The Buddha‘s Advice to Rāhula

and
Rāhula‘s Life

By Sayadaw Dr.
Nandamālābhivaṃsa
Aggamahāganthavācakapaṇḍita Aggamahāpaṇḍita
Sayadaw Dr. Nandamālābhivaṃsa
The Biography of Sayadaw Dr. Nandamālābhivaṃsa

Sayādaw Dr. Nandamālābhivaṃsa, born in Myanmar (Burma)

in 1940, was educated in Mandalay and with 16 years of age
he already passed Dhammācariya (Dhamma teacher) and the
most difficult Abhivaṃsa examination. He also studied in Sri
Lanka at the Kelaniya University in Colombo ( M.A.) and got
his Ph. D. in India.

Because of his excellent knowledge of Buddhist scriptures and

his teaching experience, he was rewarded with many high
distinctions and titles such as Aggamahāganthavācakapaṇḍita
and Aggamahāpaṇḍita.

Below is his profile:

 Rector of International Theravāda Buddhist Missionary

University (ITBMU)
 Rector of Sītagū International Buddhist Academy
(Sagaing Hill)
 Rector of International Institute of Abhidhamma
(Yangon)
 Padhāna-Nāyaka of Mahāsubhodhārāma Institute
(Sagaing)
 Padhāna-Nāyaka of Sadhammajotika Subhodhārāma
Institute (Monywa)

He is the chief abbot for the traditional, well-reputed study-

monastery ―Mahāsubhodayon‖ (Mahāsubhodhārāma Institute)
in Sagaing Hills. He is the of founder and leader of
Dhammavijjālaya, Centre for Buddhist Studies (CBC) in
Sagaing, which is connected to Mahāsubhodayon Monastery

i
and serves foreigners for further studies and practice. He also
opens a new Buddhist learning centre called Dhammasahāya
Sāsanā Centre in Pyin Oo Lwin (May Myo).

He is rector of the International Theravāda Buddhist

Missionary University, which offers a chance for foreigners
and Myanmar people to study Buddhism from Diploma up to
Ph. D. level in English language.

In Myanmar and abroad, since some years in Europe too, he

is giving courses mainly on Abhidhamma for Western
Vipassanā-teachers, students and meditators.

The teaching method of Sayadaw Dr. Nandamālābhivaṃsa is

very individual, lively, practical and practicable with many
examples and references from daily life, from the Suttas,
Abhidhamma-books and commentaries. Sayādaw is teaching
in English and with a lot of humour and loving-kindness
(mettā).

ii
Preface

This gift of Dhamma (Dhammadāna) is translation from

Burmese Dhamma talk given by Sayadaw Dr.
Nandamālābhivaṃsa on 23 November 2010.

Aggācāra Dhamma Distribution Group translated the recorded

Dhamma talk. Sayalay Vīrañāṇī (an American nun living at
Chanmay Myaing Meditation Centre) has kindly edited the
translation.

With this translation, the translators would like to record their

gratitude to Sayadaw Dr. Nandamālā for his loving-kindness
and wisdom in sharing the Dhamma with us. Those who have
listened to his Dhamma talks have learned new Dhamma, the
old Dhamma has become crystal-clear, and many doubts have
been cleared away.

We are also happy that he always explains the Dhamma from

the viewpoint of Abhidhamma, and how to practically realize
the Dhamma through Vipassanā practice.

This book is intended for people who like to know more about
the life of Venerable Rāhula. It is also for Vipassanā
meditators who want to know more about contemplation of
the six sense bases. Finally, it is for all Dhamma-lovers, who
are simply seeking for the truth within themselves.

May all rejoice in this gift of Dhamma (Dhammadāna)!

Sādhu! Sādhu! Sādhu!

iii
Note:

The picture at front cover is photo of a main door of Sītagū

International Buddhist Academy while the picture at the
back cover is the view of Sagaing river.

The Sayadaw Dr. Nandamālā‘s photos were taken when he

was teaching students from Malaysia, German, Nertherland
etc. at Centre for Buddhist Studies (CBC), Sagaing in
November 2012.

