Yukio Mishima - Koho Yamamoto - Kathryn Sparling - The Way of The Samurai-Perigee Trade (1983)
Yukio Mishima - Koho Yamamoto - Kathryn Sparling - The Way of The Samurai-Perigee Trade (1983)
https://archive.org/details/wayofsamuraiOOmish_0
Y
THE
OF THE SAMURAI
Yukio Mishima on Hagakure
in Modern Life
PERIGEE BOOKS BY YUKIO MISHIMA
in Modern Life
A PERIGEE BOOK
Perigee Books
are published by
The Putnam Publishing Group
200 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
translator's note
PROLOGUE
Hagakure and I
My Hagakure
Hagakure Is Alive Today
Contemporary Youth Infatuated with the
Cardin Look
The Feminization of the Male
Expense Account Aristocrats
Lionized Baseball Players and Television Stars
Contents
Translator's Note
his prime and that his death be worthy of the samurai tradition.
Even details of the staging of the scene of his death at the Self
vn
) s
Translator's Note
time in the Meiji Era, when its principles of loyalty were re-
authorities.
Vlll
Translator's Note
both are concerned with personal motivation, with how one per-
ix
Translator's Note
—KATHRYN SPARLING
Columbia University
January, 1977
x
PROLOGUE
Hagakure and I
there are times when a book that has inspired us in our child-
hood, picked up and reread years later, loses its vivid appeal
and seems a mere corpse of the book we remember. But the
biggest difference between friends and books is that whereas
nique that has ranked Radiguet with the great masters of French
3
PROLOGUE
4
Hagakure and I
PROLOGUE
tions. This book, like all others made much of during the war,
came to be thought of as a loathsome, ugly, evil book, a tainted
book to be wiped from memory, tied roughly in bundles, and
consigned to the rubbish heap. Thus, in the darkness of our
age, Hagakure for the first time radiates its true light.
My Testimony
I began reading Hagakure during the war, and even now I read
it from time to time. It is a strange book of peerless morality its
irony is not the deliberate irony of a cynic but irony that arises
naturally from the discrepancy between knowledge of proper con-
duct and decision to act. What an energetic, soul-refreshing, what
a human book.
Those who read Hagakure from the point of view of estab-
Japan." ,'A samurai must take great pride in his military valor
he must have the supreme resolution to die a fanatic's death.
There is no such thing as correctness or propriety in fanaticism.
PROLOGUE
era, these teachings of J5ch6 Yamamoto were recorded against
a background of the extravagant, luxurious tastes of the Genroku
and Hoei Eras [1688—1704; 1704-1700]. . .
happier and freer than we are today. But what actually existed
is merely Jocho's dream.
The author of Hagakure devised a cure too potent for the mod-
ern malady. Presaging a splintering of the human spirit, he
warned of the unhappiness of such a division, "It is wrong to set
8
Hagakure and I
die even after that last unmistakable point has been added.
Yoichi Nasu lived long after he shot his arrow neatly through
the fan held up for a target. 3 Jocho's teachings on death empha-
size the true happiness of the man of action rather than the ex-
ternal fact of the action itself. And Jocho, who dreamed of at-
9
PROLOGUE
felt that its beautiful, pristine world could stir up the quagmire
that was the world of literature. For me, the meaning of Haga-
kure is in the vision of this pristine world, and although it is the
usually difficult for me, at the same time Hagakure is the womb
from which my writing is born. It is the eternal supplying
10
Hagakure and I
of ice.
NOTES
II
My Hagakure
)
Hagakure
Is Alive Today
Japan, there was no war, the economy was reviving, all was
overflowing with a mood of peace; youth was bored. Hagakure,
to repeat, is basically a paradoxical book. When Hagakure says,
15
MY HAGAKURE
i6
Hagakure Is Alive Today
succession. Another youth, who was with the first, began giving
him a hard time: "Hey, cut it out. You sound like a beggar,
asking questions like that. Why don't you just observe quietly
and then steal his ideas?" And the first youth returned, "Don't
you think it's more honest to ask questions and learn from him
openly?"
To learn, for them, meant to learn how to show themselves
to their best advantage, to be initiated into the secrets of men's
fashion. The following passage from Hagakure is clearly evi-
"Female Pulse":
18
Hagakure Is Alive Today
ing a degenerate stage men are losing their virility and are be-
coming just like women. This is an unshakable truth I have
learned from firsthand experience. I have decided to keep it a
secret from the world at large." When with this story in mind I
The same thing can fairly be said of the rise of the expense
account aristocrat, for which the modern tax system is at least
who had difficulty telling the difference between his own money
and that of his lord had already become conspicuous. Within
what was not a company but a daimyo domain, the young
samurai, forgetting his objective of participating in the ideal
of a cooperative community, had come to wish only for his
own preservation. The idealistic gleam in the eyes of youth
to display their cleverness, and even those who seem calm of heart
are simply putting up a good front. That attitude will never do.
