Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PR 2 - Module 7
PR 2 - Module 7
related to your chosen topic. You have to give credit to the authors who made the works that
you have included, whether they are in the form of direct quotation, paraphrased or summarized
texts, or even insights that you have written or derived from. The process of acknowledging the
sources of information that you used in your manuscript is called citation. It is often placed
directly in your written text to indicate the source of your information. The most common format
used in citing information is by indicating the last name of the author, followed by the year that
the work is published, enclosed in a parenthesis (e.g., Castillo, 2013). Whether it is going to be
placed before or after a sentence, or a paragraph depends on the style that will be advised or
required. A detailed discussion on different citation styles and guidelines shall follow in the next
sections.
Materials cited in the text do not include the details about the sources of information.
Often, it only contains excerpts from the manuscript. But knowing the full details of the sources
of information will give you a broader understanding and better knowledge about the type of the
source used. In addition, it will allow you to locate the source when needed. And so, referencing
is always done in most academic written works. Referencing is the process of organizing the
written works cited in your text. It is usually in a form of a list found at the end of the document.
References will demonstrate the thorough literature search and readings that you have done to
create your research. There are different styles of presenting your reference list, which is
synonymous with the citation style that you will use. Guidelines in writing your list will depend
Before you actually come up with the works that you will cite in your literature review,
you will have to read a lot of materials related to your object of study. In academic research work,
only those that are cited in the manuscript are listed in the references. However, in other written
works, such as textbook for example, all materials consulted, cited or not, are listed; hence,
with in relation to the study being conducted. The list consists of the complete details of the
works cited and all the other materials that you have read, which you think might be helpful to
your readers.
➢ Acknowledgement of the literature that you used in your paper does not end in
citation alone. Once the manuscript is done, you have to include a list of your
references.
Reasons for Citation
Listing the works that are cited in your manuscript is important for the following reasons:
1. To be able to identify and relocate the sources used in the study for verification
purposes. It is important to have citation listings to prove that the texts that you used are indeed
generated from the mentioned material. In addition, readers will have an easier access if they
2. To present a proof that the topic under study is well-accounted in the research works in
its respective field of study. Citations provide evidence that your ideas and insights are grounded
on previous studies. In this regard, you are also increasing the heuristic value of the research
studies.
3. To rightfully acknowledge the authors of the research materials mentioned in the study.
Authors of research studies that you used must be given credit for their scholarly work. Through
this, you can express your respect and appreciation to the tedious process that they went through
4. In a nutshell, when you copy any written work in verbatim without indicating your
source and claim it as your own, you are plagiarizing. Plagiarism, especially in the Philippines, is
punishable by law through the Republic Act 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
Ways of Citing the Source Materials
e-mails, personal communication, and Web sites, just to name a few, can be cited in three
different ways:
1. As direct quote (authors’ last names, date, and page number after the quoted text). You
can directly lift or copy a statement or a paragraph and paste it on your manuscript from any
resources provided that you put quotation marks (“QM”) on that statement or a paragraph.
2. As a paraphrase (authors’ last names, year). You paraphrase a statement when you
transform its idea using your own words based on your own understanding.
3. As a summary (authors’ last names, year). In doing a summary, you just clearly explain
and point out the main idea of the author’s research findings without including your insights.
Usually, details and examples are excluded, and the context must be written in your own words.
Note: The format of writing citation varies on the resource material used and the citation style
required.
➢ The citation style that you used should correspond to your referencing style.
Reasons for Referencing
Providing a list of your cited works lay the ground of confirmation that your study is
structured within the field in which it is related. Referencing is done for the following reasons.
1. To prove that the study is based on academic works. The list of titles and the type of
materials used will determine that the research is conceptualized from scholarly materials.
2. To locate the sources of the cited texts in the study. Details of the materials used are
included in the reference list. Through these, it is easier to trace the full manuscript where the
3. To share additional knowledge and information about the topic under study. Once the
original source of the cited texts is found and read, other information will be known, and ideas
4. To confirm the basis of the study’s hypothesis. The reference list will serve as evidence
5. To show respect and appreciation to the author of the study and to avoid plagiarism.
References will show that the texts written are gathered from notable sources.
1. In-Text Citation. When you use a directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized content of a
manuscript in your literature review, you have to insert the source of the information enclosed
in a parenthesis within or after the information that you included. You usually find the following
a. Direct quotation: author surname(s), title of the material, date of publication, page
number
Example:
Some of the educators identified assessment as a:
“key mechanism for monitoring and intervening in the educational process, with attention being paid to
the role of assessment in the education system as a system (as distinct from its implications for individual life
chances), and with key research questions being framed less in terms of the extent to which assessment measure
what they purport to measure (important though this still is) and more in terms of what impact assessment might
have on the instructional process.” (Torrance,1995, p.45)
On the other hand, when you want to point out a specific idea from the source, the
name(s) of the author(s) become/s the subject of the sentence followed by the date of
publication enclosed in a parenthesis. The number will come after the quoted statement.
