefulness of a mobile app from the points of view of
tourist and destination.
In the following paragraphs, a desk research on the market of available mobile apps related to
the Albanian heritage, supporting tourism and knowledge of the country, is then presented, through
a taxonomy that identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the different solutions adopted; then,
the design and development process of our ‘SOS-Tirana’ app is explained.
Lastly, the achievements of the research work are widely discussed, analyzing the results and the
innovativeness of the designed app.
The research is significant because it focuses on the active role of tourists and residents at the
same time, through the app tool. It promotes the creation and valorization of local resources through
the ease of access to attractions, a sense of belonging to the cultural heritage, the ability to engage the
end-user, the possibility for different visitors to make personal planning and paths.
The ultimate ambition of the work is to contribute to the overcoming of the negative view of
the country perceived abroad in order to provide a new image of Albania in the international scene,
triggering, through the “SOS-Tirana” app, a process of re-appropriation of identity by local population.
2. The Albanian Tourism Sector: Lights and Shadows of Current Scenario

The current scenario of Albania reveals a country that, in a region marked by the mono-focus
specialization of neighbouring nations (Greece, Turkey, Croatia) in the sea-and-sand segment, has a
unique opportunity to distinguish itself in the market, out of a heavy competition offering narrow
profit margins, thanks to the manifold character of its heritage.
Actually, the country has not created a real, strong ‘image’ or, in marketing terms, a ‘brand’ in
the tourism sector; to understand the reasons for this, historical, political and social factors need to be
considered, and sector policies need to be looked at from a critical perspective.
First of all, the studies and analysis which have been carried out [1,3–5], as well as program
documents, agree on the absence of a real awareness of Albania as a tourist product both among
tourists and among Albanian themselves.
Indeed, this issue has been thoroughly analyzed in [6–8]: due to a hard and aching past, after the
1990s, the main trend was the destruction of anything that could recall the communist regime, in all
its tangible and intangible repercussion on the people’s life. Up to now, against the awareness of the
strategic role of tourism for the country’s economic growth, the architectural heritage, for example, has
not received equal attention, to the extent that the heritage-related strategy has been long ‘included’ in
the wider tourism strategy [9]. Understandably, a conscious strategy for the promotion abroad of a
cultural patrimony that everyone has preferred to erase in order to take on a radical restart has never
come into fulfilment.
In the last decades, Albania has been—and is still—engaged in a very challenging phase of
re-creation of its identity and of its presence in the international scenario, made more demanding
through the need to rub out its negative reputation abroad [1,2,10,11]. Many efforts are being made
here, showing a newly-acquired consciousness of the need to reconnect to other countries to face
together common challenges. The process towards the alignment and the ratification of European and
UNESCO instruments is very recent [12].
Up to now, although three years have passed since the Draft National Tourism Strategy for
2014–2020, tourism has not yet an adopted strategy for sustainable development, as assessed through
the ‘performance audit’ carried out by the Supreme State Audit body (SSA) in the former Ministry of
Economic Development, Trade, Tourism and Enterprise. As a matter of fact, the draft for the period
2017 to 2022 resulted as being based on unrealistic data [13].
For this reason, and given that tourism and cultural heritage are strictly intertwined in the
development process of the country, we are of the view that the document that can best give an
exhaustive picture of the official position and of current policies in the tourism sector, alongside the
Tourism Strategy of Albania [4], is above all the Albanian Culture Marketing Strategy [2].
On the other hand, as will be shown in the following, cultural heritage, that until recent times [12]
did not have a dedicated strategy but was instead—and still is being—brought within the borders of
the wider national tourism strategy, is increasingly regarded as being crucial for tourism development,
to a point that it is considered strictly functional to it. It makes sense, then, when discussing on tourism
in Albania, to focus attention on cultural heritage, also at the level of reference documents.
The current national strategy for culture marketing in the development of tourism has clearly
stressed two main objectives:
• The improvement of the negative perception of Albania abroad;

• The increase of revenues from tourist activities.
The former is closely intertwined with a strong intent to promote cultural heritage also among
Albanians to stimulate pride and sense of belonging to a precise collective and territorial identity.
Therefore, at least in propositions, the national strategy is marked through actions having twin
targets: tourists and residents. The latter clearly reveals the instrumental character, in monetary
terms, of any resource ‘expendable’ on the tourist market, and, then, also of cultural heritage. Apart
from expressed goals, the strategy adopted by the government undeniably presents some interesting
elements: the methodology for market analysis, the introduction of relatively new concepts and the
instruments for action.
2.1. Analysis Methodology

The national strategy is based on an acute and exhaustive market analysis, exploring rationally
and in detail potentialities, limitations and characters of the ‘product’, target profiling and future
directions. Potentialities have been described above; about Albania’s negative image, three main
causes are identified [2]:
• Historical events and the consequences of dictatorial regimes: impoverishment, underdevelopment

• The limited coverage of foreign media
• The lack of information on resources
the latter being responsible also for the poor awareness among residents.
In the literature available, many sources agree on the fact that Albania is associated, abroad, with a
negative image [1,2,10,11]. The analyses of Hall [14] and Heusinger [10] go beyond this, leading to
admit the possible existence of a difficult, mutual mistrust relationship between the Albanians and,
in general, other peoples, stressing the fact that, at the same time, also foreigners and international
tourists appear to be misunderstood within the country.
To a certain extent, up to recent times, this situation could be confirmed in facts; and, indeed,
such mistrust of the Albanian towards all that is ‘foreign’ may be the inheritance of years of isolation
in which, although tourism was not expressly forbidden, a sharp separation between tourists and
residents was actually pursued in the use of places and transport means [14] and in many other
practical respects through the so-called ‘prescriptive tourism’ [7].
What, instead, can be witnessed in current times is the fact that some countries are seeking ways
to get closer to Albania, having grasped its potential, above all thanks to the value of its cultural and
natural heritage. A meaningful example of this is represented by the recent call launched for 2018
by the local US Embassy for heritage preservation projects, in which the direct support to US treaty
maintaining or the creation of bilateral agreements, with a direct involvement of the financing body in
the management sphere, as a clear sign of awareness and understanding of potential success [15]. Just as
important is the support at the operational level, offered by the Albanian–American Development
Foundation, for knowledge transfer and local communities’ enablement in heritage management with
new technologies and skills, through a number of projects. Some examples are the Support Program
for the National Park of Butrint, the Regional Restoration Camps (a training program on theory and
practice of restoration techniques for local residents) and the creation of ‘Culture Corps’ (an experience
of know-how transfer to local stakeholder on cultural entrepreneurship) [16]. To this, EU support to
built heritage preservation projects and the engagement of the International Monetary Fund for the
implementation of a financial discipline program and the increase of a dedicated budget can be added,
as well as the manifold support from foreign foundations cited in [17].
The main problems of Albanian destinations have been identified in the official strategy in
• Inadequate infrastructures;
• Lack of quality accommodation facilities (actually, standards have never been adopted,
so provisions or regulations for the compliance to minimum quality levels are not available);
• Chaotic costal development, not connected to infrastructure requisites;
• Lack of qualification both in accommodation industry and among cultural resources managers
and operators.
Within the official document, the analysis of destination from the point of view of ‘market
readiness’ is particularly accurate; macro-criteria for evaluation (access–services–destination
interpretation–advertising–intrinsic interest) are identified and matched against different tourist types,
taking into consideration their variability according to the specific site. Such an analysis, from which
however the uniqueness of the Albanian potential offer clearly emerges, allows us to assess that the
market readiness level of many sites and destinations is actually very low; in other words, they do not
match tourists’ exigencies.
Specific attention has been given in the document analyzed to the delineation of the image
perceived from Albanians living abroad; the considerable number of Albanians across the world
because of historical-political events, war-related destruction and economic involution is recognized
as having a strategic importance, due to their capacity both to activate in their adopted countries
a virtuous word-of-mouth, capable of arousing interest in a visit (greater revenues), and to invert
Specific attention has been given in the document analyzed to the delineation of the image
perceived from Albanians living abroad; the considerable number of Albanians across the world
because of historical-political events, war-related destruction and economic involution is
recognized as having a strategic importance, due to their capacity both to activate in their adopted
Sustainability
countries a2017, 9, 2338 word-of-mouth, capable of arousing interest in a visit (greater revenues),5 of
virtuous 25
and
to invert brain-drain trends by persuading people with higher skills and qualifications (increase of
the general socio-economic level) to come home.
brain-drain trends by persuading people with higher skills and qualifications (increase of the general
Just as lucidly, the analysis carried out by the strategy’s authors deduces that, despite the
socio-economic level) to come home.
singular wealth and size of cultural heritage resulting from the many ethnic stratifications, which is
Just as lucidly, the analysis carried out by the strategy’s authors deduces that, despite the singular
hardly matched among other countries, this is not enough to distinguish Albania from other
wealth and size of cultural heritage resulting from the many ethnic stratifications, which is hardly
Mediterranean competitors as a cultural tourism destination. It follows that a different offer is
matched among other countries, this is not enough to distinguish Albania from other Mediterranean
necessary, marked by a different identifying element. This has been recognized in its nature of the
competitors as a cultural tourism destination. It follows that a different offer is necessary, marked by
country ‘to discover’, ‘unknown’, to be transferred in a ‘multifaceted’ tourist offer on the
a different identifying element. This has been recognized in its nature of the country ‘to discover’,
experiential level, able to ‘impress’ on many sides at the same time. The definition of the overall
‘unknown’, to be transferred in a ‘multifaceted’ tourist offer on the experiential level, able to ‘impress’
offer is achieved through a ‘stratified’ approach, with respect to the visitors’ geographic
on many sides at the same time. The definition of the overall offer is achieved through a ‘stratified’
provenience and to the respective level of interest, with a precise construction of the grid ‘tourists’
approach, with respect to the visitors’ geographic provenience and to the respective level of interest,
provenience/tourists’ type/type of offer’.
with a precise construction of the grid ‘tourists’ provenience/tourists’ type/type of offer’.
2.2. Conceptual
2.2. Conceptual Issues
Issues
Some conceptual
Some conceptual implications,
implications, presented
presented within
within the
the Strategy,
Strategy,are
arevery
veryinteresting.
interesting.
The ‘3E’ concept: One of the strategy’s key-concepts is the need for the
The ‘3E’ concept: One of the strategy’s key-concepts is the need for the tourist tourist offer
offer to fulfil
to fulfil thethe
so
called ‘3 Es’ representing the purpose of a visit: ‘education’, ‘entertaining’, ‘excitement’. These areThese
so called ‘3 Es’ representing the purpose of a visit: ‘education’, ‘entertaining’, ‘excitement’. then
are then with
matched matched with
as many as many
tourist tourist
‘types’, ‘types’,
identified identified
according according
to their attitudetotowards
their attitude towards
cultural heritage
cultural heritage (‘motivated’–‘inspired’–‘incidental’)
(‘motivated’–‘inspired’–‘incidental’) (Figure 1). (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Level of interest and requirements