Unless a samurai sets his sights on no less than offering up his
life for his ruler, dying swiftly and becoming a spirit, unless he
MY HAGAKURE
is constantly anxious about the welfare of his daimyo and reports
to him immediately whenever he has disposed of a problem, his
concern being always to strengthen the foundations of the realm,
he cannot be called a true samurai in the service of his lord.
(Book One)
That an art or skill will help one earn a living is true only of
samurai from other domains. For samurai of this ruling house,
a skill or art leads to debasement of status. Anyone who is espe-
cially skilled in a particular art is a technician, not a samurai.
(Book One)
"If your name means nothing to the world whether you live
for survival, faced with a decision between life and death, nor-
mally forces us to choose life. But we must recognize that
when a human being tries to liv beautifully and die beauti-
21
MY HAGAKURE
fully, strong attachment to life undermines that beauty. It is
tion of life and death. Here again is the most famous line in
Hagakure: "I found that the Way of the Samurai is death."
to the grave.
22
Hagakure Is Alive Today
fair to say that this is the main reason that young people today
are tormented by contradictions concerning the problem of
romantic lo\4e.
23
MY HAGAKURE
forced by death. One must die for love, and death heightens
love's tension and purity. This is the ideal love for Hagakure.
24
Hagakure Is Alive Today
welfare nation, the desire to work has been lost, and what
follows is the crippling and decline of industry.
25
MY HAGAKURE
matter how political the form it assumes, is like an electric cur-
but the impulse for resistance and freedom, for life, was com-
pletely suppressed. In the postwar age, this condition is exactly
reversed, and whereas the impulse for resistance and freedom
and life is 100 percent fulfilled, the impulse for surrender and
death is never fulfilled at all. About ten years ago in a con-
versation with a certain conservative politician, I said that per-
modern youth for life, but I did not have the chance to talk
about the drive for death. On another occasion, however, I
that the death drive suppressed within modern youth will some-
day explode.
I believe that the battle over the renewal of the American
Security Treaty is one instance of extreme difference in elec-
26
Hagakure Is Alive Today
However, the only people who were able^fb avoid the boredom
and fatigue that seep into an age of peace were the frontier
guards. The frontier guards had found a goal worth dying
for.
27
MY HAGAKURE
one is able to read Hagakure transcending the fundamental
difference in premise between Jocho's era and our own, one will
28
Hagakure Is Alive Today
NOTES
29
The Forty-Eight
Vital Principles of
Hagakure
Hagakure
and Its Author,
Jocho Yamamoto
33
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
Do I seem to feel
A second theory holds that the title reflects the fact that
Hagakure is in essence a book about self-sacrifice, about samurai
service performed inconspicuously in the shadow, and that it
Tokugawa Period, there were many trees and the castle was
given therefore the alias "Leaf-hidden Castle," the samurai of
the domain being called by extension the "leaf-hidden samurai.
There are those who believe this to be the origin of the title
Hagakure, but although Saga Castle has many large trees with
luxuriant foliage along the edges of the moat so that the castle
itself is wrapped in green, natives of Saga say they have never
34
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
the fire and burn them, but Tsuramoto Tashiro disobeyed him
and secretly preserved what he had written, which in no time
began to be copied and distributed among the samurai of Saga,
who held great store by it, calling it "The Analects of
Nabeshima."
Hagakure is not merely the record of random observations
but a compilation with which great care has been taken, both
in composition and arrangement. The composition is roughly
as follows.
35
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
Volumes Three, Four, and Five record the words and deeds
,
enth year of Hoei [1710], on the fifth day of the third month
I first paid a respectful call. ..." This refers to the memorable
day when Tsuramoto Matazaemon Tashiro first visited the hut
36
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
lar life. He lived in seclusion for twenty years, until his death
37
)
his life, he was the youngest of two boys and three girls born to
Shigezumi Jin'emon Yamamoto. His father, Jin'emon, was the
younger brother of Kiyoaki Jin'emon Nakano and was adopted
into the family of Muneharu Sukebei Yamamoto. The name
Jin'emon was given to him by order of the daimyo, and Kiyoaki
Nakano was the first generation, shigezumi Yamamoto the
second, and Jocho the third to bear the name. These three
came to be called the three generations of Nakano.
Jocho lost his father at the age of eleven, and, studying
Ishida and the Zen master Tannen, from an early age he was in
pressed by the Zen master Ryoi, and it is felt that after his re-
3S
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
39
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
40
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
[^^/] but no love [^/]. In the West from the age of the
Greeks a distinction was made between eros (love) and agape
(the love of God for mankind ) Eros began
. as a concept of car-
between eros and agape, was called "falling in love with the
Imperial family" [renketsu no )o\ at the end of the Tokugawa
Period and laid the emotional groundwork for emperor
worship.