The book is for free distribution only. You may copy and
redistribute any texts from this book, provided that you
abide by these two basic principles:

1. You may not sell any texts copied or derived from this
book.
2. You may not alter the content of any texts copied or
derived from this book. (You may, however,
reformat them)

This book is translated and published by:

Aggācāra Dhamma Distribution Group

[email protected]

Publication date: February 2013

iv
Table of Contents

The Buddha‘s Advice to Rāhula and Rāhula‘s life ...................... 1

Fifteen vimuttiparipācanīyā............................................................ 6
Internal Contemplation of Mental and Physical Phenomena .. 14
The Stages of Insight Knowledge ............................................... 19
How the Venerable Rāhula Gained Enlightenment .................. 21
End of the Life of the Venerable Rāhula .................................... 31

v
THE BUDDHA‘S ADVICE TO RĀHULA AND RĀHULA ‘S LIFE
As recorded in the Tipiṭaka, among the 84000 dhammas,
there are about 40 discourses or suttas about Venerable
Rāhula.

When Rāhula was seven years old, the Buddha gave him an
advice. It is recorded as the Discourse of Advice to Rāhula in
Mango Park (Ambalaṭṭhika Rāhulovāda Sutta i ). Again when
Rāhula was eighteen, at a time when youngsters start to have
fun and enjoy themselves the Buddha gave suitable advice to
him. This is recorded as the Greater Discourse of Advice to
Rāhula (Mahārāhulovāda Sutta ii ). These discourses (suttas)
are numbers 61 and 62 in the Chapter on Monks
(Bhikkhuvagga) in the second section of Middle Length
Discourses (Majjhima Nikāya).

At the age of twenty, Rāhula had become a monk. Before the

rainy retreat arrived, he practiced meditation and became an
arahant. Today, I will explain what meditation was practiced
at that time. This advice of the Buddha to Rāhula is named
as the Shorter Discourse of Advice to Rāhula (Cūļarāhulovāda
Suttaiii) and is recorded in the chapter of six sense bases in
the third section of Middle Length Discourses.

There are 22 discourses collected as Rāhula-saṃyutta; and 2

discourses related to Rāhula in Khandha-saṃyutta in
Connected Discourses of the Buddha (Saṃyutta Nikāya); and
there are 2 discourses related to him in the Numerical
Discourses of the Buddha (Aṅguttara Nikāya). I will also refer
to Mahārāhulovāda Sutta and Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta. For the

1
today Dhamma talk, I will extract the essence out of these 28
discourses and teach all of you accordingly.

As for Rāhulovāda Sutta, we can differentiate the Mahā r ā

hulovāda Sutta and the Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta. The former is
longer, that‘s why it is called Mahā (―Greater‖). The latter one
is a little shorter, so it is called Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta.

In the case of the names Mahā Panthaka and Cūļa Panthaka,

these designate real persons; the former is the elder brother
while the latter is the younger brother. But there is no such
person called ‗Cūļa Rāhula‘ or ‗Mahā Rāhula‘.

When he was a novice (sāmaņera), Rāhula‘s preceptor was

the Venerable Sāriputta. His Kammavācā recitation teacher
was the Venerable Moggallāna. Kammavācā is the compilation
of the rules and the ritual regarding admission into the
community of monks (saṅgha).

Nowadays in Myanmar, novice ordination follows the

procedure of Venerable Rāhula, who was the first novice in
the Buddha‘s dispensation. How Rāhula received monk
ordination is the same as today‘s monk ordination. When he
reached 20 years old and became a monk (bhikkhu), he
frequently practiced Insight Meditation (Vipassanā).
Sometimes, the Buddha would give him suitable advice.

Even though he practiced hard in meditation and received

suitable advice, he could not gain enlightenment. Similarly,
those with immature pāramī could not become enlightened
even if they tried hard in their meditation practice. Only the
Buddha knew the right time, when their pāramī and faculties
2
(indriya) would be mature for enlightenment. The faculties
are faith (saddhā), concentration (samādhi), mindfulness
(sati), effort (viriya) and wisdom (paññā).

You have all seen the lotuses in the lotus lake. Even though
the lotus buds appear today, they will not bloom today. They
bloom when the time is right. When they have sufficient
sunlight and are mature, they will bloom. So also, it is
important for the pāramī to be mature.

When someone cannot attain enlightenment in this life, one

of the causes may be immature pāramī. Another reason is
lack of strong faith. The next reason is a lack of strong effort
to strive hard in meditation regardless of one‘s own life and
body. One must make the effort and be able to let go of
everything. One can check oneself by comparing the time one
spend practicing meditation and the time one spend not
practicing meditation. Which is more? Maybe one don‘t really
wish for enlightenment, and one pāramī is not yet mature.

