1 Introduction-WT
1 Introduction-WT
Sh. Kord 1
Contents
• Summary
Reservoir
Engineering
and Reservoir
Simulation
managementRock
Well Test
Fluid Flow
World
Production Reservoir
Original HC in
Place
Reserve
Estimation
Production
Optimization
EOR/IOR
Methods
Scenarios and
Predictions Management
Development
Plan Oil
Market
Reservoir Simulation
Performance Analysis Tools
Completing
Evaluating
Monitoring
Implementing
Developing
plan
Setting goals
and plans
Revising/ Optimizing
• The main difficulty in reservoir characterization is obtaining a reliable description stems from
the large scale and heterogeneous nature of the reservoir considering the very limited number
of points, i.e., wells, at which observations can be made and gathered samples.
• In the case of an offshore reservoir, this difficulty is compounded by the fact that the well
There are several ways by which it is possible to gain information about the reservoir
b) Information obtained during the well drilling program; this comprises the following:
Volumetric calculation:
• Original hydrocarbon in place (OHCIP)
• Reserves
• Ultimate recovery
• Reservoir properties
• Is applicable only during the production phase when an identifiable trend in production decline is established.
Accuracy of this method can improve when more data is available.
• The method Assuming a homogeneous formation, can give good results during production phase. However,
the technique requires pressure data at various stages of production.
• Reserves
• Ultimate recovery
• Well and reservoir performance prediction under various scenarios, including drilling of
new and recompleted wells, and during secondary or tertiary recovery
Geometry A, h No No A, h
Rock Phi, S No No Phi, S, Kr, C
PVT PVT
Fluid Bo (homogeneous reservoir No (heterogeneous reservoir
model) model)
Well No No No Locations, perforations, PI
Production and injection No Both Production only Both
Pressure No Yes No Yes
Results
Initial hydrocarbon in
Yes Yes Yes (needs RF) Yes
place
Practical Enhanced Reservoir Engineering: Assisted with Simulation Software, By: Abdus Satter, Ghulam M. Iqbal, James
L. Buchwalter, 2007
Exploration Yes? No No No
Discovery Yes? No No No
Production Yes, Good Yes, Fair Yes, Fair to Good Yes, Good to Very Good
Practical Enhanced Reservoir Engineering: Assisted with Simulation Software, By: Abdus Satter, Ghulam M. Iqbal, James
L. Buchwalter, 2007
• Surface
PWH
• Viscous force
• Diffusive force
PF
• Reservoir Reservoir engineers
PR
• A communication tool:
• The reservoir can be evaluated by the well
• A production tool:
• The reservoir production capacity depends on the well/ reservoir
communication quality
• Many different well tests exist. It is the test engineer’s decision to select the
appropriate test methodology and test tool to get maximum data return
1 CORING 10 cm
2 LOGGING 50 cm
3 DST/RFT 1-10 m
Well Testing:
Transient Pressure
Introduction
Testing: Introduction 17 Dr. Shahin
Sh.Kord
Kord
Definition
• What is a Test?
• Why Test?
Test Type
– Reservoir pressure
– Permeability
– Wellbore damage
– Deliverability
– Reservoir management
– Reservoir description
– Fluid samples
2 3
• Well tests characterize reservoir parameters which are not measurable directly
• The parameters are derived from the response of the system on a defined
signal by using a certain flow model
• Tests on oil and gas wells are performed at various stages of drilling,
completion and production.
Reservoir Description:
Well Testing:
Transient Pressure
Introduction
Testing: Introduction 24 Dr. Shahin
Sh.Kord
Kord
Production System: Available Data
Common Pressure Transient Test Data:
• Bottom hole Pressure (High Frequency/High Resolution)
• Separator Flow rates (on the hour or day (at best))
Downstream:
Surface Measurements:
• Pressure
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Temperature
• Flow rate
• Fluid Sampling
• Transient tests which are relatively short term tests are used to define reservoir
characteristics. Transient Pressure Testing is performed by distribution of pressure disturbance in the
reservoir and recording the pressure responses as a function of time.
• Drawdown Test
• The results of these tests are:
• Build up Test • Effective permeability
• Injection Test • Formation Damage or Stimulation
• Falloff Test • Flow barriers & Fluid contacts
• Interference Test • Volumetric average reservoir Pressure
• Drainage pore volume
• Drill Stem Test • Detection, length, capacity of fractures
• Multi-rate test • Communication between wells
• Pulse Test
• Stabilized tests which are relatively long duration tests are used to define long term
production performance.
• Reservoir limit test
• AOF (single point and multi point)
• IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship)
Objective:
• To obtain average permeability of the
reservoir rock within the drainage area of
the well
• To assess the degree of damage or
stimulation
• To obtain pore volume of the reservoir
• To detect reservoir inhomoginiety within the
drainage area of the well.
Objective:
• To obtain average permeability of the
reservoir rock within the drainage area of
the well
• To assess the degree of damage or
stimulation
• To obtain initial reservoir pressure during
the transient state
• To obtain the average reservoir pressure
over the drainage area of the well during
pseudo-steady state
Objective:
• Injection well testing has its application in water
flooding, pressure maintenance by water or gas
injection, gas recycling and EOR operations.
• In most cases the objective of the injection test is the
same as those of production test (k, S, Pavg).
• Determination of reservoir heterogeneity and front
tracing.
Well Testing:
Transient Pressure
Introduction
Testing: Introduction 31 Dr. Shahin
Sh.Kord
Kord
Types of Test: Fall off Test
A pressure falloff test is usually proceeded by an injectivity test of a long duration.
Injection then is stopped while recording the pressure. Thus, the pressure falloff test is
similar to the pressure buildup test.
As with injection test, falloff test, interpretation is more difficult if the injected
fluid is different from the original reservoir fluid.
Reservoir geometry:
• Radial flow
• Linear flow
• Spherical and hemispherical flow
Volume
Density
𝑐𝑐 = − =
𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑇𝑇
𝜌𝜌 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑇𝑇
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= =0 Pressure Pressure
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Density
Volume
Slightly compressible fluids
Volume
Compressible fluids (𝑐𝑐 ≠ constant)
1 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑐𝑐g = −
𝑝𝑝 𝑍𝑍 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑇𝑇 Pressure Pressure
Pressure
remains constant, i.e., does not change with time.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟
Time
Pseudo (quasi or semi) steady state flow: When the pressure at different
locations in the reservoir is declining linearly as a function of time at a
Pressure
constant decline rate
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= costant
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 Time
Pressure
Unsteady state (transient) flow: If the rate of change of pressure with
respect to time varies as a function of position and time in the reservoir
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟, 𝑡𝑡
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 Time
Linear flow
Spherical flow
Plan View
Radial flow
Wellbore Hemispherical flow
Side View
Flow Lines
The description of fluid flow and subsequent analysis of pressure data becomes more
difficult as the number of mobile fluids increases.
‒ Energy balance
Other equations
Rock and fluid equations ‒ Source/Sink
cp
psia
1/psia
1 ∂ ∂p ϕµ ct ∂p
r =
r ∂r ∂r 0.000264 k ∂t
hr
ft
ct = c f + c o S o + c w S w md
• Well data:
• Wellbore radius, rw
• Well geometry (such as inclined or horizontal well)
• Depths (formation, gauges)
• Purpose:
• To determine the ability of a formation to produce
reservoir fluid.
• To determine he underlying reason for a well
productivity
Well Testing: Introduction 47 Sh. Kord
Summary
• Results:
– Formation permeability
– Extent of wellbore damage or stimulation
– Reservoir pressure
– Reservoir boundaries and heterogeneity