The prewar emperor system has collapsed, but the concept
of love in the spiritual makeup of the Japanese people has not
necessarily collapsed along with it. This concept is based on
a firm belief that that which emanates from pure instinctive
4i
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
and most intense form of human love develops into loyalty and
devotion to one's ruler.
42
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
as I go along.
i. In Praise of Energy
Jocho says in the preface to Hagakure, "Leisurely Talks in
the Shadow of Night":
43
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
han. We are all human beings. Why should one man be inferior
to another Skill and training are of no use unless one has great
confidence in oneself. And if one does not use it for the peace
and prosperity of the ruling house, training amounts to noth-
ing ——
While praising extravagantly the virtue of modesty, Haga-
kure also made the significant point that human energy brings
about great action according to the physical laws of energy.
There is no such thine as an excess of energy. When a lion runs
full tilt, under his feet the fields disappear; he may even pass
by the prey he was chasing to the far end of the field. Why?
Because he is a lion.
oneself, and that one must shoulder the burden of one's ruling
house. Like the Greeks, Jocho knew the fascination, the ma-
jestic radiance, and the horror of what is called hubris.
2. Decision
I discovered that the Way of the Samurai is death. In a fifty-fifty
life or death crisis, simply settle it by choosing immediate death.
There is nothing complicated about it. Just brace yourself and
proceed. Some say that to die without accomplishing one's mission
is to die in vain, but this is the calculating, imitation samurai
ethic of arrogant Osaka merchants. 8 To make the correct choice
in a fifty-fifty situation is nearly impossible. We would all prefer
to live. And so it is quite natural in such a situation that one
should find some excuse for living on. But one who chooses to
go on living having failed in one's mission will be despised as a
coward and a bungler. This is the precarious part. If one dies
44
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
time. The 'proper time does not come along often, however.
The choice between life and death may come only once in a
lifetime. Think of Jocho himself : With what feelings did he
45
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
will? Here is the typical Japanese view that being cut down
in battle and committing ritual suicide are equally honorable;
the positive form of suicide called hara-izm is not a sign of
defeat, as it is in the West, but the ultimate expression of free
will, in order to protect one's honor. What Jocho means by
"death is the deliberate choice to die, and no matter how con-
strained the situation, when one breaks through the constricting
forces by choosing to die, one is performing an act of freedom.
This is, however, inevitably an idealized view of death, and
Jocho knows perfectly well that death does not often appear in
such a pure and uncomplicated form. The formula death-equals-
46
.
whatever one says. And then there is the matter of tact : One must
devise the proper way to say it, and the proper moment perhaps
in a letter, perhaps on the way home from a pleasant gathering.
One might start by describing one's own failures, and make him
see what one is getting at without a word more than is necessary.
First one praises his strength, taking pains to encourage him and
put him in the right mood, make him as receptive to one's words
as a thirsty man is to water. Then correct his faults. To criticize
47
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
48
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
urge to yawn, stroke your forehead upwards toward your scalp and
the yawn mouth and
will subside. If that does not work, close your
lick the inside of your lips ~
yawn discreetly into your
or else
sleeve or cover your mouth with your hand in order to be as in-
conspicuous as possible. The same policy applies to sneezes. If you
do not attend carefully to such matters, you will look ridiculous.
In addition there are many other ways in which you must be care-
ful to restrain yourself.
today. I first read this passage during the war, and after that,
whenever 1 felt a yawn coming I licked my upper lip and
managed to suppress it. Particularly during the war, when
anyone who yawned in the middle of an important lecture was
sure to be severely reprimanded, what Jocho taught me proved
invaluable.
5, Tolerance
Jocho is by no means severe in his criticism of others. He
knows how to make allowances for shortcomings. The follow-
ing is his comment on the subject:
49
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
50
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
5i
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
6. Women
Jocho expresses very few opinions on the subject of women.
He says:
7. Nihilism
The Chinese character gen () can be read in Japanese as
maboroshi and means 'illusion.' In Japanese, Indian magicians are
called gen shutsushi ( ^J I 'i ), or 'illusionists.' Human beings
in this life are like marionettes. That is why one uses the character
gen, to suggest the 'illusion' of free will. (Book One)
above all else. There is a way more lofty than righteousness, but
cant indeed. What one has not experienced firsthand one cannot
know. And yet, there is a means of learning the truth even though
one has not been able to discern it for oneself. The way lies in
talking with other people. It is often true that even a person who
has not yet perfected himself may be able to give direction to others.
The pHnciple involved is similar to what in go is called "the ad-
vantage is to the onlooker." One speaks of "learning one's faults
through contemplation," but this too is best done by talking with
others. The reason is that when one learns by listening to what
others have to say and by reading books, one transcends the
limitations of one's own powers of discernment and follows the
teachings of the ancients. (Book One)
53
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
eously. Minor beliefs are the philosophy that governs the trivia
54
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
then the tea, and if one were to reverse the order, doubtless
they would see the act as the first step to violation of the
principles they hold most dear.
