Chapter 1 Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Chapter 1 Sampling and Sampling Distributions
12th Edition
Chapter 1
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Why Sample? DCOVA
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A Sampling Process Begins With A
Sampling Frame DCOVA
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Types of Samples DCOVA
Samples
Simple Stratified
Judgment Convenience Random
Systematic Cluster
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Types of Samples:
Nonprobability Sample DCOVA
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Types of Samples:
Probability Sample DCOVA
Simple
Systematic Stratified Cluster
Random
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Probability Sample:
Simple Random Sample DCOVA
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Probability Sample:
Systematic Sample DCOVA
n=4
k = 10
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Probability Sample:
Stratified Sample DCOVA
Population
Divided
into 4
strata
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Probability Sample
Cluster Sample DCOVA
Population
divided into
16 clusters. Randomly selected
clusters for sample
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Probability Sample:
Comparing Sampling Methods
DCOVA
underlying characteristics
Stratified sample
Ensures representation of individuals across the entire
population
Cluster sample
More cost effective
level of precision)
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Evaluating Survey Worthiness
DCOVA
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Types of Survey Errors DCOVA
Sampling error
Variation from sample to sample will always exist
Measurement error
Due to weaknesses in question design, respondent error, and
interviewer’s effects on the respondent (“Hawthorne effect”)
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Types of Survey Errors
DCOVA
(continued)
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Developing a
Sampling Distribution
DCOVA
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Developing a
Sampling Distribution
(continued)
DCOVA
Summary Measures for the Population Distribution:
μ
X i P(x)
N .3
18 20 22 24
21 .2
4 .1
(X μ) 2 0
18 20 22 24 x
σ i
2.236
N A B C D
Uniform Distribution
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Developing a
Sampling Distribution
(continued)
Now consider all possible samples of size n=2 DCOVA
16 Sample
1st 2nd Observation
Obs Means
18 20 22 24
18 18,18 18,20 18,22 18,24 1st 2nd Observation
20 20,18 20,20 20,22 20,24 Obs 18 20 22 24
22 22,18 22,20 22,22 22,24 18 18 19 20 21
24 24,18 24,20 24,22 24,24 20 19 20 21 22
16 possible samples 22 20 21 22 23
(sampling with
replacement)
24 21 22 23 24
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Developing a
Sampling Distribution DCOVA
(continued)
Sampling Distribution of All Sample Means
18 19 19 24
μX 21
16
(18 - 21)2 (19 - 21) 2 (24 - 21) 2
σX 1.58
16
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Comparing the Population Distribution
to the Sample Means Distribution
DCOVA
Population Sample Means Distribution
N=4 n=2
μ 21 σ 2.236 μX 21 σ X 1.58
_
P(X) P(X)
.3 .3
.2 .2
.1 .1
0 X 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
_
18 20 22 24 X
A B C D
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Sampling Distribution of The Mean:
Standard Error of the Mean
DCOVA
Different samples of the same size from the same
population will yield different sample means
A measure of the variability in the mean from sample to
sample is given by the Standard Error of the Mean:
(This assumes that sampling is with replacement or
sampling is without replacement from an infinite population)
σ
σX
n
Note that the standard error of the mean decreases as
the sample size increases
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Sampling Distribution of The Mean:
If the Population is Normal
DCOVA
σ
μX μ and σX
n
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Z-value for Sampling Distribution
of the Mean
DCOVA
Z-value for the sampling distribution of X :
( X μX ) ( X μ)
Z
σX σ
n
where: X = sample mean
μ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size
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Sampling Distribution Properties
DCOVA
Normal Population
μx μ Distribution
μ x
(i.e. x is unbiased ) Normal Sampling
Distribution
(has the same mean)
μx
x
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Sampling Distribution Properties
(continued)
DCOVA
As n increases, Larger
σ x decreases sample size
Smaller
sample size
μ x
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Determining An Interval Including A
Fixed Proportion of the Sample Means
DCOVA
Find a symmetrically distributed interval around µ
that will include 95% of the sample means when µ
= 368, σ = 15, and n = 25.
Since the interval contains 95% of the sample means
5% of the sample means will be outside the interval.
Since the interval is symmetric 2.5% will be above
the upper limit and 2.5% will be below the lower limit.
From the standardized normal table, the Z score with
2.5% (0.0250) below it is -1.96 and the Z score with
2.5% (0.0250) above it is 1.96.
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Determining An Interval Including A
Fixed Proportion of the Sample Means
(continued)
DCOVA
Calculating the lower limit of the interval
σ 15
XL μ Z 368 (1.96) 362.12
n 25
Calculating the upper limit of the interval
σ 15
XU μ Z 368 (1.96) 373.88
n 25
95% of all sample means of sample size 25 are
between 362.12 and 373.88
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Sampling Distribution of The Mean:
If the Population is not Normal
DCOVA
We can apply the Central Limit Theorem:
Even if the population is not normal,
…sample means from the population will be
approximately normal as long as the sample size is
large enough.
σ
μx μ and σx
n
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Sample Mean Sampling Distribution:
If the Population is not Normal
(continued)
μx x
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How Large is Large Enough?
DCOVA
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Example
DCOVA
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Example
(continued)
Solution: DCOVA
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Population Proportions
DCOVA
π = the proportion of the population having
a characteristic of interest
Sample proportion (p) provides an estimate
of π:
X number of items in the sample having the characteristic of interest
p
n sample size
0≤ p≤1
p is approximately distributed as a normal distribution
when n is large
(assuming sampling with replacement from a finite population or
without replacement from an infinite population)
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Sampling Distribution of p
DCOVA
Approximated by a
normal distribution if: Sampling Distribution
P( ps)
.3
nπ 5 .2
.1
and 0
0 .2 .4 .6 8 1 p
n(1 π ) 5
where
π(1 π )
μp π and σp
n
(where π = population proportion)
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Z-Value for Proportions
DCOVA
Standardize p to a Z value with the formula:
p p
Z
σp (1 )
n
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Example
DCOVA
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Example
(continued)
P(0.40 ≤ p ≤ 0.45) ?
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Example
(continued)
P(0.40 ≤ p ≤ 0.45) ?
Utilize the cumulative normal table:
P(0 ≤ Z ≤ 1.44) = 0.9251 – 0.5000 = 0.4251
Standardized
Sampling Distribution Normal Distribution
0.4251
Standardize
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Basic Business Statistics for
12th Edition
Online Topic
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Learning Objectives
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Finite Population Correction
Factors
DCOVA
N n
X
n N 1
(1 ) N n
p
n N 1
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Using The fpc Reduces The
Standard Error
DCOVA
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Using fpc With The Mean -
Example
DCOVA
Suppose a random sample of size 100 is drawn from a
population of size 1,000 with a standard deviation of 40.
40 1000 100
X 3.8
100 1000 1
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Section Summary
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