requirements of
of cultural
cultural tourists
tourists [2].
[2].
These tourist ‘types’ form a sort of ‘triangle’, having at its top a limited number of visitors with
specific academic or generally research-based interest, at any rate having a marked involvement
towards cultural heritage, with purely educational expectations in relation to the visit experience
(‘motivated tourists’). The intermediate area of the triangle is represented by the more numerous
‘inspired’ tourists, sincerely interested in the cultural dimension of the stay but having wider
expectations in terms of education and entertainment and only a little interested in being ‘impressed’
or ‘surprised’. The triangle base is represented by the widest group of the so-called ‘incidental’ tourists,
mainly interested in entertainment and in the ‘impressive’ force of the visited places.
Starting from the observation of the higher revenues associated to the last two brackets—more
numerous—in respect to ‘motivated’ visitors, genuinely interested in cultural tourism in strict
sense, the necessity to focus on the definition of a composite tourist offer is deduced, based on
a re-definition of visit as a variegated ‘experience’ of the cultural, natural, seaside, gastronomic
dimensions and, ultimately, of a complex environment of which the tangible heritage is only a
facet, able to offer manifold inspirations. Essentially, cultural tourism is brought back in the
wider concept of experiential tourism, considering it—when interpreted as tourism of the tangible
heritage—insufficiently representative of behaviours and preferences of most visitors.
The ‘total heritage’ concept: This refers to the widest interpretation of cultural heritage. ‘Total
heritage’ represents, in the official ‘vision’ expressed by the strategy, all of the ways (lifestyles) in
which a community expresses itself in relation to its history, social systems, values and surrounding
environment, then to the entirety of components that can be experienced when coming in contact with
a local entity. This interpretation is, indeed, fully in line with the definition of cultural heritage as
“whatever is distinctive about the ‘way of life’ of people, community, nation or social groups” [18]. The definition
of the experiential aspect is then supported through the identification of criteria allowing to assess
a destination’s merit to be worth visiting. Most visitors are not able to fully appreciate the specific
implications of heritage, but are attracted by ‘impressive’ resources (the so called “wow-effect”).
Their needs—basically, obtaining enjoyment in a non-demanding way—must also be considered
according to specific criteria for resource evaluation: accessibility, closeness to other attractions,
impressive character of location, impressive character of specific features, affinity to visitors’ own
heritage, uniqueness, links to well-known figures (celebrities, characters, myths), engaging power
(for example, ease of comprehension or closeness to own everyday life). According to the official
document, 130 assets have been identified as having those attributes, coupled anyway with the low
market-readiness level mentioned above.
The ‘geotourism’ concept: In this vision, intriguing—and directly linked to the ‘total heritage’
formulation—is the shift from the concept of ‘ecotourism’ to that of ‘geotourism’. This term, actually
coined by the National Geographic, is explored in the analysis and strategically embraced by the
Albanian strategy. In this transition, the basic reasoning remains the same—managing tourism in
a way that it ‘pays’ to protect places rather than damaging them—but the application is extended to
the destination meant as a complex in which nature is only a part. ‘Geotourists’ are visitors interested
in experiencing “the cultural heritage of the countries they visit as part of their growing engagement
with, and desire for, direct access to all authentic aspects of their chosen destinations” [2]; the tourism
of cultural heritage in strict sense is then a component of geotourism.
This tourism model finds its completion by identifying two wide concept-areas that can be
assumed as directions for concrete actions:
• A ‘pull’ approach: the on-site appealing action exerted by local resources, that brings visitors in
contact with places;
• A ‘push’ approach: implemented by a system of actions (through exhibitions, foreign media, fairs,
conferences, etc.), able to stimulate the visit desire and decision from abroad.
In expressed intentions and in the observation perspective, then, the current strategy for the
promotion of the tourist sector appears as built on a consistent basis. However, putting aside
propositions and reading the analysis document between the lines, something seems to be missing or
not working in the identification of solutions and operational modes.
2.3. Governance
The approach of tourism policies that can be drawn from the reading of the official document, is
“a top-down” approach, implemented by central authorities and structures. What is missed in this
vision is a fundamental element: a ‘user-centered’ or rather ‘people-centered’ perspective, both in the