Look at a would-be traveler about to go on a long journey. He

has not yet made a single step. So his destination is definitely
very far away. If he makes a step, he will have 99 steps
remaining on a journey of 100 steps. If he makes 50 steps,
there would be a remaining 50 steps to go. If he finishes 75
steps, only 25 steps will be remaining.

In the same way, when one practices meditation one might

not reach arahatship straightaway. However, one should
gradually move towards one‘s final destination, which is
liberation. One just has to take one step after another.

3
At the time [of the Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta], the Venerable
Rāhula had become a monk and the rainy retreat had not yet
begun. One day, he came to see the Buddha and requested
him to teach a method of meditation. ―May the Buddha teach
a brief meditation method. Then I will go to a secluded place,
and with mind inclined only towards Nibbāna I will try my
utmost to practice meditation.‖

When we talk about meditation, we are not looking elsewhere

for the dhammas, but looking for the ultimate truth within us.
We should contemplate on our own mind and body. The
Buddha always encourages his disciples to seek for the truth
within, not outside. Even though having given many
discourses to various people, he placed primary importance
on the practice of Vipassanā.

Every dawn and evening, the Buddha would survey the whole
universe, looking for sentient beings who would be able to
attain higher dhammas or enlightenment. At dawn, by using
his omniscience knowledge (sabbaññutañāņa), the Buddha
surveyed the world. Starting from his fragrant chamber
(gandhakuṭi), he pervaded as far as the farthest end of the
universe with his net-like omniscient knowledge
(―sabbaññutañāņajālaṃ pharitvā‖). The beings who could be
helped to be enlightened appeared in the wisdom mind of the
Buddha just as one sees images on television.

At that time, even though someone might be staying nearby,

if his pāramī were immature and not yet ready for
enlightenment, his image would not appear in the mind of the
Buddha. In the evening also, the Buddha surveyed the
universe in the different directions, starting from farthest end
4
of the universe and coming to the nearest place (the
monastery where he stayed).

One day as usual, just as one casts a net over the sea, the
Buddha pervaded the universe with his omniscient power. He
saw Rāhula, and was aware that in Rāhula‘s mentality, the
vimuttiparipācanīyā, the dhamma for liberation and the
fruit of arahantship (arahatta-phala) had matured.
(―Paripakkato Rāhulassa vimuttaparipācanīya dhammā‖).

Then, he taught a suitable meditation subject for him to

realise the cessation of all the taints (āsavakkhaya) and to
attain the fruit of arahantship (arahatta-phala). In the same
way, a meditation teacher nowadays gives suitable meditation
instructions to the meditators.

5
FIFTEEN VIMUTTIPARIPĀCANĪYĀ
There are 15 vimuttiparipācanīyā dhammas, factors that can
lead one to enlightenment. These are mentioned in
Cūļarāhulovāda sutta and further explained in its commentary.
We need to fully develop whichever factors we have in us,
bringing them to perfection and maturity. In the case of non-
existent factors, we have to cultivate these and bring them to
growth. Paripācanīya means to cause things to be matured.
Vimuttī means liberation from defilements (kilesa) or taints
(āsava).

In the commentary, these 15 dhammas are initially divided

into two groups based on different inherent tendencies of
beings.

In the first group, the five faculties are mentioned first. These
five faculties are the faculty of faith (saddhindriya), the
faculty of effort (viriyindriya), the faculty of mindfulness
(satindriya), the faculty of concentration (samādhindriya), and
the faculty of wisdom (paññindriya).

Saddhā means faith or resolution and determination on

something. On a basic level, the saddhā means belief in
kamma and its result, and taking refuge in Triple Gem. The
higher level of saddhā means to believe in impermanence
(anicca), unsatisfactory or suffering (dukkha) and non-self
(anattā) of all psychophysical phenomena.

Whoever has practiced Vipassanā will know this. When he

notes any material and mental phenomena, he sees them
quickly arise and quickly pass away. He knows this through
his personal experience. He can make decision for himself
6
that all phenomena are impermanent (anicca), unsatisfactory
(dukkha) and non-self (anattā). This kind of determination or
resolution is saddhā, faith or resolution.

The second faculty is viriya. It means energy, or making effort.