What Jocho means by "One should take important con-
siderations lightly" is that, as a tiny anthole may cause a dike
to collapse, one must pay attention to the little theories that
55
1
govern our daily life waking and sleeping, the minor beliefs.
Inis is a good lesson for our perverted day and age, in which
only ideology is valued and the trifling practices of everyday
life are not taken seriously.
56
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
57
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
wounded. Apparently the new trend has arisen because the modern
age has come to value luxury and ostentation. Money alone has
come to assume great importance. (Book One)
58
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
English].
served 'are like the open air, and there are many observing eyes.
13 . A Morality of Appearances
Ruth Benedict (American anthropologist,
887-1948) in her 1
59
.
Many weak men have been crushed under the weight of this
severe neuroses.
To quote Hagakure:
60
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
however, the arrow will tend to drift to the right and upward. The
solution is to aim low and to the left. Then the arrow will hit its
mark.
A samurai whose object is to excel on the battlefield, surpassing
men of great military prowess, a samurai who spends his days and
nights devising ways to capture a strong enemy, is the personifica-
tion of samurai valor, vigorous and indomitable. So say the brave
old warriors' tales. In daily life, too, such must be one's resolution.
(Book One)
61
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
62
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
63
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
reasonably on her child and invariably takes the child's side when
the father tries to scold him, she is forming a conspiracy with the
child, which causes further friction between father and son. Con-
spiring with the child against the father apparently stems from a
woman's natural shallowness of purpose and her calculation that
by winning the favor of her son early in life she will ensure her
well-being in years to come. (Book One)
64
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
It is said, "If you want to see into the heart of a friend, fall ill."
A person who is friendly to you in good times and turns his back
on you like a stranger in times of illness or misfortune is a coward.
65
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
(Book One)
gent and who finally manages to correct his fault after much
time spent looking in the mirror. But what Hagakure has to
say here about ideal human, or rather manly, beauty reverent
66
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
19 On Intellectuals
A calculating man is a coward. I say this because calculations
all have to do with profit and loss, and such a person is therefore
constantly preoccupied with profit and loss. To die is a loss, to
67
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
used to mask under the guise of sympathy for the death of an-
other the animal reaction, "I don't want to die," and the self-
interest of a person who intends to use such philosophy for
his own benefit. This is what Jocho means by cowardice.
68
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
titude loyalty and filial piety will come to reside," is vital. For
69
. s
science, thought, and abstract ideas, even when they are not
directly revealed in conduct. However, for a people like the
Greeks who trusted only in what they could see with their own
eyes, this invisible heart or mind does not exist at all. And in
order to manipulate that vague entity which is the mind or the
heart, if one wants to know what has nurtured it and changed
it, one has no choice but to speculate on the basis of external
70
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
ing," or "Ouch." Such words must never pass one's lips, not in
jest, nor in fun, nor asleep, nor by accident, not in any context
whatsoever. A perceptive person hearing such a remark will dis-
cern one's true nature. One must always be on one's guard. (Book
One)
cause being in service has two meanings for the samurai. The
first is to give up his life for his daimyo; the second is to
7i
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
72
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
the social machine. However, a man who lives for his technical
73
:
one, that a man's words and deeds determine his inner heart.
vealed in a single word. One might say that this one word is a
flower of the heart. (Book One)
74
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
75
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
Japan from the mid-thirties until the Second World War, which
in the end was utilized for wrongheaded political purposes, f
Only once in the history of the modern era have the ideas of
young men swayed the main fortress of the state, served in fact
76
:
30- Age
Until the age of forty a samurai should not be carried away by
wisdom or judgment but should depend on ability and strength.
The stronger he is, the better. It depends on the individual and
his status in life, but even after forty a samurai carries little
31. Adversity
The following advice is simple
77
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
78
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
33. Epicureanism
When a novel called Mar/us the Epicurean, by the British
writer Walter Pater, appeared in Japanese translation under
79
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
earliest show at the movie theater. What you feel then, barely
80
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
stoicism.
In the last analysis the only thing that matters is the resolution
of the moment. A samurai makes one resolution after another,
until they add up to his whole life. Once he realizes this, he
need never feel impatient, he need seek nothing beyond the mo-
ment. He merely lives his life concentrating on his resolution,
However, people tend to forget this, and to imagine that some-
thing else of importance exists. Very few realize the truth.
Learning to follow one's resolution without error cannot be ac-
81
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
able results.
82
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
can be according to its nature. The error of people who are al-
ways nostalgic for the old ways lies in their failure to grasp this
point. On the other hand, people who value only what is up to
date and detest anything old-fashioned are superficial. (Book
Two)
products.
