9 Chemistry: Chapter 1-Matter in Our Surroundings
9 Chemistry: Chapter 1-Matter in Our Surroundings
9 Chemistry: Chapter 1-Matter in Our Surroundings
in
9th CHEMISTRY
Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties as –
(a) Based on physical properties matter can be classified into three types
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gases
(b) Based on chemical properties matter can be classified into three types
a. Elements
b. Compounds
c. Mixture
Note :
In this chapter we shall study about matter based on their physical properties.
This dissolving of salt (or sugar) in water can be explained on the fact that matter is made up of particles
as- the water and salt (or sugar) both are made up of particles, the particles of salt get into the spaces
between particles of water.
Now we take 10ml of this solution and put into 90 ml of clear water in 2nd beaker, we see that solution
in 2nd beaker is again of purple colour but slightly lighter.
Now we take 10 ml of solution from 2nd beaker and put into 90ml of clear water in 3rd beaker, we see
that solution in 3rd beaker is again of purple colour but more lighter.
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If we repeat the above steps 5 to 8 times we see that the colour of solution becomes very light, but the
purple colour is still visible.
This experiment shows that 2 or 3 crystal of potassium permanganate can colour a very large volume of
water.
So, we conclude that just a single crystal of potassium permanganate is made up of millions of tiny
particles, which keep on dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles and impart colour to such
large volume of water.
If we take 2ml or dettol instead of potassium permanganate we can detect smell even in very dilute
solution.
This is due to the fact that there are spaces between particles of water. The particles of salt get into the
spaces between particles of water.
(i) If we light an incense stick in one corner of our class room, then after 1 or 2 minute we can
get its smell in whole room. It is due to the fact that the particles of air as well as gases
produced by incense stick are in continuous motion. So, the smell get spreads in the whole
room.
(ii) If we put a drop of blue ink in a beaker filled with water and leave it undisturbed. We note
that the water in whole beaker turns blue. It is due to the fact that the particles of water as
well as ink are in continuous motion. So blue colour of ink spreads in whole beaker.
(iii) If we drop a crystal of copper sulphate into a beaker of hot water and another crystal in
another beaker containing cold water. We allow the crystal to settle at the bottom. We
observe that blue colour of copper sulphate spread quickly in hot water and that will take
some time in cold water.
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This is due to the fact that, the moving particles of a matter contains kinetic energy. As
temperature rises the kinetic energy of particles increases and particles move faster and
colour of in spread more quickly.
Note
1. The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is known as diffusion.
2. The rate of diffusion increases with rise in temperature.
Take a piece of chalk, a rubber band and an iron nail. If we try to break them by our hands, we note that
it is very easy to break a piece of chalk, it requires more force to break the rubber band. But the iron nail
almost does not break even when large force is applied.
This is due to the fact that particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the
particles together. The strength of this force varies from one kind of matter to another.
In the above activity, strength of this force is very low between the particles of chalk and that is higher in
rubber and highest in iron.
NCERT QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.
2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres
away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Ans: We get smell when some gas releases from food and diffuses into air. When food is hot, its
temperature is high. So, rate of diffusion is faster than that at low temperature (i.e. when food is cold).
So we get smell of hot food.
3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this
observation show?
Ans: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool because; the force of attraction between
the particles of water is week.
States of Matter
Matter can exist in three states –
1. Solids
2. Liquids
3. Gases.
Properties of Solids:
1. Solids have a definite shape, size and volume.
2. Solids have distinct boundaries.
3. Solids have negligible compressibility.
4. Solids can not diffuse into other solids.
5. Solids do not fill container completely in which it is kept.
6. Solids have high density.
Q. Sugar or salt when kept in different vessels take the shape of vessel. Are they solid?
Ans: As the shape of each individual sugar or salt crystal remains fixed whatever we put it in a plate or in
a vessel. So, sugar and salt are solids.
Properties of Liquids
1. They take up the shape of container in which they are kept. So, they have no fixed shape and
size.