There are two types of effort, one that is applied to the
wholesome (kusala) and the other to the unwholesome
(akusala). Altogether these are as follows:

 One makes effort to develop the wholesome states of

mind that exist already. One tries to bring them to
perfection in practice until the attainment of path and
fruition knowledge (magga-phala ñāņa).
 For non-existent wholesome states, one makes an
effort to cultivate and bring them to growth.
 One makes an effort to eradicate existing
unwholesome states of mind.
 One makes an effort to prevent non-existent
unwholesome states from developing.

The third faculty is that of mindfulness; this means the

development of mindfulness which is the same as the practice
in the Discourse of the Foundation of Mindfulness
(Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta). There are four foundations of
mindfulness. One makes effort to have continuous awareness
and observation on his material phenomena, all feelings, all
states of mind and mental objects (dhammas).

The fourth is concentration (samādhi). With the faculty of

samādhi, the mind is free from hindrances (nīvaraṇa) which
can disturb the concentration (such as sensual enjoyment,
kāmaguņa). This high level of concentration is to have
7
absorption concentration (appanā samādhi) such as first
jhāna, second jhāna etc. It is very peaceful and blissful. If one
cannot obtain it, what should one do? As long as one can
keep the mind on the meditation object like breathing etc. for
five minutes, ten minutes or thirty minutes, one hour and
soon on, one can obtain neighborhood or access
concentration (upacāra samādhi) which is in the vicinity of
jhāna.

By Vipassanā practice, one can also have momentary

concentration (khaņika samādhi) which observes and
concentrates on the arising and passing of phenomena from
moment to moment.

Whether it is absorption concentration, neighborhood

concentration or momentary concentration, as long as one
can observe the object, can keep the mind on the object, and
the mind is not far away from the object, then one will have
concentration (samādhi).

The fifth faculty, wisdom (paññā), does not refer to the

worldly knowledge we can get from our surroundings. This
wisdom actually means understanding the arising and passing
away of physical and mental phenomena within oneself.

The indriya actually means ruling faculty or that which has the
power to govern its own domain or sphere. The faculty of
faith (saddhindriya) means to have ruling power over the
domain of resolution or domain of determination, while
viriyindriya means having ruling control over effort. Satindriya
means to exercise control over those things that are to be
noted and remembered. Samādhindriya has the power over
8
the domain of stability and calm. Paññindriya has the power
over the things to be known. In short, the faculty (indriya)
have governing power over their respective spheres and
domains.

To make these five faculties mature, what do we need? These

five faculties should be multiplied by three ways (to avoid, to
associate, to develop) to give a total of 15 vimuttiparipācanīyā
dhammas. These fifteen factors will be explained here.

To develop fully the faculty of faith (saddhindriya), we should

do as follows:

1. Avoid those without faith.

2. Associate and approach those with faith.
3. Read, listen and contemplate on those discourses that
can inspire confidence and raise faith.

So if we associate with those without faith, our own faith will

be reduced and be ruined after some time. Some people
might think it does not matter even if one associate with
those people. But just as a Burmese proverb says: ―If you
associate with hunters, you will be a hunter; if you associate
with fishermen, you will become a fisherman‖. Another
example is leaves wrapping dead fish; the leaves will have
foul smell. But leaves wrapping jasmine flowers etc. will have
a fragrant smell. The smell from the fish or the flowers
pervades the leaves as well.

Normally, people might not think about the influence of

people around them. We should consider this as the condition
of strong decisive support (upanissaya paccayo), which is one

9
of the conditions in the 24 paṭṭhāna. When our associates are
people without faith, and this is acting as strong decisive
support, we will follow their behavior and thoughts. Soon, the
good faith within ourselves will be disappeared.

On the other hand, if we associate with those with faith, and

approach them frequently, then our faith will increase. We
should also contemplate discourses that can inspire
confidence in us, so the mind will be serene and pleased. Our
faith will also be increased.

To develop fully the faculty of effort (viriyindriya), we should

1. Avoid lazy people.

2. Associate and approach people with effort.
3. Develop right exertion (sammappadhāna).

To develop fully the faculty of mindfulness (satindriya), we

should

1. Avoid those people who are without mindfulness.

2. Associate and approach people who have mindfulness.
3. Develop the four foundations of mindfulness
(satipaṭṭhāna).

To develop fully the faculty of concentration (samādhindriya),

we should

1. Avoid those people who are without concentration.

2. Associate and approach people who have concentration.
3. Develop the dhammas that lead to concentration.

10
To develop fully the faculty of wisdom (paññindriya), we
should

1. Avoid unwise people.

2. Associate and approach wise people.
3. Contemplate on dhamma (like aggregates, bases,
elements, noble truths, dependent origination etc.) and
develop it deeply and respectfully.