S3
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
38. Cosmetics
I do not know how many times I have cited this passage.
bad. At such times one had better apply some rouge. The fol-
cosmetic.
But this is far from what Jocho means by rouge. Men must
be the color of cherry blossoms, even in death. Before com-
mitting ritual suicide, it was customary to apply rouge to the
cheeks in order not to lose life color after death. Thus the
84
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
It does not mean taking great care over clothing and becom-
ing effeminate, but rather it brings together beauty and ethical
goals in the greatest possible tension. Rouge used to mask a
S5
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
86
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
87
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
you consult people involved in the issue, they are apt to advise
you in a way that will benefit them. The point is that such
advice is not very useful. (Book Two)
40. Shinto
It is thought that the ancient Shinto concept of defilement
is in direct conflict with the Way of the Samurai. According to
one theory, however, the water that purifies defilement in Shinto
avoid defilement through contact with death one must sit out-
out for viewing, or: "Pus and bleeding are forms of pollution;
in the case of bleeding piles, nose bleeds, and so on, one should
purify oneself by performing ablutions and make a pilgrimage
88
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
"If the gods are the sort to ignore my prayers simply be-
89
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
42. Tension
What follows is not unrelated to the preceding passage. If
for the sake of moral goals a man always strives to live
beautifully, and if he considers death as the ultimate standard
43- Dignity
In connection with the preceding passage, one might ask,
What is dignity? Dignity is the outward manifestation of in-
firm belief that one would rather die than be despised by others.
easily.
90
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
44. Egotism
"Egoism" [in English] different from "egotism" [in
4^. Effeminacy
According to my son-in-law Gonnojo, young men these days
are becoming effeminate. This is an age in which people of
pleasant disposition, cheerful people, people who do not cause ill
9i
.
spiritual cosmetics. And in this day and age, when even bitter
4J. Pride
The following passage needs no comment.
Someone once said, "There are two kinds of pride, inner and
outer. A samurai who does not have both inward and outward
pride is of no use. Pride may be compared to the blade of a sword,
which must be sharpened and then replaced in its scabbard. From
time to time it is drawn and raised to the level of one's eyebrows,
wiped clean, and then replaced in its scabbard. If a samurai's
sword is always drawn and he is constantly brandishing the naked
blade, people will find him unapproachable, and he will have no
friends. If on the other hand the sword is never drawn, it will
rust, the blade will become dull, and people will make light of
him. (Book Two)
92
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
tomorrow.
When Jocho lived to the advanced age of sixty-one, he must
have felt keenly the cruelty of time. From one point of view,
whether you die at twenty or sixty life is the same ephemeral
wisp. From another point of view, however, time beneficently
bestowed on this survivor a cool and penetrating wisdom and
knowledge of human life that one who dies at twenty will
93
FORTY-EIGHT VITAL PRINCIPLES
ten years probably not a single one will survive. Probably only
about half even of today's young people will still be alive. The
world is gradually worsening: when we run out of gold, silver
becomes a treasure and when the silver is gone, copper becomes
the treasure. With the passage of time, human abilities decrease,
fifteen years' time one will become a valuable samurai. And yet,
NOTES
94
Hagakure and Its Author, Jocho Yamamoto
Famous for stories about the townspeople of Osaka, the merchants, and
the pleasure quarters.
6. Waka koktn denju. The transmission from master to pupil of cer-
tain secret, arcane information pertaining to the "true" meaning of words
appearing in the Kokinshu t an early tenth-century Imperial anthology
of court poetry. Receiving this was considered a great honor.
7. Sanenori Nishisanjo. A master of classical poetry. The Nishisanjo
family were for generations scholars of classical literature.
8. Osaka has for hundreds of years been famous for the business
acumen and sheer energy of its merchants. Many of the largest com-
mercial companies even today originated as Osaka companies.
9. Yoshitsune Minamoto (1159-1189). A great popular military
hero, the subject of many fantastic legends. The younger brother of
Yoritomo Minamoto, the first Kamakura shogun. Yoritomo turned
against Yoshitsune and eventually caused his suicide after an heroic
last stand.
11. The latter days of the Law. According to Buddhist doctrine, after
the death of the historical Buddha the world would pass through three
progressively degenerate stages. The last of these, called Mappo in
Japanese, the end of the Law, was to last ten thousand years, during
which time the original teachings of the Buddha would cease to be
heard.
12. Bon festival. A festival traditionally celebrated on July 15. Food
is offered at graves and Buddhist altars, and entertainment is pro-
vided for the spirits of ancestors thought to return to earth for a visit
at that time.
13. Atsutane Hirata (1776-1843). Scholar of National Studies
during the late Edo Period. A student of Norinaga Motoori. Took Na-
tional Learning in the direction of ultra-nationalism; asserted the su-
premacy of Shinto over other religions.