2. Liquids are not rigid and can flow easily.
3. Solids, liquids and gases can diffuse into liquids.
4. The force of attraction between the particles of liquids is less than that in solid and more than
that in gases.
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Properties of Gases:
1. Gases fill the container in which it is kept.
2. Gases has high compressibility.
3. They exert pressure on the walls of container.
4. They can flow easily.
5. They have very weak force of attraction and larger distance between their particles.
Q. By which property of gases large volume of gas can be compressed into small cylinder?
Ans: This is due to high compressibility of gases.
NCERT QUESTIONS
1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. (density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density – air, exhaust from chimneys,
honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Ans. Air, exhaust from chimneys, water, honey, cotton, chalk, iron.
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3. Give reasons
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need a
karate expert
Ans:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which is kept. Because, its particles are held by weak
interparticles forces, therefore, can move freely within the container and fill it.
(b) The particles of a gas moves randomly with a high speed. Due to this random motion, the
particles hit each other and also with the walls of container. So force is exerted by gas particles
on the walls of container. This force per unit area is the pressure exerted by the gas jon walls jof
container.
(c) A wooden table has fixed shape, size and volume. So, it is called a solid.
(d) The force of attraction between the particles of air (gas) is very weak. So they are quite far from
each other. Therefore, we can easily move our hand in air. On the other hand, the force of
attraction between the particles of wood (solid) is very high and they are close to each other .
Hence it is not easy to move our hand through wood and we need cerate expert.
(e) Water molecules in ice are arranged in special case like structure due to which there is a lot of
space between the particles of ice. So, it has lower density than that of water. Therefore, ice
floats over water.
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Due to the
increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heat
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overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles. The particles leave their fixed positions and
start moving more freely. A stage is reached when the solid melts and is converted to a liquid. The
temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting
point.
When we supply heat energy to water, particles start moving even faster. At a certain temperature, a
point is reached when the particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of
each other. At this temperature the liquid starts changing into gas. The temperature at which a liquid
starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point.
Melting point:
The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its
melting point.
The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its
particles.
The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion
Q. When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same, so where does the heat energy go?
As we know that the temperature of the system does not change after the melting point is reached, till
all the ice melts. This happens even though we continue to supply heat. This heat gets used up in
changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. As this heat energy is
absorbed by ice without showing any rise in temperature, it is considered that it gets hidden into the
contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat.
So, particles in water at 00 C (273 K) have more energy as compared to particles in ice at the same
temperature.
Sublimation
A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state (or vice versa) is called
sublimation
If we heat some crushed camphor or ammonium chloride in a china dish and put an inverted funnel over
the china dish. Also put a cotton plug on the stem of the funnel. We see that solid ammonium chloride is
converted into its vapours.
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Ammonium chloride appears to sublime because of undergoing chemical reactions or decomposition i.e.
ammonium chloride when heated decomposes into hydrogen chloride and ammonia.
Condensation
A change of state from gas into liquid state is called condensation.
Solidification
A change of state from liquid into solid state is called solidification.
Fusion
A change of state from solid into liquid state is called condensation.
Evaporation
In the liquids, some particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, break away from the forces of
attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour. This phenomenon of change of a liquid into
vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
1. An increase of surface area: We know that evaporation is a surface phenomenon. If the surface
area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases. For example, while putting clothes for
drying up we spread them out.
2. An increase of temperature: With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get
enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.
3. A decrease in humidity: Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air around
us cannot hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the
amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.
4. An increase in wind speed: As we see that clothes dry faster on a windy day. With the increase
in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount
of water vapour in the surrounding.
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e.g. 1. when we pour some acetone (nail polish remover) on our palm, The particles gain energy from
your palm or surroundings and evaporate causing the palm to feel cool.
2. After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof or open ground because the large latent heat
of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.
Q. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water?
If we take some ice-cold water in a glass. Soon we will see water droplets on the outer surface of the
glass. The water vapour present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water, loses energy
and gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets.
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