Sometimes, when listening to Dhamma, people listen

carelessly and without paying attention. If one does not listen
respectfully and with serious attention, one will not get to
know the profound Dhamma. It is easy to listen to stories or
vain talks. There is no need to make extra effort to remember
such things. When there are jokes, people laugh; they can
remember easily.

When I was young, I heard people say that they went to a

Dhamma talk because it had jokes to be laughed at, and
because staying at home was very boring. What a sad thing!
Those people who came to listen Dhamma talk because they
wanted to laugh at the jokes have a completely wrong
attitude. If one loves jokes, one should go to shows of
famous comedians or go to a movie. Actually, people should
have the right attitude that they must go to listen to Dhamma
talks in order to acquire Dhamma knowledge, to gain
knowledge and wisdom.

So by multiplying these five faculties with the three ways

previously mentioned: to avoid, to associate, and to develop,
then we get fifteen vimuttiparipācanīyā dhammas.

11
The commentary of this Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta also points out
another set of 15 vimuttiparipācanīyā dhammas.

―Aparepi pannarasa dhammā vimuttiparipācanīyā —

saddhādīni pañcimāni indriyāni, aniccasaññā, anicce
dukkhasaññā, dukkhe anattasaññā, pahānasaññā,
virāgasaññāti, imā pañca nibbedhabhāgiyā saññā,
meghiyattherassa kathitā kalyāṇamittatādayo
pañcadhammāti. ―iv

The first five refers to five faculties like faith etcetera and are
same as mentioned above. The next five are:

6. Aniccasaññā (the perception of the impermanence of all

phenomena)
7. Dukkhasaññā (the perception of the suffering aspect of all
phenomena)
8. Anattasaññā (the perception of the non-self nature of all
phenomena)
9. Pahānasaññā (the perception of things to be abandoned)
10. Virāgasaññā (the perception of freedom from lust)

The remaining five (11 to 15) are the five dhammas the
Buddha preached to Elder Meghiya.
11. Associate with kalyāṇamitta (a good friend).

If you want to have good business, you should associate with

a suitable friend with good business. If you want to know
Dhamma and attain enlightenment, you should befriend and
approach those who know and are interested in the Dhamma.
The term ―good friend‖ can also refer to any Dhamma teacher

12
who can share the Dhamma properly, and who can teach you
the meditation method.

12. Make effort in meditation

Even if you have good friends, if you don‘t make effort in

meditation, you cannot achieve any higher dhamma.

13. Ten types of suitable speech

In brief, speak sweetly with words free from greed, hatred
and delusion. It also includes speech concerning Dhamma and
meditation, or speech that leads to reduction of defilements.

14. Mindfulness (sati) means having awareness on the

meditation object.

15. Wisdom (paññā) means knowing the arising and passing

away of all phenomena.

The stated fifteen dhammas are the second set of

vimuttiparipācanīya.

These fifteen dhammas that could lead to liberation

(vimuttiparipācanīya) were matured in Venerable Rāhula.

13
INTERNAL CONTEMPLATION OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PHENOMENA
What is the meditation taught by the Buddha to the Venerable
Rāhula so that he could gain arahatship and final liberation? It
is the contemplation of phenomena within oneself.

What are these? When we look at ourselves, we find out the

main things are our six sense doors: eye, ear, nose, tongue,
body, mind. Also the corresponding objects to these sense
doors: visible object, sound, smell, taste, touch, mental
objects.

Everyone has these mental and physical phenomena (nāma-

rūpa). When there is contact of the eye with visible object,
eye-consciousness arises. When the eye-consciousness arises,
the contact (phassa) which connects with the eye-
consciousness and the visible object arises. When contact
arises, feeling (vedanā) also arises. Perception (saññā),
mental formation (saṅkhāra) and consciousness (viññāņa )
also arise together with feeling.