95
The Japanese
Image of Death
99
HOW TO READ HAGAKURE
our only unsatisfied desire. And no matter how one may beau-
tify death, it is beyond doubt that death exists and bears down
on us little by little.
true ofmen who have reached middle age that the more time
they have on their hands the more time they spend worrying
about cancer. And cancer is murder more cruel than any political
authority would dare to commit.
The Japanese have always been a people grimly conscious of
death beneath the surface of their daily lives. But the Japanese
concept of death is straight and clear, and in that sense it is
ioo
The Japanese Image of Death
during the war. The suicide squadrons were called the most
inhuman method of attack, and after the war the young men
who had died in them were dishonored. However, the spirit
of those young men who for the sake of their country hurled
themselves to certain death is closest in the long history of
Japan to the clear ideal of action and death offered in Hagakure,
though if one were to examine their motives individually, one
would certainly find that they had their fears and their hard-
ships. I suppose some people will say that the Kamikaze suicide
pilots, despite their high-sounding name, were forced to die.
And certainly these youths not yet out of school were forced
by the national authorities to proceed to their death against
their will. Even if they went of their own will, they were
rounded up into attack forces almost by coercion and sent to
IOI
HOW TO READ HAGAKURE
to face with death until we are cornered between fate and our
own choice. And to the final form of death there clings eternally
102
The Japanese Image of Death
which one has no control, plays a part. And even in the case of
a seemingly natural death, such as death from illness, it is by
no means rare that in the process leading to that illness there
state of tension.
fact exist? Many young people today say they do not wish to die
in an unjust war like the Vietnam war, but if they were re-
quired to die for a just national cause, or for the ideal of
human salvation, they would go gladly to their deaths. This
attitude is partly the fault of postwar education, especially the
103
HOW TO READ HAGAKURE
attitude that one shall not repeat the mistake of those who died
for mistaken national objectives during the war and that from
now on one shall die only for causes which one believes to be
just.
may mean that we have already been chosen for some purpose,
and if life is not something we have chosen for ourselves,
then maybe we are not ultimately free to die.
No Death Is in Vain
Jocho affirms the height of passion and its power, and he also
affirms any death thus arrived at. This is what he means when
104
The Japanese Image of Death
of the cause.
"We would all prefer to live, and so it is quite natural in
such a situation that one should find some excuse for living
on." A human being can always find some excuse. And human
beings, simply by virtue of their being alive, must invent some
sort of theory. Hagakure is simply expressing the relativistic
delected Words
of Wisdom from
Hagakure
rate the martial arts will eventually fall into neglect, arrogance
will prevail, one railure will follow another, those of high and
106
APPENDIX
there will be loss of face within the domain and without, and
in the end the daimyo house will certainly fall to ruin. Look-
ing around me at the people in the household, I see that the old
men are dying and the youth are alert only to the trends of the
jo 7
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
tion for posterity and leave it to the daimyo house, young peo-
ple may see it and through it gain at least some understanding
of the essence of our domain's traditions." Katsushige pro-
duced several written works, spending his whole life half bur-
ied in scraps of wastepaper. Of course, what concerns secret
one wishes that the present daimyo would bear in mind the
1 08
APPENDIX
warmly received, then all the more will I abandon selfish inter-
109
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
Human
are called
beings in this
genshutsusht ( /
life are like marionettes.
) or "illusionists."
That is why one
uses the character gen, to suggest that free will is an illusion.
IIO
APPENDIX
iii
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
112
APPENDIX
one had set out willfully to insult and embarrass the man. It
J13
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
creetly into your sleeve or cover your mouth with your hand in
order to be as inconspicuous as possible. The same policy applies
Plan Ahead
It is advisable always to make plans the evening before and
make a note of the schedule. This is one way of staying a step
ahead of other people. Whenever the daimyo was to make an
appearance somewhere, the night before he always investigated
the people who were to receive him at his destination and
planned his words of greeting accordingly and the conversa-
tion to be exchanged. You should take a lesson from the daimyo
and when you are to accompany someone on a journey or when
114
APPENDIX
115
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
J,
'
of time.
116
APPENDIX
so strong that not even the gods and buddhas may cause one to
11
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
118
APPENDIX
119
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
often true that even a person who has not yet perfected himself
may be able to give directions to others. The principle in-
120
APPENDIX
deep into the Way of this realm realizes that there is no end to
his training, and that the time will never come when he may
be satisfied with his labors. Therefore, a samurai must know
his shortcomings well and spend his life in training without
quoted as having said, "I do not know how to excel others. All
121
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
your name means nothing to the world whether you live or die,
A man who has once erred deeply regrets his mistake, con-
ducts himself with propriety and self-control, and turns out
122
.