general approach and in the definition of concrete operational strategies.
In general, it is now a shared opinion that actions for the development of territories are
more effective and equitable if they involve and stimulate communities, both local and global,
with appropriate paths and tools.
However, precisely because the purpose of tourism promotion is intertwined with the need to
activate re-appropriation of identity processes by residents in Albania, the ‘people-centered’ approach
represents the natural declination of any program, thus becoming mandatory. It is necessary to create
the significance for residents and re-distribute benefits (beyond revenues) among them, with inclusive
and extended processes. The strategy, however, though mentioning the importance of the resident
market for the Albanian culture, reserves in the text to dedicate a separate approach for this purpose
for the future.
Signs of “top-down” processes may also be encountered in several points of the document.
Firstly, the communication of information—extensively recognized as inadequate—takes the form
of unidirectional ‘delivery’ by the central structures to the ‘mass’ of consumers of it; in this way,
the fundamental principle of the value of shared information is being ignored, reserving the role of
information dispenser to central structures:
• It mentions exclusively a central website and, in general, governmental websites or agencies for
the construction and circulation of heritage knowledge;
• The role of tourist guide is rigidly conceived as an absolute keeper of all knowledge on heritage
and the only one entitled to communicate its value to visitors [2], denying the possibility of contact
and integration with dynamics that involve users and the possibility of widespread participation
in the creation of value or content;
• The definition of thematic paths, of which, anyway, the multifaceted cultural and economic utility
is lucidly understood, once again is strict (number and themes of itineraries are fixed), without
considering neither the possibility of contributions from the bottom, capable of enriching these
potentials, nor the possibility to rely on computer technologies that can support it (social media
or anything else).
More generally, the decentralization, described as necessary and unavoidable [9], is not yet put
into practice in the official position.
Looking at this signs, it can be argued that, in general, the underlying attitude in this document
is one that does not acknowledge an active role to heritage ‘consumers’ or potential visitors; central
bodies seem determinate to maintain close within their own sphere and competencies decisions and in
general the possibility to impress directions to processes related to heritage and tourism development.
What, on the contrary, can be deduced from the analysis of available literature is a general feeling
of scarce interest from the part of government in sustainable promotion of heritage also for tourism
purposes and a limited understanding of its importance. More specifically, the literatures ranges from
judgments of plain inertia [19], to insufficient competences [6], up to direct responsibilities for heritage
losses and environmental damaging or even corruption [5].
At a more practical level, in terms of ‘what is happening in Albania’, the facts related to a
number of destroyed or endangered castles (Shkodra, Durres, Preza, Kruja, Elbasan, Bashtova) and to
the—temporarily suspended—project of transformation of the Lezhe castle in a luxury resort with
tennis court are, in a way, symptomatic. Other events are, on the other hand, encouraging signs,
such as the recent creation of the Albanian Heritage Centre aimed at the information of the general
public on heritage-related issues [19], or the experience of balanced revitalization of the unknown
village of Nivica (a little, largely abandoned community in a remote inland area, ruled by ancient
agricultural and farming lifestyles), achieved by inhabitants themselves [20], in line with the so-called
‘social responsible heritage management’ concept [21] and with the need to connect heritage life-cycle
with real communities theorized by Turpenny [22].
At any rate, inertia, at least, comes into play with reference to unresolved problems of property
issues having a role in the processes of illegal land occupation and convulse construction of houses
and other buildings [23] and to the failure of legislation in force in repressing damaging and vandalism
phenomena [17]. The awareness of the need for a legislative reform and for a more effective action
from the part of governments is rather diffused.
2.4. The Principles

Precisely because the experience-based value of the visit is central to the textual formulation of
the national strategy, it is not possible to leave aside the importance of individual impressions, which
obviously are not uniquely foreseeable, but produce absolutely original and personal effects, although
the strategy appears to have absolute trust in the possibility of determining a priori the impression
that the visit will produce. This results in the need, at the operational level, for tools that adequately
take into account this important contribution and support its explication.
Sustainable development of tourism is mentioned in all strategies, but only in theory; the only
supported dimension is, in fact, that of economic growth:
• As stated by Sharpley, “tourism is primarily a social activity” [24] but the possibility of
contributing to social cohesion, to the synergic relationship between residents and tourists, to the
creation of a greater attention to the available resources through the sense of belonging, is not
cited or in any case not sufficiently deepened;
• While identifying the upper middle class of North America and Europe as the target for
the promotion strategies, and although aware of the gap, compared to it, at the level of
service standards, there is no trace of strategies or timelines for the introduction, for example,
of certification of services’ environmental performance or simply good practices;
• The attention to specific aspects of environmental impacts reduction is absolutely limited and
there are not specific initiatives or thematic sub-objectives. It is hoped that the growth of the
country’s image in relation to its economic strategy will address at least those of greater visual or
experiential evidence, given the landscape nature of the most important assets. Waste disposal
and preservation of clean water are considered, in fact, as ‘major concerns’, but in the perspective
of the alignment with Europe and the international market, it is not enough. For the same reason,
it is also not sufficient the sole reduction of upstream impacts (synthesized in the expressed
objective of tourist flows de-seasoning).
2.5. The Action Tools

The strategy clearly identifies the limits of the equipment for the tourism promotion in the
current state:
• The reference website “www.albaniantourism.com” does not provide indications on how to reach
single sites or other practical information;
• Many existing products for image communication are not widespread because they are reserved
for VIP users, instead of being profitable on the market; the same thing happens for events that
can attract a vast public, communicated only on site and, thus, only available for actual tourists;
which can be explained only partially by undeniable budget issues;
• Even the management of events or opportunities to attract the attention of foreign media to the
country has proved to be inefficient and not very promising.
However:
• The need for websites, guides and gadgets is just quoted in a non-priority way, as ‘lesson learned’
by other case studies but not adequately addressed;
• It does not address the need for concrete tools, customizable by users, but a massive
‘government-to-government’ communication action is prioritized; the communication strategy
seems to be interpreted as an action to an undivided mass and not to a plurality of individuals;
• The ‘word-of-mouth’ power is mentioned, but the means to exploit broadly this channel are not
taken into account;
• The contribution that communication technologies can offer is not taken into account concretely;
usefulness and need for tools are not included and investments, considered strategic in
consultancy and skills, are limited to the marketing strategies sector and are not aimed at
understanding the opportunities offered by ICT.
In order to bring the development of the tourism sector within the ideal borders of
sustainability—not only in economic terms but also in environmental and social ones—the individuals’
centrality must therefore be assured even in the phases that follow the definition of any promotion
strategy. This has to be realized by developing tools that take into account the variability of the
processes with which the potential visitor defines points of interest, times and modes of visit, personal
thematic or geographic paths, thus appropriating a long unknown heritage and establishing personal
ties with it.
3. Sustainable Smart Tourism and Mobile Applications