In doctrine of dependent origination (paṭiccasamuppāda),

these six sense doors are called as six sense bases
(saļayātana). Because of six sense bases, contact arises
(―saļayātana paccayā phasso‖). The contact comes after the
six sense bases. Then, because of contact, feeling arises
(―phassapaccayā vedanā‖). Next, because of feeling, craving
arises (―vedanāpaccayā taņhā‖). However, in the
Cūļarāhulovāda sutta, it is said that contact comes together
with eye consciousness.

There are 22 discourses (sutta) in Rāhula-saṃyutta in the

Saṃyutta Pāļi. Among those discourses, the eye, visible object
14
to be seen, and eye consciousness (which arises due to the
contact of visible object with the eye) are mentioned. With
the combination of these three, together there will be contact
(phassa), feeling (vedanā), perception (saññā), volition
(cetanā) and craving (taņhā).

In other discourses, the meditation methods and phenomena

mentioned by the Buddha are not the same. For example, in
Mahārāhulovāda Sutta, which was delivered when Rāhula was
eighteen years old, the Buddha taught contemplation on the
Four Great Elements (mahā bhūta), as well as other
contemplations such as loving-kindness (mettā), compassion
(karuņā), sympathetic joy (muditā), equanimity (upekkhā),
the perception of loathsomeness (asubhasaññā) and
perception of impermanence (aniccasaññā).

Sometimes, the Buddha preached the six elements: earth

(paṭhavī), water (āpo), fire (tejo), wind (vāyo), light (āloka)
and consciousness (viññāņa). Sometimes, the Buddha also
preached five aggregates in detail. They are 1) The aggregate
of matter (rūpakkhandha); 2) The aggregate of feeling
(vedanākkhandha); 3) The aggregate of perception
(saññākkhandha); 4) The aggregate of mental-formation
(saṅkhārakkhandha);5) The aggregate of consciousness
(viññāṇakkhandha)

However, in the Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta that we are discussing

today, the Buddha mentioned 8 phenomena with regard to
the eye door: eye (cakkhu), visible object (rūpa), eye
consciousness (cakkhu-viññāņa), contact (phassa), feeling
(vedanā), perception (saññā), mental formations (saṅkhāra),
and consciousness (viññāņa).
15
The same can be said for the ear door: ear, sound, ear
consciousness (which occurs due to combination of ear and
sound), the contact that unites the ear and sound, the feeling
that occurs due to contact; and the perception, mental
formations and consciousness that come together with
contact.

For the nose door, there are nose, smell, nose consciousness,
the contact that unites the nose and smell, the feeling that
occurs due to the contact. Due to pleasant smell, there will be
pleasant feeling. Due to unpleasant smell, there will be
unpleasant feeling. There is also the perception that notes the
smell, and mental formations—including volition (cetanā)
which is the leader. The consciousness that is only pure
awareness of the smell also arises.

In short, there are 8 phenomena respectively with regard to

six sense doors: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind. One
should be aware of these phenomena in Vipassanā practice
because the contemplation on them can let one become
arahant. These phenomena occur in us every time and should
be observed. As such, after listening to this Cūļarāhulovāda
Sutta, Rāhula became an arahant.

I have explained these factors earlier so that you may find

such phenomena in yourselves. All the phenomena have their
own characteristics. For example, there is the natural
characteristic of the eye. When the visible object strikes the
eye, it also has its own natural characteristic.

To know and practice Vipassanā accurately, first we should

look for the object to be observed. One should observe the
16
natural characteristic (sabhāva-lakkhaņā) of these objects.
Sabhāva-lakkhaņā means that the object has its own natural
and distinct characteristic which is not the same as that of
other objects.

When we look at different persons, we start to note the

distinct parts of body and facial features like the shape of
hair, the clothes they wear, their height, the manner of their
walking and so on. By noting these characteristics and
details, we can remember and recognize who they are. Even
if someone is coming from afar, we can recognize who he is.
When his body shape changes, our previous perception of him
does not match the current perception, and we may become
confused.

So also, the four great elements in the body have their own
individual characteristic which has nothing in common with
the others. The earth element has the characteristics of
hardness and softness, while the water element has fluidity
and cohesion. The heat element has the characteristics of
heat and cold. The wind element has supporting and motion
as its characteristics. These natural characteristics are called
sabhāva-lakkhaņā in Pāļi.

The Vipassanā practice is the observation of these natural

characteristic. If one cannot find it, one must make effort to
discover it. When one is sitting on a cushion, one will discover
that where the buttocks are touching the cushion has the
nature of hardness. Sometimes, there is a feeling of softness
at this touching point. This hardness and softness are the
characteristic of the earth element.