APPENDIX
march right into the enemy camp and fight until you are cut
down. If a samurai throws himself into the fray, he will not
end in disgrace. It is because one hopes to succeed that one
does not measure up. While one is thinking that one is outnum-
bered and in for trouble, time passes; eventually, one may
decide to forget the whole thing. Even though the enemy may
number in the scores, if one stands one's ground determined
to run them all through single-handed, the quarrel will soon
be settled. In fact, things will probably go well. Even in the case
of the Forty-Seven Ronin of the Asano house, who finally at-
123
-
gence, attaining first total mastery over the basic principles and
skills, then continuing his training so that basic skills will
reach fruition. A samurai must never relax but pursue his train
124
APPENDIX
ing throughout his life. To think that one may relax one's
Daily Resolution
Until fifty or sixty years ago, samurai performed their ablu-
tions every morning, shaved their heads, and perfumed their
topknots. Then they cut their fingernails and toenails, filed
them with pumice, and finally buffed them with kogane herb.
They were never lazy about such matters but took great care
dust, and polished them. Taking such pains over one's ap-
pearance may seem foppish, but the custom did not arise from
a taste for elegance or romance. One may be run through at any
moment in vigorous battle; to die having neglected one's per-
sonal grooming is to reveal a general sloppiness of habit, and to
serving his lord and perfects himself in the military arts, surely
I2 5
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
last thirty years. Now when young samurai get together they
talk of money, of profit and loss, how to run a household
efficiently, how to judge the value of clothing, and they ex-
change stories about sex. If any other topic is mentioned, the
atmosphere is spoiled and everyone present feels vaguely un-
comfortable. What a distressing pass things have come to!
126
APPENDIX
cult to learn but his weaknesses are easily acquired by his stu-
There are people who know etiquette but are lacking in in-
Banquets where alcohol is served are like the "open air," and
there are many observing eyes. One must be careful.
127
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
on the target, however, the arrow will tend to drift to the right
and upward. The solution is to aim low and to the left. Then
the arrow will hit its mark.
A samurai whose object is to excel on the battlefield, sur-
128
APPENDIX
129
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
Once he has picked up an unfortunate trait, you will not rid him
of it no matter how you lecture him. In speech and in etiquette
by what they see and hear from the moment they are born;
one must be exceedingly careful about a child's environment.
by winning the favor of her son early in life she will ensure her
wellbeing in years to come.
130
APPENDIX
stature. Only when he realizes that this is so will all sorts of ac-
hearses death in his mind, when the time comes, he will be able
to die calmly. Since disasters are never so formidable as in an-
ticipation, it is utter foolishness to spend time worrying about
them in advance. One had better resign oneself from the outset
fall ill." A person who is friendly to you in good times and turns
his back on you like a stranger in times of illness or misfortune
trouble and forget them entirely when the crisis has passed.
about a year. I did this because everyone was saying, "He has
such a clever face that he is sure to wind up a failure. What the
see the whole picture, he will do harm rather than good. The
reason we have metsuke is to preserve law and order in the
domain. The daimyo cannot all by himself keep track of what
is going on in every corner of the land. The main job of the
metsuke is to learn all he can about the conduct of the daimyo,
the scruples of his elder statesmen, the vices and virtues of civil
administration, public opinion, and the wealth and happiness
that vice is rampant and they do harm rather than good. While
it is true that there are few models of perfection among the
people, their petty vices do no serious harm to the state. More-
over, the official in charge of investigating the truth or false-
the accused will prove true and that he will be spared punish-
ment. Such an attitude too in the end will be to the advantage
of the daimyo house.
J 33
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
loss, to live a gain, and so one decides not to die. Therefore, one
is a coward. Similarly, a man of education camouflages with
his intellect and eloquence the cowardice or greed that is his
already too late to put them into effect. In the Way of the
Samurai loyalty and filial piety are superfluous; all one needs
134
APPENDIX
135
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
boast that they are too good for the modern age, who think no
one is more talented than they, will inevitably be punished
by Heaven.
No how great his ability, a man who is not liked is
matter
of no use at all. One who works hard, who likes his job, and
who is extremely humble, who rather enjoys being in a subordi-
nate position with respect to his equals, will be well liked.
One Must Not Win Fame and Fortune Too Early in Life
If one advances in the world as a young man, one will not
i3 6
APPENDIX
a good idea for the daimyo to try giving retainers their liberty
137
8
must seek for nothing more. The same principle applies to the
are few. Still rarer are those who follow such advice. Once a
man passes the age of thirty, there is no one to advise him.
139
:
140
APPENDIX
You must have only one true love in your entire life; other-
lationship in which each would give his life for the other, you
must be perfectly aware of each other's innermost feelings. If
141
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
vidual and his status in life, but even after forty a samurai
carries little weight without strength of character.
142
.