In recent years, tourism has become “one of the strongest drivers of world trade and prosperity”,
and this important developing sector contributes 5% of the world’s GDP [25].
Moreover, globalization and continuous changes of environmental conditions determine the need
of an uninterrupted innovation to improve the competitive ability [26] of tourism destination in a
smart vision.
Tourism plays, in fact, a key role both in “inclusive and sustainable economic growth” and
“sustainable consumption and production” due to the potential impacts in the growing of destination
and communities, preserving local resources [27].
For instance, the question of travel and transport influences greatly the sustainability of tourism,
because they have environmental impacts at local and global level. In fact, they could threaten the local
ecosystems through, for example, pollution and conversion of lands [28]. Moreover, other problems
such as degrading of natural resources, vegetation structure and habitat, increasing deforestation and
decreasing upstream water flows, can be caused by mass tourism [29].
For this reason, the idea of Ecotourism, which firstly regards ecological destinations, but is easily
extensible to other contexts, involves much research focusing, among other things, on the need to
minimize impacts and to promote environmental and cultural respect and awareness.
In this context, the mobile applications and all the tourism technologies concur to the development
of the so-called “smart tourism”.
In general, it is possible to talk about this only when the interconnection between communities and
destinations is achieved thanks to dynamic platforms, intensive communication flows and enhanced
decision support systems [30,31].
Therefore, it is derived from the combination of expanded tourist knowledge and improved
decision quality with the use of IT devices. According to Chung et al. [32] information and
communication technologies represent a possibility to grow because they link the creativity with
an economic activity, creating the so-called “creative economy” [33].
The concept of smart tourism goes beyond “e-tourism” [34], intended as a simple providing of
information, because it focuses on the idea of support in the decision process and on the role of three
great areas: tourism experience, business ecosystem and destination [35].
In particular, Del Chiappa et al. (2015) [36] defined a tourism destination as a “networked system
of stakeholders delivering services to tourists, complemented by a technological infrastructure aimed at
creating a digital environment which supports cooperation, knowledge sharing and open innovation”.
Sustainability
In this 2017, 9, 2338
context, the 10 ofof
market of the mobile apps has become relevant thanks to the growing use 25
smartphones and, in particular, travel apps are the seventh most downloaded typologies [37].
The usefulness of tourism mobile apps can be classified according two points of view: for the
The usefulness of tourism mobile apps can be classified according two points of view: for the
tourist and for the destination (Figure 2).
tourist and for the destination (Figure 2).
Figure2.2.From
Figure Frommobile
mobileapp
appusefulness
usefulnesstotosmart
smartand sustainable
and tourism,
sustainable through
tourism, thethe
through points of view
points of
of view
tourist and destination.
of tourist and destination.
Inthe
In thepoint
pointofofview viewofofthethe tourist,
tourist, thethe
useuse of of a technological
a technological platform
platform cancan implement
implement not not
onlyonly
his
his knowledge of the destination but also can direct the great flow of available
knowledge of the destination but also can direct the great flow of available data in a smart way for all data in a smart way
for stakeholders
the all the stakeholders
that includethat include entrepreneurs,
entrepreneurs, tourists,tourists, local people,
local people, public administration.
public administration.
The Internet
The Internet is is easily accessible for for all
all these
these users
usersand andinfluences
influencestheir
theirdecisions.
decisions.The The spread
spreadof
smartphone technologies has given new opportunities
of smartphone technologies has given new opportunities and has shifted and has shifted the focus of information
of information
researchfrom
research fromthethe primary
primary needs,needs,
such assuch as flights
flights and lodging,
and lodging, to culturaltoandcultural and environmental
environmental description
description of the site, travel experiences and
of the site, travel experiences and other tourists’ opinions [38]. other tourists’ opinions [38].
However, the
However, the “big
“big data”
data” phenomenon
phenomenon implies implies the the huge
huge amount
amount of of information
information in in the
the actual
actual
dimensionof
dimension oftourism.
tourism.
Onthe
On theoneonehand,hand, it represents
it represents an opportunity
an opportunity to link atoseries
linkofaproducts
series ofand products
services and services
according to
according
tourists’ to tourists’
needs needs and
and expectation [30].expectation
The strength [30]. The strength
of ICTs, of ICTs,
the Internet the Internet
of Things and Cloud of Computing
Things and
isCloud
properlyComputing is properly
the accessibility theinformation
of the accessibilityinofevery the information
place and toinmost every of place
people and to most
in the of
world.
people in the world. It allows for delving into the characteristics of the
It allows for delving into the characteristics of the tourist site and planning every activity and visitingtourist site and planning
every activity
without wastingand time visiting without
and money. wasting
In fact, travel time and money.
planning involves In afact,
seriestravel planning
of activities involves
such as ideaa
series of activities such as idea formation, searching for information,
formation, searching for information, taking decision, booking, visiting, with an iterative complex taking decision, booking,
visiting,influenced
process with an iterative
more andcomplexmore byprocess
the smart influenced more and more
tourism technologies [39]. by Thethe smart
tourist tourism
builds his
technologies
experience [39]. The
learning, touristup
reading builds his experience
and visiting places. learning, reading up and visiting places.
Onthe
On theother
other hand,
hand, thethe development
development of social
of social networks,
networks, tourism tourism
websites websites
and theand the massive
massive archive
archive
of travel of travel
blogs, in blogs,
which in which a continuous
a continuous exchangeexchange
of opinions of and
opinions and information
information occurs [28], occurs [28],
can lead
can lead
their userstheir users toand
to confusion confusion
uncertainty and[40].
uncertainty [40]. In fact,
In fact, technology technology
enables people with enables people
various with
levels of
various levels of involvement in tourism field to program their travel, but
involvement in tourism field to program their travel, but the selection of suitable data in the so-called the selection of suitable
data in the so-called
“information overload” “information
[41] depends overload” [41] depends
on their different levelonof their different
knowledge andlevel of knowledge and
experience.
experience.
In this context, mobile apps can support the tourist to make their travel sustainable and
effective, summarizing urban travel information, selecting their own points of interest and avoiding
the problem of sparsity of data.
In this context, mobile apps can support the tourist to make their travel sustainable and effective,
summarizing urban travel information, selecting their own points of interest and avoiding the problem
of sparsity of data.
Tourists are active participants in the aforementioned “creative economy”: the people’s desire
to discover new places, to change their daily life and to broaden their knowledge has turned digital
media in machine-driven decision and planning tools.
In this context, the smart tourism technologies facilitate tourist information and decision-making
through some fundamental characteristics: information quality, source credibility, interactivity and
accessibility, besides “self-efficacy” that is the tourists’ ability and skills of using them to make travel
plan and decisions [42].
In the point of view of the destination, tourism development is extremely linked to the
attractiveness of the site and to the value of cultural, historical and natural environment.
In the galaxy of mobile tools, used for the most different objectives, they can be the way
to understand and to increase the values of whole cities and their cultural heritage, saving the
intrinsic historical significance of architectures and surrounding context and improving regional
economic systems.
In particular, the cultural tourism is characterized by “low volume—high yeld” [32] and tourism
mobile apps, providing complete land and infrastructures description, can become the intermediate
channel to spread and valorize cultural and environmental resources of the visited site.
Finally, they can improve the image impact of the destination that influences tourist impressions
and decision-making process, increasing successfulness of the site.
From all of these considerations, it could be possible increase the tourist perception of the
destination quality, linking the two aspects described here and achieving the improvement of the
touristic activity in a smart and sustainable way.
4. Tourism-Related Apps for the Albanian Context: A Taxonomy

In general, applications are categorized (ranking) on the most popular and main “stores” based
on their purpose or a series of end users’ evaluations and reviews. In the study of requirements
for the software development of the SOS-Tirana app and the analysis of any best practices, it was
assumed to focus on the most popular and well-known store for Android applications, the “Play Store”.
The research was carried out on the store using the search keys [Albania] + [tourism] and [Tirana] +
[tourism] (“tourism” as an alternative to “travel”) and all applications were analyzed and installed,
including also the ones that are less relevant and poorly positioned in search results. In the results,
guides such as “Europe Travel Guide” or “Trip Advisor” were omitted because these apps are available
in almost every city or country, differing only in content. The total number of analyzed apps is 22,
although 20 are diversified, while two of them are advertised under a different name on the store
but are the same apps (Table 1). The conceptual model, used in order to understand differences and
similarities between mobile apps classified in the tourism field of the City of Tirana and of Albania,
is deductible from the taxonomy of Kennedy–Eden and Gretzel [37]. This taxonomy divides the
various types of applications available on the market from two points of view: a taxonomy based on
services that the apps provide to the user and a taxonomy based on the level of interactivity that the
user has with the mobile application.
After an initial analysis phase, it was considered to focus more on taxonomy based on the services
offered by the apps, in order to characterize better the gaps in the panorama of mobile apps and related
to the Albanian tourism sector. The aim was to articulate the analysis of the state of art of the Albanian
mobile market, answering a specific question: “Why do you have to use the application?”
Table 1. Travel-related app in Albania.
Navigation Social Mobile Marketing Security Emergency Transactional Entertainment Information