Example:
In addition, Nickerson (in Torrence, 1995) explained that
“a truly adequate approach to educational assessment… not only will measure accurately what has been
learned but will also provide useful diagnostic information for future instruction and… will help drive the system as
a whole, toward increasing effectiveness in the nurturing of understanding and thinking.”(p.45)
Excerpts from: Espinosa, Allen A., A.D.C. Tamela, and D.B. Castillo. “Test Anxiety in Moving
Examination as Correlates to Students’ Achievement, Process Skills and Attitude towards
Science.” Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 30, no.2(2015).
b. Paraphrased text: author surname(s), date of publication
Example:
Patterning is the foundation for reading and Math skills. Rhymes, on the other
hand, assist children to learn and memorize the alphabet and numbers (Kenney, 2005).
On the other hand, when you want to point out a specific idea from the sources, the
name(s) of the author(s) becomes the subject of the sentence followed by the date of publication
enclosed in a parenthesis.
Example:
A study conducted by Salame and Baddeley (1989) shows that speech is more
disturbing than the instrumental music.
Excerpts from: Castillo, D.B. et al. “Effects of Music on the Spatial Reasoning Skills of Grade- One
Pupils.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 1 no. 1 (2014):73-
83.
c. Summarized text/content:
Example:
Autocratic coaching style or “intense style” is applied when the coach assumes
authority and decision-making is centralized. An advantage of this coaching style includes
a directive and dominating coach who prepares the group or the individual for any type
of competition. However, the downside of this coaching style is its one-way learning
process. The coach tends to show lack of empathy and he is the only one determining the
rules, rewards, and the standards (Lyle,2006).
On the other hand, when you want to point out a specific idea from the source, the name(s)
of the author(s) can become the subject of the sentence followed by the date of publication
enclosed in parenthesis.
Example:
In his experiment of Bobo Doll, Bandura (1971) concluded that children learn and
imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. Modeling can be classified into
three, namely: a live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting
out a behavior; the verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and
explanations of a behavior; and lastly, the symbolic model, which involves real or fictional
characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media.
Excerpts from: Castillo, D.B. et al. “Autocratic and Participative Coaching Style and Its Effects on
Students’ Dance Performance.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational
Research 3, no. 1 (2014): 32-44.
Note: The format of writing citation varies on the resource material used and the citation style
2. Reference List. It includes full publication details of all your cited works in your study. It
Example:
References
Alley, T. & Greene, M. (2008). “The Relative and Perceived Impact of Irrelevant Speech,
Vocal Music and Non-Vocal Music on Working Memory.” Current Psychology 27, 277-
289, 82
Berz, W.L. (1995). “Working Memory in Music: A Theoretical Model.” Music Perception:
An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(3), 353-364
Bower, B. (1994). “Tuning up young brains.” Retrieved August 9, 2013 from
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tuning+up+young+brains.-a015811444
Boyle, G. (1983). “Effects on academic learning of manipulating emotional states and
motivational dynamics.” British Journal of Educational Psychology, 53, 347-357
Chaplin, J.P. (1985). In Dictionary of Psychology. Canada: Bantam Dell, Random House,
Inc.
El Haj, M., Postal, V., & Allain, P. (2012). “Music Enhances Autobiographical Memory in
Mild Alzheimer’s Disease.” Educational Gerontology, 38, 30-41
Furnham, A. & Bradley, A. (1997). “Music While You Work: The Differential Distraction of
Background Music on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 445-455
Excerpts from: Castillo, D.B. et al. “Effects of Music on the Spatial Reasoning Skills of Grade-One
Pupils.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Education Research 1 no. 1 (2014): 73-83
Note: The format of writing references varies on the resource material used and the citation style
required. Examples are done using APA style.
work, using facts, information, data, and other supplementary information are done differently.
Different fields of disciplines suggest different styles of citing sources to write the texts
appropriately as required. There are several existing citation styles that you can use. But the
The style that you are going to use will depend on the advice of your teacher in research
and the required style used in your school. The citation style used must also correspond to the
referencing style found in the references list. However, the widely used style across all fields is
the APA style (sixth edition). For this reason, focus will be given on this citation style, but the
Directions: Using your chosen Research Topic, make at least two review of related literature. To
accomplish this task, use electronic resources, academic journals, books, and other reliable
resources to have the necessary related sources. Apply the APA format citation style in
documenting your resources. Have a list of your references as well. You will be graded according
Example Format: