Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lesson 1 - Humanities and The Arts
Lesson 1 - Humanities and The Arts
The study of humanities may also be attributed to the 1. Human nature is inherently good.
symmetry and balance discussed by the art piece known as
2. Individuals are free and are capable of making choices.
the Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. This image
demonstrates the blend of mathematics and art during the 3. Human potential for growth and development is virtually
Renaissance and demonstrates Leonardo's deep unlimited.
understanding of proportions. In addition, this picture
represents a corner stone of Leonardo's attempts to relate 4. Self-concept plays an important role in growth and
man to nature. online states, "Leonardo envisaged the great development.
picture chart of the human body he had produced through his
anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del 5. Individuals have an urge for self actualization.
minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed
the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the 6. Reality is defined by each person.
workings of the universe."
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both themselves and to
According to Leonardo's preview in the accompanying text, others.
written in mirror writing, it was made as a study of the
Art Explained
proportions of the (male) human body as described in
Vitruvius' De architectura. Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual,
auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the
Why Study Humanities?
author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill,
A lot of reasons had been associated as to why one must intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional
study Humanities. The following items are just a few of the power. Other activities related to the production of works of
many reasons why one must engage and be interested in art include the criticism of art, the study of the history of art,
Humanities: As the word humanities came from the Latin and the aesthetic dissemination[clarification needed of art.
“humanus” which means human,cultured and refined, man is
The three classical branches of art are painting, sculpture and
taught to be as what the term exactly means: being cultured
architecture. Music, theater, film, dance and other
performing arts as well as literature and other media such as The matrix below shows the difference of the art forms as
interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the identified:
arts. Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery
and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. In modern Functional art forms
usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations
are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished (the need for life to be better) Architecture ,weaving,
from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or furniture-making
applied arts. Though the definition of what constitutes art is
non- functional art forms
disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions
mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming ( the need to express aesthetics and beauty)
from human agency and creation. The nature of art and
related concepts, such as creativity and interpretation, are painting, sculpture, literature,
explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
Nature of the Arts music, dance and theater
The following are identified natures of the Arts from the point Functional Art Forms are those which may benefit the cause
of view of different of man’s existence.
artists and philosophers: They are art forms which give people sustenance as to need
for life to be better. This benefit is mostly financial in nature.
1. Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” which means to join or put Functional art is generally applied art - art created for use,
together and has its Latin term being “sars” or “artis” which not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose
means everything that is artificially made or composed by and with an aesthetic in mind. It's art that serves a function,
man but is designed artistically for the purpose of beauty. They
meet a need for use, and are works of art as well.
2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most important
means of expression developed by man. The following example art pieces below are just a few of
those which may be considered functional art forms:
3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some
common but significant qualities of nature such as sounds, Examples of Functional Art Forms
colors, lines, movements, words, stone and wood to express
feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in an amazing, Non-functional art forms, on the other hand, Nonfunctional
meaningful andenjoyable way. (Adams, 2002) art is art that serves no utilitarian purpose. It is in direct
contrast with functional art, which has both an aesthetic
4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of perception, value and a utilitarian purpose. Nonfunctional art also
insights, feelings and intuition encompasses paintings, sculptures and all manner of fine art.
These pieces usually seek to engage with the viewer on an
5. It is the heightened expression of human dignity and intellectual, emotional or aesthetic level. The exploration of
weaknesses felt and shared so powerfully in a world these sensibilities,rather than their utilitarian merits,
increasingly aware of its successes and failures determines the artworks' worth.
6. It is man’s expression of himself as an individual and how The Artistic Philosophers
he views his existence, and
The following are just a few of the philosophers whose
7. Art also provides enjoyment and stimulation specially when advocacies not only focused on the philosophic ideas but also
people understand them shared a few of their conceptions about the
Functions of Art Arts.
Arts is a much needed avenue for people to: 1. Plato ( 428 – 347 BC) is a philosopher of Ancient Greece
who is known for his Dialogues together with Socrates. He
1. Express freely oneself;
loved and hated the arts at the same time which makes his
2. Socially express his need for display, celebration and philosophical views on art unexplainably complicated. With
communication; and the Republic being his work, Plato was seen as a good literary
stylist and great story teller and considered the arts as
3. Physically express the need for utility of functional objects. threatening. He believed that “ though arts can be used to
train citizens to have an ideal society, using arts to accomplish
The Forms of Art Differentiated this should be strictly controlled”. He also explained that the
physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational,
eternal and changeless original which he called FORMS. performers (less often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for
artist) is a variant used in English only in this context; this use
Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by the truths is becoming rare. Use of the term to describe writers, for
according to him that: example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to
contexts like criticism.