APPENDIX
H'
C±3 .
prove and life begins to get easier, these three faults are apt to
prove fatal. Look at the careers of people you know. As soon
as they begin to succeed, they are apt to be extraordinarily
pleased with themselves, to become arrogant and indulge in
inexcusable luxury, in the most unbecoming way. Therefore
anyone who has never known suffering has not fully established
tune is of no use.
Once shared, love shrinks in stature. To pine away for love all
H3
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
The kind of love this poem describes is the most elegant kind
of love. Once when I made this remark, apparently four or
five people present, impressed by the poem, took up the line,
"Know the truth only in the smoke that remains," and coined
the phrase "lovers in smoke."
1 44
.
APPENDIX
of rhetoric. . .
and the young lords they served always felt their presence
145
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
146
APPENDIX
less to try to make the present age like the good old days a
hundred years ago. What is important is to make each era as
who are always nostalgic for the old ways lies in their failure
to grasp this point. On the other hand, people who value only
what is up to date and detest anything old-fashioned are
superficial.
Abstinence in Illness
It is unwise to begin taking care of oneself only after having
fallen ill. And it is extremely difficult to cure an illness after
one has succumbed to it. Considered in the light of the Bud-
dhist law of cause and effect, it is perfectly natural that one
who does not take proper care of himself should fall ill,
147
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
and thus have lived on to this day. In all that time I have
year, one year, or two years at the most, their maladies would
cure themselves. The modern generation is mostly lily-livered
and weak-willed. How can they object to being called loose and
slovenly if they cannot control their appetites?
I 00
APPENDIX
the proper way to serve the diamyo, one should consult with
someone reliable, and in especially important matters with
someone who is not directly involved. Throughout one's career
one thinks of nothing but how to be of use to others, and it is
and so when the time comes to act we are not ready; summoned
into the presence of the daimyo or sent out on a mission, we
are apt to be at a loss for words. This goes to show that in
our minds we separate "the time" and "now." Comprehending
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
A Man's Appearance
One should always be equipped with rouge and powder.
Sometimes it may happen when waking up with a hangover
that one's color is bad. At such times, one should take out
one's rouge and apply it.
150
APPENDIX
15^
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
Dignity
One may measure the stature of a person's dignity on the
basis of external impression. There is dignity in assiduity and
effort. There is dignity in serenity. There is dignity in close-
ness of mouth. There is dignity in observing proper etiquette.
There is dignity in behaving always with propriety. There is
great dignity too in clenched teeth and flashing eyes. All these
playing them.
i
APPENDIX
cause he has more ability and merit than those who were in an
exalted position from the outset and therefore we must accord
them even more respect.
Silence Is Golden
It is wrong to speak ill oLothers. It is equally unbecoming to
give them praise. A samurai should know his own stature, pur-
153
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
Keep Cool
A man endowed with virtue has at core a kind of calm or
154
APPENDIX
son. For example, one must not neglect one's duty, be carried
away by selfish desires, inflict pain on others. To fail for any
other reason is rather desirable than otherwise. Once you fully
realize this, you will be able to make full use of your abilities
155
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
say one's time will come. Think for a moment what things will
be like fifteen years from now. Everything probably will have
changed. People have written all sorts of predictions for the fu-
ture, but these do not seem to predict anything strikingly differ-
years probably not a single one will survive. Probably only about
half even of today's young people will still be alive. The world
is gradually worsening; and when the silver is gone, copper be-
comes the treasure. With the passage of time, human abilities
excel.
56
APPENDIX
their prattle seriously, but one ought to realize that after all they
157
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
—
oneself to vanquish the body with the spirit."
APPENDIX
,s« mss
iv
+\I
ning and caught it, but Lord Katsushige covered his face with
his sleeve, exclaiming, "The air is full of dust." He evidently
did this in order not to see everyone in such wild confusion.
tf
Four Kinds of Salarymen"
A man called Hyogo Naritomi once made the following re-
mark "True
:
victory means defeating one's allies. Winning over
one's allies means to achieve victory over oneself — to van-
quish the body with the spirit." A samurai must daily cultivate
body and spirit so that among tens of thousands of allies not
duty means that even if asked to draw water and cook rice for
an equal with a better job, he will not take it amiss but will
perform even such a menial task with great energy and devo-
160
APPENDIX
tion. You are still young and rather precocious, and I hope you
will take full notice of what I am saying.
161
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
words to Mondo, Mondo came out to see him and said, "I
and faithful retainer. And since the daimyo was making a jour-
ney, I lent him the blankets. However, these are different mat-
gant. That is why all my life I have quarreled with you and
tried to hold you back. After I die there will be no one to bear
162
APPENDIX
too that in such a situation one needs the wisdom of age. When
there are points to be made, it is a good idea to make them at
163
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
Silence Is Best
The best conduct with regard to speaking is to remain silent.
When one rises quickly in the world and one's salary is high,
164
APPENDIX
side and one may count on still more fortune for the future. In
165
Selected Words of Wisdom from Hagakure
166
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