COURSE OUTLINE

I. COURSE NAME: Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

II. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
a. Course Description
. “Human Cultural Evolution” deals with activities that could help the learners analyze the
significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and practices.
In this lesson, the learners may develop an appreciation of the importance of learning on
man’s cultural evolution as they affect social change and how the ancient cultural and socio-
political features developed an impact our present period.

b. Content Standard
Learners demonstrate an understanding about The human origins and the capacity for
culture, the role of culture in human adaptation and processes of culture and sociopolitical
evolution.
c. Performance standard
The learners analyze key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural, and
sociopolitical processes in humans that can still be used and developed.

d. Learning outcomes
This course offers 12 lessons. Lessons 1-6 are intended for midterm while Lessons 7-12
for finals.
By the end of this online course, learners are expected to have extensive knowledge of the
lessons by completing and completing the following learning tasks:

III. LESSON SEQUENCE

A. Lesson 4 Title: Analyze the Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic
Symbols and Practices (UCSP11/12HSO-IIg-23-24)
B. Introduction

This lesson provides discussion and activities that could help the learners analyze
the significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and practices.

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

0
0 1. Learn the human origins and capacity for culture
1 2. Understand the role of culture in human adaptation
3. Analyze the processes of cultural and sociopolitical evolution.
 Learning Task 1:
Let’s review:
In previous chapter, you learned the significance of culture and society, as a short recap, How
would you differentiate ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? State your answer.

ACTIVITY 1: Analysis Worksheet

Direction: Examine the Picture. Choose at least three of the things from the box that you think
can help you in your everyday living.

Process Question:
1. What does it represent to you?
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2. Why did you choose it? How can you able to survive with these things? Explain your answer.
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3. How does it explain man’s development?

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Evolution is a natural process of biological changes occuring in a population across successive
generation (Banaag, 2012). It helps us identify and analyze man’s physiological development
which is important in his subsistence. Most scientist currently recognize some 15 to 20 different
species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree,however,about how these species are related
or which one simply died out. Many early human species- certainly majority of them-left no living
descendants.
The evolution of man become an important concern in the emergence of different societies. Early
man’s development serves as an avenue in analyzing the progress of the society.For two millions
million years, man in
the form of early
hominid , was a herd/
tribal and primarily a
herd herbivore. During
the next two million
years the human was
tribal and warrior. All of
the human’s social
drives developed long
before he develop
intelligence. They are
therefore, instinctive. Such instincts as mother-love, compassion, inventiveness and
competitiveness are ancient embedded in the man. Threy were all necessary for the survival of of
the human and pre-human.Hence, man’s progression and characteristics are essential in
understanding the capability for adaptation.

Species Characteristics

HOMO HABILIS >>Increased cranial capacity and comparatively smaller molar

and premolar teeth of the fossils, a humanlike foot, and hand
bones that suggested an ability to manipulate objects with
precision—hence the species name means “Handy Man”.
Lived about 2.4 to1.4 million years ago scavenging for food.

HOMO RUDOLFENSIS >>Originally considered to be H. habilis, the ways in

which Homo Rudolfensis differs is in its larger braincase,
longer face, and larger molar and premolar teeth. Due to the
last two features, though, some scientists still wonder whether
this species might better be considered an Australopithecus,
although one with a large brain that process information, lived
about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago.
 HOMO ERECTUS >>We humans call ourselves Homo sapiens. Homo
Erectus is a fellow member of our own genus. Alive from 1.89
million years ago to 143,000 years ago, he was the first to
leave Africa and the first to master the use of fire. Known in
Africa as Turkana Boy, in China as Peking Man, and in
Indonesia as Java Man, Homo Erectus had a wide variety of
forms.
>>The species names means “Upright Man” with body
proportion similar to man. They were the first hunters with
improvised tools such as axes and kinves.

HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS >>Height: Males: average 5 ft 9 in (175 cm); Females:

average 5 ft 2 in (157 cm)
Weight: Males: average 136 lbs. (62 kg); Females: average
112 lbs. (51 kg)
The first of early human species to live in colder climates, first
to hunt large animals on routine basis using spear, and first to
construct human shelter.

HOMO FLORESIENSIS >> ("Flores Man"; nicknamed "hobbit") due to their small

stature. is an extinct species in the genus Homo. The remains
of an individual that would have stood about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in
height were discovered in 2003 at Liang Bua on the island of
Flores in Indonesia along with the other dwarfed animal
species.