17
Sometimes, there is heat or cold in the body. Sometimes,
sweat flows down, and sometimes there is motion and
shaking in the body. These are the natural characteristics of
fire, water and wind. At the time of these events, don‘t think
of impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha) or non-self
(anatta). You should just be aware of the natural
characteristics of the four great elements.

18
THE STAGES OF INSIGHT KNOWLEDGE
When one is really able to observe all these natural
characteristics, then the general characteristic (sāmaññā
lakkhaņa) will emerge. The general characteristic means the
impermanent (anicca), unsatisfactory or suffering (dukkha)
and non-self (anattā) characteristics of all phenomena.

How can one observe impermanence? When one sees the

arising and passing away of mental and physical phenomena,
one understands that they are all impermanent. With the
understanding of impermanence, one understands these
phenomena are all unsatisfactory and suffering. When one
understands unsatisfactoriness, one also understands that
there is no self, I, or any controller existing at all. So one will
understand non-self (anattā). By starting with the observation
of the natural characteristics (sabhāva-lakkhaņa), then insight
knowledge (Vipassanā ñāņa) increases gradually.

Then, when one sees that all arising phenomena will soon
pass away, one will gain the knowledge of arising and passing
away (udayabbaya-ñāņa). On seeing this arising and passing
away again and again, one‘s mindfulness, concentration and
insight knowledge gain strength. Then one will not see the
arising of phenomena but only more clearly aware the
dissolution and passing away of these phenomena. One has
attained the knowledge of dissolution (bhaṅga-ñāņa).

One may feel fearful when seeing that things keep dissolving,
so one will gain knowledge of fearfulness (bhaya-ñāņa).
Earlier, one may think ‗this I is the one who sees the
phenomena‘ but at this time one will know that there is no ‗I‘
at all. Now, one is clearly aware of the danger and faulty
19
nature of all phenomena. One then gains the knowledge of
things as dangerous (ādīnava-ñāņa). Later one feels
disenchanted from one‘s own physical and mental
phenomena. One will be no longer attached to them as
before, and thus reaches the knowledge of disenchantment
(nibbidā ñāņa).

Then, one does not want to dwell with these phenomena

anymore and desires to escape from them. One will gain the
knowledge of desire for deliverance (muñcitukamyatā ñāņa).
If one wishes to escape from these phenomena, one needs to
reflect the phenomena. This is the insight knowledge of
reflection (paṭisaṅkha ñāņa). When one observes them again
and again, there is no desire or aversion towards the
formation of these phenomena. One can keep the mind
balanced, and equanimity arises towards them. One will
obtain the knowledge of equanimity towards all formations
(saṅkhārupekkhā ñāņa). This is how insight knowledge grows
in stages.

When the knowledge of equanimity towards all formations

(saṅkhārupekkhā ñāņa) is fully matured, the formations will
cease and Nibbāna, the cessation of suffering will be realized
by path knowledge (magga ñāņa). After this knowledge,
fruition knowledge (phala ñāņa) will occur.

20
HOW THE VENERABLE RĀHULA GAINED ENLIGHTENMENT
We now go back to the story of the Venerable Rāhula.

As usual, the Buddha went for alms-round. After eating, he

called Venerable Rāhula to bring own sitting-cloth and to
follow him to the Andhavana Grove (the forest of blind men)
which was near to Jetavana monastery. There were many
devas and brahmas who had made wishes together with
Rāhula in past lives. These celestial beings had known in
advance that the Buddha would guide him up to arahatship
on that day. They were very delighted because they could
also listen to the Dhamma that would lead Venerable Rāhula
to final liberation.

The Buddha walked in front, and Venerable Rāhula followed.

The celestial beings had gathered and were already waiting in
the Andhavana Grove. When reaching there, The Buddha sat
under a tree and the Venerable Rāhula sat in a suitable place.
Then the Buddha started to teach him meditation.

This meditation method is same as mentioned earlier. For the

Venerable Rāhula to know how to become mature in wisdom,
and for him to investigate the Dhammas within himself, the
Buddha asked him several questions.

―What do you think, Rāhula? In you, is the eye permanent or

impermanent? ―

We can consider this way in ourselves. When we are young,

our eyes are good and sharp. Now, when we reach sixty years
old, will our eye sensitivity (cakkhu-pasāda) also be as good

21
and sharp? Certainly not. In this way, we can see the
impermanence of our eyes in a general way.