“Tirana Ime” X X X X X
“Welcome to Tirana” X X X
“Tirana Guide” X X X X1
“Tirana Map”
“Tirana AudioGuide4U” X X
“Tirana City Guide—Albania” X X X X1
“Tirana Map and Walks” X2 X X X
“Mappa di Tirana offline” X X X1
“Tirana City Guide” X
“Albania Guide by Triposo” X X X X X
“Albania Points” X X1
“Travel in Albania” X
“Explore Albania” X X X X
“Albania Travel” X
“Albania City Guide” X2 X X X1
“Cityguide Albania” X X X X1
“Find It—Albania Travel Guide” X X X X
“Share Albania” X2 X X
“Albania” X
“Nature Guide Albania” X X
1 Cultural landmark is briefly described using only text. 2 The use of maps for landmark selection is not available or not easy.
In analyzing the 20 apps, the seven categories defined and used were Navigation, Social, Mobile
Marketing, Security/Emergency, Transactional, Entertainment, and Information (Table 1).
The analysis of tourism apps on the Albanian towns shows the sole availability, at the moment,
of technologies distributing basic information to users: from the nearest first-aid station to doctors’
offices, up to the closest POS-ATM point for cash withdrawal or parking meter. It is more than evident,
then, that the technological offer has been focusing on primary exigencies of tourists; but undertaking
a journey can involve a considerable impact in many respects.
In such a context, the selection of transport means or the choice of accommodation facility are
important decisions for the tourist, that are currently supported through a huge flow of available data
on the whole region and usable in an intelligent way from the part of tourists.
Nevertheless, dealing with the topic of cultural heritage valorisation and tourism promotion
through apps requires some premises. The integration on the territory, of a number of technologies
supporting tourism or heritage fruition is not a simple task. If it were so, the devices would not be
missing or would be easy to implement by now: QRcode, free Wi-Fi, augmented reality, dedicated
apps and much more. But how are these tools to be obtained?
In general, a community with a strong sense of identity, aware of its heritage, becomes the
natural testimonial of its own territory, also with the help of new technologies. Virtual places such
as Facebook and blogs spread information and are the virtual places where people can exchange
suggestions, comment posts, share photos, be pro-active. In this respect, if a smartphone is added
to the picture, allowing users to share their position, images and videos in real-time through an app,
the “word-of-mouth” mechanism is activated, which is still one of the most powerful marketing tools
in the tourism sector. The SOS-Tirana app has good potentialities, in the current scenario, to perform
effectively in support of awareness-raising, participation and content-building processes useful for the
improvement of the destination’s image and services and, ultimately, of tourist hospitality; especially
in a community, such as the Albanian one, with low sense of identity and limited awareness of the
heritage. As a matter of fact, from the survey on apps for Albanian towns it emerges that only 50%
(11 out of 22 apps) describes cultural sites, mainly qualifying them as “attractions” rather than as
“cultural or environmental heritage” assets. The consequences are evident, ranging from unconcern
towards cultural heritage to the poor understanding of policies for territorial promotion, up to the
inability to answer information searches from the part of an “intelligent” tourist.
Furthermore, the “Tirana Ime” app is the only concrete example of a participated app for urban
order or tourism site accessibility, allowing users to report problems or service malfunctioning and
suggest improvements.
Most apps are mere tourism smartcards (“Tirana map”, “Albania City Guide”, “Travel in
Albania”), that have networked basic descriptions of cultural assets and services with the main
purpose of collecting information on the movements and preferences of tourists. Such data could
surely be functional to the improvement of the tourism offer; at any rate, within the technological offer,
the attention of businesses, far from having the goal to make collected information available to the
public, is more than evident.
Among the surveyed apps, the use of social media and accounts is to be reported, based on
logics that are mainly unidirectional and strictly top-down, where tourists’ presence and attention are
not opportunities for ‘listening’ and participation, but simply receivers of news and announcements,
more or less suited for the tool. In the current scenario, where tourists want to be more and more
co-producers in the planning of visits, this picture is far from what could be done today to match the
tourism offer.
5. The Design Phase: Steps, Problems and Solutions Adopted