HOMO SAPIENS

>> Genus characteristics include a high degree of

encephalization and a skeleton adapted to habitual
bipedalism. Species traits include: a globular cranial vault.
The species names “Wise Man”.

HOMO SAPIENS >> Both fossil and genetic evidence indicate that Neanderthals
NEANDERTHALENSIS and modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved from a common
 ancestor between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. ... The most
recently dated Neanderthal fossils come from western Europe,
which was likely where the last population of this early human
species existed.

HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS >> Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized to be

anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of
Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. They were the first to
produce art in cave painting and crafting decorated tool and
accessories.

ACTIVITY 2: COMPARATIVE FOSSILS ANATOMY:

Refer to the table above. According to the theory of evolution, all species are related and link to
a common ancestor. Fill out the table of your observation.

SPECIES MILESTONE BRAIN TEETH HEIGHT TOOLS

Homo Habilis
Homo Rudolfensis
Homo Erectus
Homo Heidelbergensis
Homo Floresiensis
Homo Sapiens
Homo Sapiens
Neanderthalensis
Homo Sapiens
Sapiens

The physical as well as the mental development of early human being helped them to
understand and adapt to the existing environment. Thus, their adjustment served as the onset of their
culture. Culture enables the member of the society to develop ways of coping with the exigencies of
nature as well as ways of harnessing the environment (Panopio, et al,1994). The changes made by
man through his interaction with the environment establish the different cultural revolution which
determines man’s sociocultural development.
C. Development
Discussion
MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION

The Paleolithic period (roughly 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.), early humans lived in caves
or simple huts or tepees and were hunters
and gatherers. They used basic stone and
bone tools, as well as crude stone axes, for
hunting birds and wild animals. Paleolithic
Age, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period
in human prehistory distinguished by the
original development of stone tools that covers
c. 99% of the time period of human
technological prehistory. Wikipedia

Humankind gradually evolved from early

members of the genus Homo—such as Homo
habilis, who used simple stone tools—into
anatomically modern humans as well as
behaviorally, modern humans by the Upper
Paleolithic. During the end of the Paleolithic Age, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic Age,
humans began to produce the earliest works of art and to engage in religious or spiritual behavior such
as burial and ritual. Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial
periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.
Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in
sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense
forest-cover.

NEOLITHIC PERIOD  also known as the

("New Stone Age"), the final division of
the Stone Age, began about 12,000 years
ago when the first developments of farming
appeared in the Epipaleolithic Near East,
and later in the other parts of the world. The
New Stone Age was a time when the Earth's
climate was warmer than the climate in the
Old Stone Age. No one knows for sure why
the Earth warmed; around 12,000 years ago,
the Earth ended its last great ice age.

As the Earth warmed, the population of

people and animals increased.  A temperate climate meant that animals and people could stay in one
place. Some people decided to give up their nomadic lifestyle and settle down. Homes became
permanent. People learned to grow their own crops, rather than search for wild berries and grains. The
raising of crops and animals is called agriculture.

The people of the New Stone Age also learned how to train animals to be useful to humans. The
training of crops and animals is called domestication. No one is sure which animal was the first to be
domesticated by humans. At one time, all animals were wild. Experts think that the dog could have
been the first domesticated animal.

LEARNING TASK 2:

Direction: Fill out the SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION

PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
AGE AGE

TOOLS

LIVELIHOOD

.
WAY OF LIVING

D. Engagement:

The evidence of a change in economic aspect have resulted in the transformation of

man’s way of life. Early societies started to emerge as a result of man’s interaction with his
environment. Every society is organized in such a way that there will be rules of conduct,
customs, traditions, folkways, and mores, and expectations that ensure appropriate
behavior among members (Palispis, 2007).

CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SOCIETY

 It is a social system.
 A society is relatively large.
 A society recruits most of its member from within.
 A society sustain itself across generations.
 A society’s members share a culture.
 A society occupies a territory.
 TYPES OF SOCIETY
Hunting and Food Gathering Societies
>>The easiest form of human society
>> People survive by foraging for vegetable foods and small
game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals, and collecting shellfish
>> They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available
>> They used tools made of stone, woods, and bones

Horticultural Societies
>> People learned to use human muscle power and hand-held tools
To cultivate fields
>> Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming
SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
>> Involves only producing enough food to feed the group
>> The settlements are small
>> Neighborhood is solid
>> Political organization is confined in the village
>> Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the
kinship system
SURPLUS FARMING
>>Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements
>> There was occupational specialization with prestige differences
>> Social stratification was well established
>>The community tended to be structured by kinship relationship
that are male dominated

PASTORAL SOCIETIES

>> It relied on herding and domestication of animals for food and

clothing
>> Most pastoralists are nomads who follow their herds in a never-
ending quest for pasture and water
>> It was organized along male-centered kinship groups
>> It was usually united under strong political figures

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

>> These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in farming
>> Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus
for the community
>> Ever growing populations came together in broad river-valley
>> Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich
and powerful
>> By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders could
make bureaucracies
>> Social classes became entrenced, and the state evolved
Learning Task 3:

Direction:
Illustrate the urban planning and development in your community.
Make a reflective journal of the development in your community.
Guides in creating a reflective journal:
1. What are the changes of the present society that you have now compared to
the types of society that discussed in this lesson?
2. How does it is helpful to you at present?
3. How does these changes affect to you?

REFLECTIVE JOURNAL

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

. ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

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Rubric for scoring:

Observation and Insight Sophisticated and thoughtful
observation, high degree of insights 20%
Language and structure Excellent coherence and progression of
ideas and observation 15%

Comment and Discussion- Convincing, relevant evidence and

introduces new perspective 15%
TOTAL 50%
 E. Assimilation :

The Bayanihan to Heal As One Act : also known as Bayanihan Act of 2020
The Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, also known as the Bayanihan Act,[and officially
designated as Republic Act No. 11469, is a law in the Philippines that was enacted in
March 2020 granting the President additional authority to combat the COVID-19 pandemic
in the Philippines The word "bayanihan" is a Tagalog word for communal work.
Following the sharp increase of confirmed cases, Congress to hold special sessions on
March 23 to enact the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act upon his request, which would
"authorize the President to exercise powers necessary to carry out urgent measures to
meet the current national emergency related to COVID-19 only for three months unless
extended by Congress." The act would allow President Duterte to "reallocate, realign, and
reprogram" a budget of almost ₱275 billion ($5.37 billion) from the estimated ₱438
billion ($8.55 billion) national budget approved for 2020, in response to the
pandemic; enable him to "temporarily take over or direct the operations" of public utilities
and privately owned health facilities and other necessary facilities "when the public interest
so requires" for quarantine, the accommodation of health professionals, and the distribution
and storage of medical relief; and "facilitate and streamline" the accreditation of testing kits.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanihan_to_Heal_as_One_Act#:~:text=The%20Bayanihan
%20to%20Heal%20as,19%20pandemic%20in%20the%20Philippines.

Learning Task 4 : Forum Sharing

Answer the following questions.

1. What do we mean by “bayanihan” to us as Filipinos?

2. Why do you think the term “bayanihan” was used to become a law in response to
pandemic of Covid-19?
3. Bayanihan is one of the traditions (cultural heritage) that pasess from generation to
generation, Filipinos are known to this traits also. But what are your observations in our
present economic and political systems? Is bayanihan still evident? Why did you say so?
Defend your answer.

References

Baleňa, et al. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational Resources
Corporation

Palispis, Epitacio S. (2007) Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology, Manila: Rex Publishing

Panopio, et. al. (1994) General Sociology Focus on the Philippines, Quezon City: Ken Incorporated

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics – Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 –
Module 1: Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics First Edition, 2020
F.Additional Resources
https://www.google.com/search?
q=image+of+Homo+Habilis&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=0X3K8qt7

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-rudolfensis

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus

https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/295971006736196052/

https://www.google.com/search?
q=Human&sa=X&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOOQUeLUz9U3SEkvtywyEkxNLMqpVMhN

https://www.google.com/search?
q=Images+of+Homo+Sapiens+Neanderthalensis&tbm=isch&sourso=iu&ictx=1&fir=V62EopHQ9Jq
3RM%252CyMF53Xqlm3BRyM
https://www.google.com/search?
q=images+of+Homo+sapiens+sapiens&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=RGT1iNTmhIvggM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic
https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1525826
https://www.google.com/search?
q=Neolithic+Revolution&sa=X&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgecRYxC3w8sc
https://knilt.arcc.albany.edu/Rubrics