Format For Thesis in Journal Form

HOW TO WRITE A JOURNAL THESIS
Pls present your research on a journal type of article.
Once you have completed your experiments it is time write it up into a coherent and concise paper which tells
the story of your research. Researchers are busy people and so it is imperative that research articles are quick and easy to
read. For this reason papers generally follow a standard structure which allows readers to easily find the information they
are looking for. In the next part of the course we will discuss the standard structure and what to include in each section.
Please use IMRAD Structure as follows.
IMRaD refers to the standard structure of the body of research manuscripts (after the Title
and Abstract):
I. The Title, Abstract and Keywords
The title of your manuscript is usually the first introduction readers (and reviewers) have to your work. Therefore, you
must select a title that grabs attention, accurately describes the contents of your manuscript, and makes people want to
read further.
Abstract and Keywords

Is a summary of the content of the journal manuscript
A time-saving shortcut for busy researchers
A guide to the most important parts of your manuscript’s written content
Many readers will only read the Abstract of your manuscript. Therefore, it has to be able to stand alone. In most cases
the abstract is the only part of your article that appears in indexing databases such as Web of Science or PubMed and so
will be the most accessed part of your article; making a good impression will encourage researchers to read your full
paper.
The following questions must be answered by your manuscript:
- What was done?
- Why did you do it?
- What did you find?
- Why are these findings useful and important?
Answering these questions lets readers know the most important points about your study, and helps them decide
whether they want to read the rest of the paper. Make sure you follow the proper journal manuscript formatting
guidelines when preparing your abstract.
TIP: Journals often set a maximum word count for Abstracts, often 250 words, and no citations. This is to ensure
that the full Abstract appears in indexing services.
II. Introduction
The Introduction should provide readers with the background information needed to understand your study, and
the reasons why you conducted your experiments. The Introduction should answer the question: what question/problem
was studied?
While writing the background, make sure your citations are:
Well balanced: If experiments have found conflicting results on a question, have you cited studies with
both kinds of results?
Current: Every field is different, but you should aim to cite references that are not more than 10
years old if possible. Although be sure to cite the first discovery or mention in the literature even if it older
than 10 years.
Relevant: This is the most important requirement. The studies you cite should be strongly related to your
research question.
 Materials and Methods (You may write materials are based on interview or data gathered
from books and internet)
Results
In the Results section, simply state what you found, but do not interpret the results or discuss their implications.
Results should be presented in a logical order. In general this will be in order of importance, not necessarily the order in which the
experiments were performed. Use the past tense to describe your results; however, refer to figures and tables in the present tense. (in
case there is)
Do not duplicate data among figures, tables, and text. A common mistake is to re-state much of the data from a table in the text of
the manuscript. Instead, use the text to summarize what the reader will find in the table, or mention one or two of the most important
data points. It is usually much easier to read data in a table than in the text.
Include the results of statistical analyses in the text, usually by providing p values wherever statistically significant differences are
described.
Discussion and Conclusions

In other words, the majority of the Discussion and Conclusions sections should be an interpretation of your results. You should:
Discuss your conclusions in order of most to least important.

Compare your results with those from other studies: Are they consistent? If not, discuss possible reasons for the difference.
Mention any inconclusive results and explain them as best you can. You may suggest additional experiments needed to clarify your
results.
Briefly describe the limitations of your study to show reviewers and readers that you have considered your experiment’s weaknesses.
Many researchers are hesitant to do this as they feel it highlights the weaknesses in their research to the editor and reviewer. However
doing this actually makes a positive impression of your paper as it makes it clear that you have an in depth understanding of your topic
and can think objectively of your research.
Discuss what your results may mean for researchers in the same field as you, researchers in other fields, and the general public. How
could your findings be applied?
State how your results extend the findings of previous studies.
If your findings are preliminary, suggest future studies that need to be carried out.
At the end of your Discussion and Conclusions sections, state your main conclusions once again.
PAPER INSTRUCTION
Use an A4 paper
Margin 1” left and right
1.5 spacing

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HOW TO WRITE A JOURNAL THESIS

Pls present your research on a journal type of article.

Please use IMRAD Structure as follows.

I. The Title, Abstract and Keywords

Abstract and Keywords

Discussion and Conclusions

Discuss your conclusions in order of most to least important.

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