1. Art is imitation; 2. Art is dangerous.
An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) is a skilled
Beauty, Justice, and The Circle are all examples of what Plato craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may
called Forms or Ideas. Other philosophers have called them be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture,
Universals. Many particular things can have the form of a decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items,
circle, or of justice, or beauty. For Plato, these Forms are household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the
perfect Ideals, but they are also more real than physical handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker.
objects. He called them "the Really Real". The world of the
Forms is rational and unchanging; the world of physical Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and
appearances is changeable and irrational, and only has reality aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist. The adjective
to the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Forms. The "artisanal" is sometimes used in describing handprocessing in
mind or soul belongs to the Ideal world; the body and its what is usually viewed as an industrial process, such as in the
passions are stuck in the muck of the physical world. So the phrase artisanal mining. Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used
best human life is one that strives to understand and to in marketing and advertising as a buzz word to describe or
imitate the Forms as closely as possible. That life is the life of imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food
the mind, the life of the Philosopher (literally, the lover of products, such as bread, beverages or cheese. Many of these
wisdom). Self control, especially control of the passions, is have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods
essential to the soul that wants to avoid the temptations of but are also now commonly made on a larger scale with
sensuality, greed, and ambition, and move on to the Ideal automated mechanization in factories and other industrial
World in the next life. areas. Artisans were the dominant producers of consumer
products before the Industrial Revolution. In ancient Greece,
2. Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC) was a student of Plato who first artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops
distinguished between “what is good and what is beautiful''. nearby. Below are a few images of artisans doing their crafts:
For him, the universal elements of beauty are manifested by
order, symmetry and definiteness. As exemplified in his The Art Forms
Poetics, he stated that physical manifestation of beauty is
affected by SIZE. He considered art as imitation or a The arts refers to the theory, human application and physical
representation of nature and his emphasis of the art is on expression of creativity found in human cultures and societies
POETRY which for him is more philosophical than Philosophy through skills and imagination in order to produce objects,
itself. environments and experiences. Major constituents of the arts
include visual arts (including architecture, ceramics, drawing,
3. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) was a German, filmmaking, painting, photography and sculpting), literature
Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a treatise on (including fiction, drama, poetry, and prose), and performing
Aesthetics: Observations on the Feelings of the Beautiful and arts (including dance, music and theater), culinary arts
the Sublime. His main interest was not on art but on BEAUTY (including cooking, chocolate making and winemaking).
that it is a matter of TASTE. Kant explained that TASTE can be
both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL. For KANT, beauty is a Some art forms combine a visual element with performance
question of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT. (e.g. cinematography), or artwork with the written word (e.g.
comics). From prehistoric cave paintings to modern-day films,
The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant are: art serves as a vessel for storytelling and conveying
humankind's relationship with the environment.
1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony and
symmetry; and One’s self expression especially when inclined with arts may
take various forms depending on the expertise and artistic
2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the inclinations of an artist, One may want to express his artistic
viewers of the art abilities by way of specific art forms such as painting or dance
or a combination of both. One may express oneself through
Artists vs. Artisans
other forms as music, sculpture, literature or all of three
An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating combined. Whatever form of art one may use in expressing
art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art. The common oneself, what is important is that his self expression and
usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a creativity are explicit.
practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is often used in
The following items below are the art forms which one may
the entertainment business, especially in a business context,
use in order to express his artistic inclinations:
for musicians and other
1. Architecture. Architecture is an art form that reflects how through any consideration of the subject. In dance, the
we present ourselves across the earth’s landscape, and, like connection between the two concepts is stronger than in
other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, some other arts, and neither can exist without the other.
technologies and cultural adaptations. Architecture not only dance is an art form or activity that utilizes the body and the
provides worldly needs of shelter, workspace and storage but range of movement of which the body is capable.
also represents human ideals in buildings like courthouses
and government buildings and manifestations of the spirit in Music is an art form, and cultural activity, whose
churches and temples. Traditional architecture has survived medium is sound. General definitions of music
over thousands of years in one form or another, while include common elements such as pitch (which
contemporary design offers new approaches in how we use governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated
materials and technology to shape the look of our concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness
environment. Architecture is considered as the most and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre
functional of all the art forms. Someexamples of architectural and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a
works are The Malacanang Palace, the Philippines’ seat of musical sound). Different styles or types of music may
government, The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these
center of cultural activities of the country and Burj Khalifa, elements. Music is performed with a vast range of
the highest skyscraper in the United Arab Emirates to name a instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to
few rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely
vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental
2. Sculpture. Sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and
plastic materials are worked instruments. Some of the examples which may be associated
with music are the Philippine folk songs and the produced
into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be popular music of Filipino singers like Sarah Geronimo and
embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in Gary Valenciano to name a few.
environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that envelop
the spectator. An enormous variety of media may be used, 6. Theater. Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of
including clay, wax, stone, metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, performing art that uses live performers, typically actors
rubber, and random “found” objects. Materials may be or actresses, to present the experience of a real or
carved, modeled, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, imagined event before a live audience in a specific place,
assembled, or otherwise shaped and combined. often a stage. The performers may communicate this
experience to the audience through combinations of
Some example of sculptures are the following: The Jose Rizal gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art,
Monument in Rizal Park, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting
are used to enhance the physicality, presence and
3. Painting. Painting is the application of pigments to a immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the
support surface that establishes an image, design or performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived
decoration. In art the term “painting” describes both the act from the Ancient Greek théatron, "a place for viewing", itself
and the result. Most painting is created with pigment in liquid from theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe".
form and applied with a brush .Painting as a medium has Modern theatre includes performances of plays and
survived for thousands of years and is, along with drawing musical theatre. The art forms of ballet and opera are also
and sculpture, one of the oldest creative media. It’s used in theatre and use many conventions such as acting,
some form by cultures around the world. Painting media are costumes and staging. They were influential to the
extremely versatile because they can be applied to development of musical theatre; see those
manydifferent surfaces (called supports) including paper, articles for more information.
wood, canvas, plaster, clay, lacquer Spolarium, Mona Lisa by
Leonardo da Vinci and The Fishermen by Ang Kiukok among 7. Literature. Literature, most generically, is any body or
others. collection of written work. More restrictively, literature
refers to writing considered to be an art form or any
4. Dance. Dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value,
way, usually to music and within a given space, for the and sometimes deploys language in ways that differ from
purpose of expressing an idea or emotion, releasing energy, ordinary usage. Literature is classified according to
or simply taking delight in the movement itself. Dance is a whether it is fiction or nonfiction, and whether it is
powerful impulse, but the are of dance is that impulse poetry or prose. Fiction can be further distinguished
channeled by skillful performers into something that according to major forms such as the novel, short story, or
becomes intensely expressive and that may delight spectators drama; and such works are often categorized according to
who feel no wish to dance themselves. These two concepts of historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic
the art of dance—dance as a powerful impulse and dance as a or genre. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature) Literature
skillfully choreographed art practiced largely by a professional may be in any form such as poetry, novel, short story, essay,
few—are the two most important connecting ideas running epic and legends among others. Literature may be oral or
written and are also sometimes meant to be performed ultimate proof that his personal experiences can be
before an audience. Some exmaples of this literary pieces articulated and his immortality can be defined
are The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin,
Po-on by F. Sionil Jose, Myths, Legends and Folktales by Lesson 1 - The Subject of An Artwork The term subject in arts
Maximo D. Ramos and Stupid is Forever by the late Senator refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork.
Miriam Defensor Santiago. The subject in art is basically the essence of the piece. To
determine subject matter in a particular piece of art, one may
Appreciating the Arts The previous pages of this module have be guided by the questions: What is actually depicted in this
given you a rundown of the basics of art appreciation and artwork? What is the artist trying to express to the
the key points as to how one will be keen in world... What is his or her message? And how are they
understanding a certain artwork or other forms of artistic conveying that message? In artwork, the subject matter
presentation. The aim of making the students learn to would be what the artist has chosen to paint, draw or sculpt.
appreciate the arts is primarily to get the learner an The subject matter or topic is entirely up to the artist. Art is
engaging relationship with a particular art work and for one really liberating in that sense. It allows you to say
to understand the meaning behind an artistic creation, the whatever you want to say. Whether the message is
messages that it would want to convey to its viewers and to understood by others is another story, and whether the artist
appreciate one’s product of art should one will be discloses the meaning of it or not is also a personal choice.
compelled to produce or make one. In so doing, here Some artists don't like to assign a strict explanation of their
are a few pointers as to how art appreciation may be art so that they are not imposing on the viewers own
applied by a learner of the course as takeaways from narrative and concept of the work. That allows it to be
learn.saylor.org/course: 1.Give a good physical description more reflective or interactive if you like. It is nice to
of the artwork based on their knowledge of art elements contemplate something without being told what it is. Of
and materials; 2.Analyze the artwork in terms of what the course there are some symbols that are archetypal and
artist wants his work to represent and the learner’s commonly understood/interpreted by humanity in the same
subjective reaction to the works which includes their way. Therefore symbols can be very powerful when trying
thoughts and feelings; 3.Perceive the art work in the to convey a specific idea. Other times one doesn't have a
context of its history. This would enlighten the learners fixed idea when creating. Sometimes if I don't have a
of the artist’s intention in doing the work and add to particular subject I just start to paint with no plan. It is a
the understanding of the meaning the work is supposed to bit like meditation because through that process I am
convey; 4.Give meaning to the artwork based on its outside myself viewing the process remotely...or that is
description, analysis and context; and 5.Judge the artwork as how I can best describe the experience anyway. I just let
to whether it is good or bad based on the learner’s my subconscious work away starting with patterns and
perception of it and its aesthetic and cultural value. Art is not letting the colors and shapes suggest forms to me as I
meant to be looked at only for what it is. It is meant to go and then the panting reveals itself to me. It is fun
stimulate thought because it allows viewers to draw their because it is a surprise to me also. Some artworks have
own emotions and pull from their personal experiences subjects and some do not. The art pieces which use a specific
when viewed. It is very powerful in this way and it naturally subject is called representational art or objective art; while
develops critical and innovative thinking skills. Art also those that have no subjects are called non-representational
teaches many important qualities such as listening, or non-objective art. Representational art refers to art
observing and responding to multiple perspectives. Having an which represents something, whether that be a tree in a
appreciation for art also helps us to develop an appreciation landscape, apple in a still life, or figure in a portrait. Or in
for each other and how we are all unique in our own way. other words, it is art which is clearly identifiable as
For many people, art is meant to express something that we something which already exists in life. Representational
ourselves feel unable to express or convey. Through its visual art does not need to be a completely realistic depiction of the
medium it evokes feelings of joy, sadness, anger and pain. subject; there will often be varying levels of abstraction.
That is why art appreciation is so important in bringing that (https://drawpaintacademy.com/) Representational Art is a
one final element to complete the work, and that is our term that generally refers to a painting or sculpture that is
interpretation. Our perspective brings the artwork to life clearly recognizable for what it claims to be. It
as it changes for every person around it. It is important to references images such as a human form or a tree, and
foster art appreciation and analysis, as it helps us value although these images may not always be portrayed as true
the art in how it appeals to us and what it means to to life in color or position, they are still recognizable to
each person. It delves into the history and the story the viewer. Representational Art depicts any identifiable
behind the art, as well as a look into the lives of the object or series of objects and their physical appearance
artists. It enables one to critically analyze a work, along in reality. It is also referred to as Figurative Art, being
lines of design, mastery and techniques. Most that it is derived from real object sources. Oftentimes,
importantly, however, art appreciation stimulates thought representational artists act as observers, and interpret
and analysis, provokes an individual to look past what meets what they see in their own way through their work.
the eye and open our mind to the views of others. Art is here
to stay. It is a person’s history and legacy which is an
Non-representational or non-objective art, on the 5.Mythology. These are sources of subjects that come from
other hand, refers to compositions which do not rely the stories of gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome,
on representation or mimesis to any extent. Abstract art, Norse and Egyptians. These so called deities of the
non figurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational mythological world depict present humanlike behaviours.
art are related terms that indicate a departure from
reality in the depiction of imagery in art. Meaning 7.Dreams and Fantasy. The wonder of the unconscious is
in nonrepresentational art is highly subjective and can what is being expressed by art works under this subject
be difficult to define. We can focus on the elements of source. These works of art somehow explain to the viewers
the artwork (form, shape, line, color, space, and texture) in the content of the art piece including the hidden meaning
terms of the aesthetic value of the work, but the behind each work. The unconscious is being made to be
meaning will always be personal to the viewer unless the understood by this source of subject.
artist has made a statement about his or her intentions.
Generally, we can look at non-representational art as the 8.Technology. The modernity of the present is also an
personal expression of an artist's subjective experience. inspiration being used by artists as a source of subject.
Certain movements have described their intentions as an aim The wondrous use of machines, the towering skyscrapers,
to evoke moods or emotions in the viewer. state of the art robotics technology, top of the line
transportation machineries as cars, ships and motorcycles
Lesson 2: The Sources of Subject A learner, most of the time, to name a few are sources of subjects of interest under
may imagine as to where an artist gets his inspiration from technology.
with regard to how he produces a certain masterpiece. It is
noteworthy to remember that artists are unique both in Lesson 3: Ways of Presenting the Subject After the artist has
personal experiences and human attributes hence their decided on the source of the subject of his artwork, he is now
differences in the manner of creating art pieces or in ready to identify the method of how he wants his art work to
producing art works. As art is a way of man in expressing be presented to his viewers. Their choice of a method may
himself, an artist’s choice of subject or the source of his depend upon his expertise, exposure to certain art pieces or
inspiration only explains his inner world and his personality in simply of his personal preferences. The following are
general. With thi, it is noteworthy to present the sources of some of the methods or ways on how an artist presents
artists’ inspiration in doing their works. his subject to his audience.
1.Nature. Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the 1.Naturalism. Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of
natural world, physical universe, material world or material realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement
universe. “Nature” refers to the phenomena of the of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the
physical world, and also to life in general. stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in
Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar
2.People. They are considered the most interesting subject of approach over the centuries. Naturalism began in the
an artwork which may be real or imagined. An artist’s early Renaissance, and developed itself further
thoughts, moods and even the genre of a certain art work throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine
may be depicted by people by means of clues as School. Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very
takeaways. People as subjects may be presented as accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.
individuals or groups and may perform tasks as how they
do in their everyday life. 2.Realism. Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to
represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality
3.History. It is the depiction of factual events that and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural
occured in the past whose purpose is either to remember elements. Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many
important events of long ago or to teach the learners about periods, and can be in large part a matter of technique and
the lessons of the past. Some of the examples of art training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual
works with history as source of inspiration. arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of
lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and colour.
4. Legends. Artworks based on legends present to viewers of But realist or naturalist works of art may, as well or instead of
the art something tangible even when unverified. Art brings illusionist realism, be "realist" in their subject matter, and
life to these stories. emphasize the mundane, ugly or sordid.
.5.Religion. Religion has played an enormous role in inspiring 3.Abstraction. Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’ (of
works of visual arts, music, architecture and literature the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as for the
through ages. Artists used as inspiration the religious viewer). It is the capability of the artist to use their
texts as the Bible, Quran and Torah in conveying their ideas imagination to look beyond what we can physically see and
and beliefs through their art works. It was also established translate intangible emotions onto the canvas. It is also the
that art is considered the handmaid of religion. ability of the audience to then try to connect to the artist’s
intention and free their own mind of visual restrictions.
Historically, the abstract art movement emerged in the
nineteenth century as a reaction to academic painting or 7.Futurism. This was developed in Italy about the same
realism. In fact, a very simple way to understand the essence time as cubism appeared in France. Futurist painters
of abstract art is to think of it as a visual opposite of wanted their works to capture the mechanical energy of
realistic art. While realism pays attention to every tiny modern life.
fold or wrinkle, abstraction gives the artist the freedom to
trust their intuition to create art that is equally worthy of an 8.Surrealism. This method mirrors the evils of the present
audience. (https://www.art-mine.com/) This is a method of society. Surrealism means super realism, influenced by
presenting the subject where the artist moves away from Freudian psychology which emphasizes the activities of the
reality. The artist usually alters the shapes and colors in subconscious state of the mind. The art movement began in
rendering a particular art piece. Abstraction may be in these Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton. It
forms: emphasized the activities of the subconscious mind
mostly exemplifying violence and cruelty. The surrealist’s aim
A.Distortion. Distortion is the alteration of the original shape is to reveal the deep and ugly part of human nature.