The primary objective of the research project was to realize a process of “active” knowledge of the
visitor, who, in the game of real-time knowledge of his geographical position and to each change of
the context and interaction, is able to identify in a short time new contents with an identity value, with
the support of the SOS-Tirana app.
Within tourism, as with other areas of life, smartphone apps have the capacity to reshape
dimensions of social life, including travel [43].
The expectation was not just to consider a “beautiful landscape” and enhance it as if the
technological tool were a “postcard” or a similar technological medium (sharing social networks,
shared selfies, etc.). The objective was to use an innovative technological tool, functional to the
construction of a relational system and able to restore meaning and value to the identity structure of
the community, creating a strong and new sense of identity.
The analysis takes a relational view in which smartphones, as socio-technical devices, are
transforming how we engage with place [44].
This electronic age has wrought profound changes on how we think about and experience who we
are, where we are, and how we relate with one another. Wilken’s study re-evaluates how ideas of place
and community intersect with and help us make sense of a world transformed by information and
communication technologies, exploring approaches from media and communications, architectural
history and theory, philosophy, sociology, geography, literature, and urban design. Thus, the initial
assumption was that of considering and underlining that the tourist visiting does not benefit only from
exclusively dedicated services, but shares, with the resident citizen, a whole reality and, with that,
a series of services or disservices (mobility, environmental protection, accessibility).
Therefore, from the design phase, the research project has aimed at the discovery of local
communities, even unknown communities, and the enhancement of their own heritage, defined
as “the heritage of all”. The project was an opportunity in which technologies and human skills met
creatively, thus triggering a process in which the local community became a driver of innovation,
representing a valid starting point, with a view to activating a virtuous circuit of bottom-up
processes, highly inclusive and enabling, and contributing to the innovation of the market of available
technological solutions.
The software architecture of the app was designed on the primary requirement to create an
innovative fruition model that could allow, at “zero cost”, the expansion of access to content, context
data, settings, user-visitor customizations, additional information and explorations; including through
the use and integration of new technologies (VR-Virtual Tour) and new forms of communication
(digital storytelling).
The ambition was to transform cultural fruition into an “event”, making the moment of fruition
easy and attractive, “smart”. Digital VR technology stimulates the enrichment of human sensory
perception through the presentation of (virtual) contents and information; this technology is therefore
able to increase what the observer perceives with his senses, as the subject immersed in an environment,
enriched with virtual objects and with which the user can interact.
Unlike a web site, it is not possible to access a native app through a URL, but the app, after
downloading it from an app store, such as those provided by Apple, Android or Microsoft, must be
installed on your device. The user, after installing the app, can access the functions of the application
and use the specific device hardware (the digital camera, accelerometer, etc.), or even more simply
display the content of the app, similar to a web-app.
A native app is compiled binary code for a specific device and often offers more consistent
approaches than those that browsers are capable of offering.
Native apps can offer a wider range of features, very similar to a Microsoft Windows application,
if compared, for example, to a web site displayed in Internet Explorer.
A native app, when compared to a responsive web application, can provide: highly robust design
and user-friendly interfaces, enhanced interaction with the device’s file system, native interaction with
devices and specific features of a smartphone or tablet, and the possibility to use the application even
when the device is not connected to a network, as well as greater security performance.
Currently quite complex applications, functionally and visually, see in the native app the best
choice for their implementation. Excellent framework and SDK make building this type of application
relatively simple compared to the design and development of responsive applications.
The technical motivations, which determined the choice to adopt Android rather than Apple’s
iOS as operating system, are essentially:
• The adoption of custom Launcher (launch icon): In an Android platform, we can modify the
launcher and design the interface of the home and menus according to the specific needs;
• The use of widgets: one of the functions preferred by users are widgets that with the adoption
of Android can be placed on the home screen and therefore have small applications always in
operation and on the main screen;
• The use of Adobe Flash Player: Apple chose to exclude the Flash Player from its devices, and this
limitation was too restrictive for the architecture of the app to be designed;
• The possibility of integration between applications: Android allows developers to make real-time
additions between applications, more than iOS currently.
Gathering and agreeing on requirements is fundamental to a successful project; ITC and IMK
analyzed the end user’s needs and elaborated detailed requirements for the functionality and
look-and-feel. Our approach to app design rests on following aspects:
• Planning every user interaction with the software to make it convenient and easy to follow;
• Providing mockups and welcoming feedback to visualize the End User’s ideal application
and app;
• Designing and bringing fresh ideas for visually mobile apps;
• Designing an environment Integrating Virtual Reality to expand mobile user horizons and offer
new perspectives;
• Designing and developing a platform that includes robust exchange tools intended for solving a
variety of tasks, such as support of geographically distributed info-bases (JSON data exchange
format) or building complex heterogeneous information systems.
The team emphasizes careful planning and architecture design to advise on better technological
options with respect to the innovative tourism industry.
To simplify the publication of geo-referenced information, the app will store all the data in a
Geographic JavaScript Object Notation (GeoJSON) file rather than in a database. In 2015, the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), in conjunction with the original specification authors, formed a GeoJSON
WG to standardize GeoJSON. RFC 7946 was published in August 2016 and is the new standard
specification of the GeoJSON format, replacing the 2008 GeoJSON specification. Most GeoJSON data
consist of objects with multiple properties, then with complex and structured data, so we need to
determine whether the data is valid or not. We will adopt a standard GeoJSON-Schema that will
describe the structure and the requirements of the project data.
The lifecycle of mobile development is largely not different than the software development
for web or desktop applications. In the ITC approach, there are usually five major portions of the
process [45–47]:
• Inception: All apps start with an idea. That idea is usually refined into a solid basis for
an application. More recently, researchers have been observing a paradigm shift in tourism
consumers, who are becoming prosumers and co-creators of their experiences. A prosumer is a
person who consumes and produces “media”, so, for example, with potential to connect through
mobile phone apps and other location-based devices, we could encourage guests to upload their
own stories or experiences to social media accounts and help us build a map together.
• Design: The design phase consists of defining the app’s user experience (such as what the general
layout is, how it works, etc.), as well as turning that user experience into a proper user interface
• Design:
Sustainability The
2017, design
9, 2338 phase consists of defining the app’s user experience (such as what 16 ofthe
25
general layout is, how it works, etc.), as well as turning that user experience into a proper user
interface (UI) design (mockup deliverable). When creating mockups, it is important to consider
(UI) design (mockup
the interface deliverable).
guidelines When creating
for the various platformsmockups,
(Apple,itAndroid,
is important to consider
Windows the interface
Phone) that the
guidelines for
app will target.the various platforms (Apple, Android, Windows Phone) that the app will target.
•• Development: Usuallythe
Development: Usually themost
mostresource
resourceintensive
intensivephase,
phase,thisthis is the
is the actual
actual building
building of theof
the application.
application.
•• Stabilization:
Stabilization: When
When development
development is is far
far enough
enough along,
along, QA
QA ITC
ITC specialists
specialists usually
usually begins
begins toto test
test
the application and bugs are fixed. We presume, however, that the app will
the application and bugs are fixed. We presume, however, that the app will go into a limitedgo into a limited
beta
beta phase
phase in
in which
which aa wider
wider user
user audience
audience is is given
given aa chance
chance to
to use
use itit and
and provide
provide feedback
feedback andand
inform changes.
inform changes.
•• Deployment.
Deployment.
Once the
Once theapp
apphas
hasbeen
beenstabilized,
stabilized,
it it
is is time
time to generate
to generate a release
a release build
build of app,
of our our app, targeted
targeted at
at each
each platform
platform we wishwetowish
deployto on.
deploy
Thereon.
are aThere
numberareofa different
number distribution
of differentoptions,
distribution options,
depending on
depending
the on the platform.
platform.
6. The SOS-Tirana
SOS-Tirana App
App
The mobile app for Tirana
Tirana is
is organized
organized into
into three
three sections
sections (Figure
(Figure 3):
3): ‘List of PoI’,
PoI’, ‘Search’
‘Search’ and
and
‘Map’
‘Map’(with
(withoverview
overviewand
andthree
threedisplay
displaymodes—hybrid,
modes—hybrid,streets,
streets,and
andsatellite).
satellite).
Figure 3.
Figure 3. The
The mobile
mobile app
app for
for Tirana.
Tirana.
All the three sections contain on the top the ‘Action Bar’ (AB), containing three areas:
All the three sections contain on the top the ‘Action Bar’ (AB), containing three areas:
• The first is located on the left and contains the logo and title.
•• The
The first
secondis located on the
is located leftmiddle
in the and contains the logoanand
and contains title.button ‘Map’ that opens a view that
action
• The second is located in the middle and contains
handles the display of interactive map with zoom extension. an action button ‘Map’ that opens a view that
• handles
The third theis display
located ofoninteractive map with
right and contains anzoom
actionextension.
button that runs a several actions of the app
• The third is located on right and contains
and updates according to the current view. an action button that runs a several actions of the app
and updates according to the current view.
After launching the app, the start page is opened for few seconds, allowing the automatically
updating
Afterof the contents
launching published
the app, on the
the start pageserver if modified.
is opened for fewThen, the app
seconds, offersthe
allowing theautomatically
user the “PoI
List”, a scrollable
updating list containing
of the contents publishedallonthe
thepoints
serverof interest, grouped
if modified. Then, thebyapp
typologies,
offers thesuch
useras
thecastle,
“PoI
List”, a scrollable list containing all the points of interest, grouped by typologies, such as castle, bridge
and so on. Next to the heading of each typology, there is a button with a down arrow to allow the
user exploding the list (under the heading of the chosen typology) and viewing, below, the list of
PoI’s selected typology. Through this list, the user can access specific information of the various PoIs,
proposed and grouped according to the different types. Selecting the item relative to a PoI within the
scrollable list, the user access another scrolling list named ‘list of Media’ containing links to media
content available for the selected PoI. The use of scrolling lists makes information access much more
intuitive and faster; these views, in fact, are optimized for touchscreen mode. The scrollable ‘List of
Media’, allows the user to:
• Display on the device the map centered on the PoI (‘To PoI on Map’);
• View the information sheet of the selected PoI (‘To About PoI’);
• View the virtual tour of the selected PoI, if any (‘Virtual tour’).
Selecting the item ‘To About PoI’, the App opens a view that contains a detailed information sheet
of the selected PoI and reported on three pages, which are available by sliding finger across the screen
horizontally. The three dots, at the bottom, indicate to the user in which of the three pages he/she is.
The ‘Search’ section, often absent in other systems, has a friendly interface based on a dialog box
containing:
• A ‘Search’ textbox; typing a letter in the textbox, an interactive list of PoIs containing that text is
automatically generated.
• A back button opening the former screen.
• A ‘search results list’ showing the list of PoIs complying with the search criterions; thumbnail,
title and short description are reported.
In the ‘Map’ section, the user interact with the Google maps in traditional modalities:
• Navigating with ‘pan’ and ‘zoom’ tools, the user can view more detailed elements of the map;
furthermore the user, clicking the grey button on the top right corner of the map, centers the map
on his/her location, viewing PoIs nearby.
• Clicking the markers, the user open the previously designed ‘callout’ reporting info about the
selected PoI (thumbnail with link to the photo, title, description) in a popup window above the
map, at the specific location.
A ‘cluster marker’ has been introduced: if several PoIs are close, they overlap when the user zoom
in the map with a loss of information. Beyond a predefined threshold, the overlapped markers are
temporarily replaced with a cluster marker.
7. Discussion
The Albanian scene, torn between tourism development and the safeguarding of congested
territories, seems to be reproducing the long-lasting conceptual dichotomy between economic growth
and sustainable development. On the one hand, it cannot be denied that, as these are rather new
themes for this country [17], the need to rely on a robust theoretical framework, more than on new
skills or competences, is fundamental. Unfortunately, it must be observed that, within the specific
field that form the scope of this article—mobile apps for tourism-purposed promotion of cultural
heritage—many concepts come into play and overlap which have in common a widely acknowledged
‘under-theorization’.
‘Cultural’ heritage and ‘total’ heritage: from the literature, a growing interest and an increasingly
animated debate on issues of cultural heritage can be deduced. In recent years, the number of
‘stakeholders’ or ‘actors’ having some form of interest in heritage has progressively increased. This has
produced, on the one hand, the proliferation of studies on heritage, which has not given life to a
shared reference framework [48]. Moreover, it can be added that the growing ‘collective’ character
of the concept of heritage (in relation to both what can be defined as such and who has legitimate
interest in it or is affected through or entitled to specific relations to it), by introducing a plurality of