(or other characteristic) of something. In the art world, a
distortion is any change made by an artist to the size, shape 9.Expressionism. This features art works describing pathos,
or visual character of a form to express an idea, convey morbidity, chaos or even defeat and was introduced in
a feeling or enhance visual impact. Germany from 1900 – 1910. Expressionists believe that
man needs spiritual rebirth for him to correct defects that
B.Elongation. Elongation is when the art subject is ruin the society.
lengthened, protracted or extended.
Unit 3 The Artist and His Medium
C.Mangling. Artists show the subject as cut, lacerated,
mutilated or hacked with repeated blows. Lesson 1 - The Process of Art Production Production is at
the heart of making art. Artists and theorists have
D.Cubism. This is the presentation of abstract figures through long acknowledged its importance as both an artistic action
the use of a cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube and and an idea to be explored. And as the role of production
circle in place of real pictorial elements. has shifted in our lives, so have the ways in which
artists have responded to it. While some contemporary
4.Symbolism. This is the use of a visible sign of an idea to artists foreground production as a tool, others use their
convey to the viewers, readers or audiences the message of work to explore ideas around production we might otherwise
his work. In this way, mystery is advocated by an art work overlook. It can refer to the making of something, or to a final
making it more interesting to the viewers. The key to product, like a theatrical performance. It can be the process
eliciting symbolic art involves studying the background and of bringing a song or musical to life or honing that work to
personality of the artist and his inspiration in producing the perfection. Production might bring out images of factory
said piece of work. production lines, or even the theories of scientists and
philosophers after the mind has conceived it through a
5.Fauvism. Fauvism is the name applied to the work certain process.
produced by a group of artists (which included Henri
Matisse and André Derain) from around 1905 to 1910, A.Medium When an artist is ready to express himself in art
which is characterised by strong colours and fierce and to give shape to his vision, his first thought would be on
brushwork. The name les fauves (‘the wild beasts’) was what medium to use.
coined by the critic Louis Vauxcelles when he saw the
work of Henri Matisse and André Derain in an exhibition, B.The Technique The technique of the artwork shows the
the salon d’automne in Paris, in 1905. The paintings level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated.
Derain and Matisse exhibited were the result of a
summer spent working together in Collioure in the South C.Curation Derived from the word “curare” which means to
of France and were made using bold, non-naturalistic take care. It is a process that involves managing, overseeing
colours (often applied directly from the tube), and wild loose and assembling or putting together a presentation or
dabs of paint. The forms of the subjects were also exhibit for some type of artistic collection. Lesson 2 - The
simplified making their work appear quite abstract. Different Media of the Visual Arts
2. Ink- It is one of the oldest materials for drawing that is still E.Printmaking Process used for making reproductions of
in use. It allows for a great variety of qualities, depending on graphic works. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master
the tools and technique used in the application. image from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface.
1.Watercolor- Pigments are mixed with water and applied to ✔High Relief- Almost half of the figures project from its
paper. background, more shadows are created
2 .Gouache- The pigment has been mixed with water and 4.Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that is capable of movement
added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. by wind, water or other forms of energy.
.3 Oil Paints- Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. It is a Lesson 3 - The Process of Creating Sculptures
dense painting medium and gives rich, beautiful colors.
A.Subtractive Process Involves removing or cutting away
Discovered by a Flemish painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th
pieces of the material to form the figure.
century.
B.Additive Process The process involves the construction of a
4.Tempera- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with
figure by putting together bits of the material or by welding
the white) as binder.
together metal parts to create figures.
5.Fresco- Pigment is mixed with water and applied on a
C.Process of Substitution This process is also known as
portion of the wall with wet plaster. It is used for mural
casting. This method involves using a mold to produce a 3D
paintings.
figure in another material.
D.Different Media of Sculpture: a.Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored over other materials
for its durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment and its
a.Stone- A natural medium.Hard and relatively permanent. use for building simple structures in its natural state.
b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies in hardness and b.Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building can be constructed
durability depending on the kind of tree it came from. using wood except the foundations.
c.Metal- It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility
c.Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and taller structures with
and malleability.
less use of material when compared to stone or wood.
d.Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and
d.Concrete- Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of
poured into mold.
sand and gravel.
e.Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at
a relatively high temperature Lesson 6 - Literature and the Combined Arts
.f.Glass- Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and A.Literature Art of combining spoken or written words and
soda lime their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional
appeal
.g.Plastic- Synthetic medium made from organic polymers.
.Types of Literature
Lesson 4 – Architecture
a.Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s to the number and
Art of designing buildings and other structures which will length of lines and stanzas but in recent years they have
serve a definite function. become more free-flowing
.Construction Principles b.Fiction- Written work that is not real and which uses
elaborate figurative language.
a.Post and Lintel- Makes use of two vertical supports (post)
and spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by c.Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from real life
the Greeks.
.d.Drama- Includes all plays or any written works that are
b.Arch- A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of meant to be performed.
wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-
circle Lesson 7 - Music, Media in Music, some Genres of Music
A.Music Defined as the art of combining and regulating
.i. Structures that can be Built from the Principle of Arch: sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that express
various ideas and feelings
✔Barrel Vault- A succession of arches.
B.Media in Music
✔Groin Vault- A structure that is formed by intersecting
arches resulting in four openings a.Vocal Medium- The oldest and most popular medium for
music is the human voice.i. Classification of Human Voice
.✔Dome- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup. (Komien,2008):
c.Truss- System of triangular forms assembled to form a rigid ✔Soprano- Highest female singing voice
framework.
.✔Contralto- Female singing voice that is low and rich in
d.Cantilever- A structure that makes use of a beam or slab quality.
that extends horizontally into space beyond its supporting
post. ✔Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice.
e.Buttress- A structure that is built as a support for the wall. ✔Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich in quality
Lesson 5 - Media of Architecture ✔Baritone- Male singing voice that is between tenor and
bass.b.Instrumental Medium- Materials that produce/create
A.Compressive Strength- Refers to those materials that can soundi.
support heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down.
Traditional Instruments of Music:
B..Materials that are used for Creating Building and
Infrastructures: ✔String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral sounds.
Two kinds are: Bowed strings that produce tones by means of .e.Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those dances
a bow of horse hair and Plucked strings that produce tones by performed by one dancer or a group of dancers
plucking the strings with a finger or with a plectrum held in
one’s hand. Lesson 9 - Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama
✔Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by blowing into A.Drama Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-out
them or performed on stage in front of an audience.
.✔Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and B.Theatre Combined art that includes music, dance, painting,
expands into a bell-shaped end sculpture, and architecture.
.✔Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by hitting them C.Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
.✔Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by means of a a.Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre.
keyboard which consist of a series of black and white keys
b.Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending battle between
.C.Some Genres of Music: good and evil wherein good always wins.
a.Classical Music- European tradition that covered the years c.Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.
of 1750 to 1830. Forms such as the symphony, concerto, and
sonata were standardized d.Satire- Portrays human weakness and criticized human
behavior to pave the path to some form of salvation for
.b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional popular culture or human actions.
is written in such a style.
e.Farce- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is on the
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated situations and
tradition of rock and roll. improbable characters.
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American communities in Lesson 10 - Cinema, Genres of Motion Pictures and People
the late 19th and early 20thcenturies. Behind Motion Pictures
e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans in the deep A.Cinema Series of images that are projected onto a screen to
South of the United States in the late 19th Century. create the illusion of motion
f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that evolved from rock . B.Genres of Motion Pictures:
and roll and pop music.
a.Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie theaters.
g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that emerged from
the independent music of the 1980s and gained popularity in b.Animated movies- Use images created by artists/
the 1990s. animators.
Lesson 8 - Dance, Types of Dance c.Documentary movies- deal primarily with facts, not fiction.
A.Dance Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the man’s d.Experimental films- Sequence of images, literal or abstract,
gestures that express emotions through rhythmic which do not necessarily form a narrative
movements.
.e.Educational Films- Specifically intended to facilitate
B.Types of Dance: learning at home or classrooms.
a.Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated with C.People Behind a Motion Picture
national and/or cultural groups.
a.Actors-Play the roles of the characters
b.Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that are generally
.b.Producer- handles finances
performed in pairs.
.c.Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for the screen or
c.Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era.
adapts interesting written pieces of work as motion pictures
d.Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called contemporary or
.d.Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how the
interpretative dances. They represent rebellion against the
film should be portrayed and guides the actors and the
classical formalism of ballet
production crew as they carry out the project.