interpretations and points of view and increasing the subjectivity of definitions, has in fact made the
picture rather unclear [49]. Then, the ‘cultural heritage’ concept is quite controversial; the characters of
cultural heritage that emerge most clearly or frequently can be identified, mainly, in the duplicity of
the value attached to it, at the same time cultural and economic (which originates the ultimate problem
of conciliating development and preservation), ‘elasticity’ (in relation to its more or less restrictive
definitions), ‘dinamicity’ (since it is produced over time by people and societies) and ‘dissonance’
(in relation to the coexistence of different uses and consumption forms). In any case, the growing
multiplicity and democratization of the ‘heritage’ concept is identified in the literature as being the
cause of two fundamental evolutions [48].
The first one is related to the widening of what can be considered as ‘heritage’, up to, virtually, all
of what represents a tangible or intangible expression of the way of life and of the culture of a people,
a community or a group in a certain moment in time.
The second evolution is the gradual distancing from the traditional vision focusing on
intrinsic—and then absolute—characters of cultural resources, in favor of one centered on people,
on their needs and on the functions accomplished by heritage, which are ever-changing and then
contemporary. At the level of action strategies, this evolution reproduces itself in the shift from heritage
‘preservation’ (the care for its physical integrity) to its use in a ‘functional’ sense (changing with time)
and sustainable (in order to assure its ability to accomplish functions, even if different, for future
generations). The link between the concept of heritage and the concept of sustainable development is
another important trend that can be read in literature [14,48,50] and its explication through efforts to
conciliate resource conservation and territorial development through their use and the search for a
balance of environmental, economic and social dimensions, leads to define cultural heritage as integral
part of the whole environment, indissolubly linked to the natural and socio-economic elements.
As a consequence, the concept of ‘total heritage’ put at the basis of the official Albanian policy for
the tourism-purposed promotion of heritage surely finds its legitimation, at the theoretical level, and a
consistent application in the goal of defining a variegated cultural tourism offer.
At any rate, the outcome of the theoretical dispute, well explained by Loulanski [48], between
‘object-centrists’ (a resource has value in itself and its preservation is in its own interest) and
‘functionalists’ (a resource has ever-changing values, attached to it by people, and its preservation is in
their interest) represents a lost match for the official ‘top-down’ policy and reliance on predetermined
values of heritage. It is about absolute, objective value vs. the ‘continued re-endorsement of value
by use’ [51] and the reading of heritage as ‘life values’ [52]. In this controversy, as a matter of fact,
the ‘object-centric’ position gives way against the necessity to rely on criteria for the definition of
priorities in preservation interventions on heritage; criteria that are necessarily subjective, as they are
formulated by people in different time periods: nothing absolute and objective. It is then evident
that the participation of heritage ‘users’ or ‘consumers’ in bottom-up processes is unavoidable and
must be adequately accounted for both in policies and in the delivery of instrumental support to them.
The analysis presented in the first part of the article shows that the official position of the Albanian
central government seems, at the moment, still far from this perspective.
Transferring these reflections to a different disciplinary area, we can affirm that the evolution
of the concept of heritage, from “cultural” to “total” (more ‘people-centered’) and to a dominant
experiential component, embodies, in the marketing field, the so-called ‘shift’ from GD-Logic to
SD-Logic (i.e., from a logic dominated by goods, in which the consumer is external to the creation of
value, to the logic dominated by services, in which the value emerges during use and is co-created),
analyzed by Bick et al. [53] in the field of mobile technologies.
There are certainly similarities between this transition of the productive sector and the heritage
sector. In the GD-logic, as in a top-down process of defining the value of a cultural good, the ‘consumer’
is outside the production of that value, while in the SD-Logic services correspond to experience,
in which the value is created in the use phase and the creation is strongly dependent on consumer
participation. On this basis, we can therefore try to apply to the visit experience the Holbrook
model [54], developed for the marketing sector and focused on the definition of ‘customer value’,
as an interactive and relativistic preference experience, in which the value is comparative, situational
and personal.
This is already sufficient to make it clear that the assumption of being able to define a priori
reactions and therefore classify visitors into homogeneous groups based on behavior and attitude
towards the heritage is not plausible. Moreover, individual skills and knowledge (and therefore the
ability to technically relate with the heritage and know how to ‘read’ it) are added to the comparative,
situational and personal variables, reinforcing this impossibility.
This confluence of principles and concepts, that are all insufficiently supported by an organic
theoretical framework in the specific tourism sector, makes the Albanian task more difficult, adding
also to the need to fill a critical gap in terms of concrete support instruments and in particular of ICTs.
In fact, even this latter phenomenon does not have an organic basis of reference in literature;
many studies analyze digital divide (DD) effects on various economic sectors but very few of them
focus on tourism, although information is the lifeblood for this sector [55,56]. Many researchers have
explored and explained the different ways in which the disparities in the technology sector are realized,
highlighting the existence of different connotations: International/global vs. domestic/social DD [57],
possess-related vs. use-related DD and second-level or horizontal DD [58]. In Albania, committed to
redirecting touristic flows to the most internal areas, the problem is amplified exponentially, since the
global component (Albania vs. world) is added to the social one (coastal zones vs. inland areas) and
both coexist with the horizontal DD.
Adopting the Minghetti and Buhalis integrated model [56], it is important to keep in mind,
in particular, that low-accessibility destinations are more dependent on external intermediaries to
promote their offers on the market. These intermediaries will presumably impose high fees and
unfavorable trade conditions. This leads to an unequal distribution of the wealth created with tourism.
The risk for the tourism sector is, as pointed out by Maurer and Lutz [59] to make the development
even more ‘asymmetric’ (in other words, unbalanced).
It is also to be noted that even the Albanians themselves do not know some places that instead
represent exceptional cultural resources, as in the examples of the village of Nivica [20] and the
‘militarized’ island of Sazan, with its net of trenches and bunkers, which has long remained ‘mysterious’
to Albanians [60]. This is therefore a relationship between a ‘low-access’ destination and ‘low-access’
visitors; having to ‘communicate’ a destination not only to foreign tourists but also to residents
themselves, ICTs should be carefully identified and implemented (and also integrated into a system
that should not abandon traditional forms of communication, using multiple channels).
Many researches have evidenced that the only availability of hardware and internet access do not
solve digital divide [56,61,62]; skills and competences are necessary that can only be assured through
collaboration with more developed countries and international institutions, providing an effective
solution, albeit in the medium to long term.
Our aim is to contribute to reducing this gap at the operational level, showing how it is possible
to support concretely principles such as those listed above: the experience of total heritage, and
the creation of a customized relationship with it; the independence before, during and after the
visit; the balanced development of the territories. This can be obtained through the development of
easy-to-use tools, then highly inclusive and able to facilitate autonomy and customization, which can
strengthen the visit experience and at the same time contribute to sustainable development of the
tourism sector, informing visitors about unknown resources and places that deserve the same attention
as the overcrowded coastal areas.
In general, tourism can contribute to the fulfilment of all the three dimensions of sustainability [63]
in the development of the Albanian territory:
• Environmental: if properly managed, it can facilitate, through the re-directing and reduction of
flows and through de-seasoning, the mitigation of the impacts deriving from intensive pressure
on congested coastal areas;
• Economic: the integration of marginalized inland areas in the visitation routes allows for their
integration in the country’s productive system and the increase of incomes;
• Social: the promotion, for tourism purposes, of less known resources together with more famous
ones acts as a stimulus to the re-appropriation and re-evaluation from the part of residents,
enriching their perception of the cultural identity.
Due to their enlarged fruition potential, apps amplify these effects exponentially, much more than
any communication or marketing strategy; in the specific Albanian context, the two-fold objective of
tourism growth and awareness raising about the country’s image among citizens and abroad needs
to be supported through instruments in line with this perspective. The SOS-Tirana App is consistent
with this vision; since it is available, by its nature, both to tourists and to citizens, it constitutes a
common ground for the sharing, exchange and dialogue between tourists and residents. The tools
designed and the information that it delivers to users promote the creation of resource significance
from the part of visitors, since they strongly enable to the creation of absolutely ad-hoc, customizable
itineraries. The importance of visit itineraries, anyway, has been well understood within the national
strategy, in their potential to contribute to the creation of destination identity, broaden the geographic
provenience of visitors, intercepting them through affinities in interests and preferences and increase
the duration of stay, with positive effects on incomes in the last two cases.
Nevertheless, it appears more appropriate, in this respect, to look at users not as a ‘shapeless mass’
with univocal and predictable behaviours and needs but rather as a complex of different individualities
with diverse exigencies.
As for technical features, the SOS-Tirana App is, at its current state, extremely innovative, if
regarded as technological platform for the knowledge and valorisation of sites with cultural and
environmental interest, within the local context.
In contrast with the 22 surveyed apps, the SOS-Tirana app is the only one offering both tourists
and destinations
• High-quality information;
• An accurate selection of cultural points of interest;
• Ease of use of maps and access to information;
• High-quality image gallery;
• High-quality virtual tours with strong visual impact, from single 360◦ -panoramic objects to
navigable virtual tours with maps, guide texts and navigation points (hot points).
In this way, it can match the requisites identified in the national strategy, particularly those related
to access, ‘impressive’ capacity and engaging power, exerting a strong appeal on potential visitors.
It must not be forgotten than tourists on a visit do not just enjoy dedicated or thematic services, but
also share, with resident citizens, a complex reality and the respective system of services or disruptions
(mobility, environmental protection, accessibility).
The current strategy identifies specific criticalities with respect to the quality levels of
infrastructures and accommodation services. Furthermore, decision-makers largely rely on a sort of
‘tolerance’ from the part of ‘pioneer’ tourists, engaged in the discovery of an unknown Albania and
its ‘total heritage’, towards shortcomings in those aspects. Actually, on the one hand, such indulgent
attitude cannot be assumed to represent a whole community of visitors that, as widely recognizable,
are more and more exigent, informed and well-aware of their rights and of what other destinations
can offer. But, above all, that approach is a short-lasting one, ‘paying’ as long as a destination is
‘unknown’, and it does not loyalize—after the first stay—either those tourists of the ‘unknown’ or
the ones seeking comfort and quality. Once Albania is definitely established as a destination—and
that is not far off—investments must have been made by the government, by then, to amend those
flaws in order to meet wider and wider tourist groups’ expectations. It must also be added that
‘word-of-mouth’, even from ‘forgiving’ consumers, can see the weight of the ‘wow’ effect faded against
whatever else is experienced, if taking place in an even slightly delayed ‘post-visit’ moment of time.
In other words, word-of-mouth can turn detrimental anyway; and it is certainly perceived as more
trustworthy than other sources since people posting impressions and opinions have generally no
material interest in recommending or deploring a destination. As a consequence, apps supporting
those interaction channel are extremely powerful in promoting or scathing processes that only pay
lip service to good intentions, since incredibly ‘faster’, in their communication dynamics, than any
other too ‘self-confident’ human process tending to put off addressing problems, especially those
already recognized.
The context itself, then, suggests that we should not overlook, but rather rely strongly on the cross
force of citizens’ participation and on the activation of bottom-up processes. In the depicted scenario,
ICTs can play a crucial role for the growth of the Albanian tourism sector; if properly exploited, they
can realize a unique synergy with the country’s extraordinary potential.
As already mentioned, the digital divide across some wide user groups (among both tourists
and residents), coupled with the lack of adequate skills also among the staff involved in heritage
management [5], requires a huge effort for the setting up of user-friendly tools that bring information
within reach of as many users as possible, and that cannot be solved exclusively from within the
country. Nevertheless, it is possible and important to capitalize the experiences gained within the
long-standing cooperation between the country and the other entities of the Mediterranean basin in the
field of ICTs, concretised in different EU programs. The SOS-Tirana app is the result of a joint project of
the Construction Technologies Institute—National Research Council of Italy (ITC-CNR, Bari) and the
technical staff from the Instituti i Monumenteve te Kulture (Tirana) [64,65]. Since its conception, the
project aimed at the discovering of local communities and to the enhancement of their heritage, meant
as “collective heritage”. In this occasion, technologies and human capacities have met in a creative way,
activating a process in which the local community has become an innovation carrier. The SOS-Tirana
app is, then, an innovative and effective tool supporting the growth of the communities’ sense of
identity and connection to their territory.
The suitability of our app is demonstrated through the consistence with other studies in the
same field. In particular, it is in line with elements of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT) [66] and with its expansion proposed by Garry Wei-Han Tan et al. [67] in relation
to factors affecting users’ intention to adopt mobile apps for tourism-related product purchase:
• Effort expectancy;
• Mobile innovativeness in information technology;
• Perceived playfulness;
• Social influence;
• Facilitating conditions.
Common context-related issues led us to consider the results applicable also to Albania: as in
the case of Malaysia, Albania is also an emerging market in the field of mobile technologies [68].
Furthermore, the importance of mobile for travelers of emerging markets has been clearly stressed and
motivated through their dependence on smartphones as main device for the use of the Internet [69].
In our SOS-Tirana app, effort expectancy (EE) was pursued as a pre-requisite already in
the inception stage, starting from results of the national strategy analysis described in the
previous paragraphs.
Innovativeness and playfulness were, then, objectives of the subsequent design stage. As for
the first, many features make our app innovative in respect to the whole of available solutions,
as explained before.
Playfulness has also been given attention while designing our app, in order to support
personalised creation of visit itineraries through the possibilities of different search and selection
criteria. Playfulness is amplified through the insertion of virtual tours within materials available for
cultural resources, also in order to maximize the experiential dimension in the pre-visit phase.
As for the other two factors, we are of the view, on one hand, that social influence, meant
in literal sense, is quite far from our objective of supporting individual relationships to, and
appropriation of, heritage and, on the other hand, that it involves dynamics that are beyond
concrete possibilities to determine significant effects in our specific field. In terms of involvement
and communication capabilities, instead, we paid specific attention to main social networks in
order to activate word-of-mouth for the conveying of impressions and perceived quality related
issues in relation to the visit experience, as well as for possible real-time problem-solving in
practical circumstances.
Facilitating conditions, though not explicitly ‘built’, are indirectly assured through maximization
of user-friendliness of features, thus making it possible also for very young people and/or users with
low IT skills to operate the app functions.
8. Conclusions
The Albanian cultural heritage, and the whole country as a tourist destination, is receiving a
growing attention within the international market. The time is ripe to seize this golden opportunity
and capitalize on current conditions to de-season visit flows, reducing the related environmental
burdens, enlarging the provenience basin of visitors, increasing revenues and improving the country’s
perceived image by increasing the residents’ consciousness, in line with current national policies.
Nevertheless, the repercussions of a strategy able to adopt a broader vision of tourism as growth factor
and recognize ICTs’ full potentiality, already proven in other contexts, can reveal much greater, in
terms of development sustainability.
The deservedly proud Albanian community [5,8,14,48] cannot risk seeing the goals and strategies
of its policy of rebirth through tourism activities fail by overlooking a crucial element such as the
individual dimension of the users’ basin. Therefore, practical tools are needed which are able to
support, for example, the diversity of interests and of access and fruition modes as well as the creation
of original and not predefined visit itineraries, enriching information with the contribution of previous
visitors (the only ones that can offer and circulate the ‘experiential’ content mentioned by strategies and
activate that ‘word-of-mouth’ formally considered within program documents). Such tools, since they
are available to all—and also to residents—allow the starting of processes of heritage re-appropriation
from the part of the local community and arouse a careful attitude towards the conservation of cultural
assets and their surrounding natural and built environment.
Author Contributions: Antonella Lerario: desk research, Albanian current scenario analysis and discussion
(Sections 1, 2, 7 and 8); Antonietta Varasano: system architecture and app development (Sections 4–6); Silvia Di
Turi: desk research, theoretical analysis of mobile apps usefulness for tourism (Section 3); Nicola Maiellaro: project
design and management (Section 6).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Construction Technologies Institute—National Research Council of Italy, 70124 Bari, Italy;

Received: 31 October 2017; Accepted: 12 November 2017; Published: 15 December 2017

Sustainability 2017, 9, 2338; doi:10.3390/su9122338 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2. The Albanian Tourism Sector: Lights and Shadows of Current Scenario

• The improvement of the negative perception of Albania abroad;

2.1. Analysis Methodology

• Historical events and the consequences of dictatorial regimes: impoverishment, underdevelopment

Figure 1. Level of interest and requirements

vision is a fundamental element: a ‘user-centered’ or rather ‘people-centered’ perspective, both in the

2.4. The Principles

2.5. The Action Tools

3. Sustainable Smart Tourism and Mobile Applications

4. Tourism-Related Apps for the Albanian Context: A Taxonomy

Table 1. Travel-related app in Albania.

Navigation Social Mobile Marketing Security Emergency Transactional Entertainment Information

5. The Design Phase: Steps, Problems and Solutions Adopted

interest in it or is affected through or entitled to specific relations to it), by introducing a plurality of

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