For better understanding, let‘s look at a river. We think the

river is the same all the time. But actually, the water is
flowing all the time. The water in the morning is certainly not
the same as the water in the evening. Even if we go to scoop
out water in a barrel, and then take the next scoop, we
cannot get the earlier water anymore. Not even the water, or
the hand that holds the barrel are the same. The hand that
earlier held the first scoop of water is not there anymore. As
the next one is quite similar with the earlier one, we never
see the passing away of the earlier hand.

In actual sense, the life-span of eye sensitivity is equivalent to

17 mind moments (cittakkhaņa). After every 17 mind-
moments (cittakkhaņa), new eye sensitivity will take place. A
mind-moment exists for a very short time. So also new eye
sensitivity exists for a very short time, and soon it disappears.
But we think our eyes are there all the time.

Actually, the eye sensitivity is impermanent in the sense of

non-lasting and non-enduring. In Discourse of non-arising
(Anuppada sutta), the Buddha said clearly, ―Ahutvā sambhonti,
hutvā paṭiventīti v ‘‖. The nature of impermanence (anicca)
means that phenomena have no core nature of their own but
come to be when their conditions exist. After arising, they will
totally fade away. When fading away, they do not move to
another place.

To illustrate the impermanence, let‘s look at the flame of a

candle. How does it come to be? First, there must be the wick
22
and the wax of the candle. Then we light the candle with
matches, and flame comes to exist. Due to existing conditions
of wick, wax and matches, the flame appears. It does not
come on its own. When we blow out the flame, where does
this flame go? It goes nowhere. It just extinguishes and
disappears.

According to this Pāḷi sentence ―ahutvā sambhonti, hutvā

paṭiventīti‘; ahutvā means it never appeared in the past;
sambhonti means due to suitable conditions, it appears; hutvā
paṭiventi means after appearing, it will cease. Hence, the
meaning of anicca denotes things come where they never
appeared before, and then disappear to where they never
went before.

Due to arising and passing away, this impermanent nature is

oppressive. This is the nature of unsatisfactoriness or
suffering. That thing which is impermanent always disturbs or
oppresses us, it comes and goes by its own course; so can it
be called ‗belonging to us‘, or can we believe that this self
exists? We cannot. These are the characteristics of non-self.

In the Discourse of Characteristics of Non-self

vii
(Anattalakkhaņa Sutta ), there is the following sentence:
‗Evaṃ me rūpaṃ hotu, evaṃ me rūpaṃ mā ahosī‘ti. It means
‗may my form be such, my form not to be such.‘ Can we
control the form or the shape of our body to be such and
such? We cannot. Due to suitable conditions, it comes to be.
Then when conditions are no more, it will cease. That‘s how
we can see the nature of impermanent (anicca),
unsatisfactory (dukkha) and non-self (anattā) of all
phenomena.
23
We now go back to the Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta. The Buddha
asked Venerable Rāhula.
―Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, Rāhula, cakkhu niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā‖ti?
Rāhula, what do you think? Is eye sensitivity permanent or
impermanent?

―Aniccaṁ, bhante‖
He answered, ‖Impermanent, Venerable Sir.‖

―Yaṁ panāniccaṁ dukkhaṁ vā taṁ sukhaṁ vā‖ti? ―Dukkhaṁ,

bhante‖.
―What is impermanent [referring to eye sensitivity], is this
unsatisfactory or satisfactory?‖ ―Unsatisfactory, Venerable
Sir‖.

―Yaṁ panāniccaṃ dukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadhammaṃ, kallaṃ nu

taṁ samanupassituṃ — ‗etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me
attā‘‖ti?
Is what is impermanent, suffering, and subject to change, it
is proper to be regarded thus: ‗This is mine, this I, am, this is
my self?‘

‖No hetaṃ, bhante.‖

No, venerable sir.

According to these statements above, the Buddha asked

Venerable Rāhula to consider on the eye whether it has
impermanent nature and so on. We also have to consider this
too. For example, we see a flower, this object will be reflected
in our eyes. The flower outside us is not same with the image
of flower in our eye sensitivity. The shape of flower etc. is the
visible object (rūpārammaņa) and it is the object for eye

24
sensitivity. This visible object has a life span of 17 mind-
moments. It appears in the eye sensitivity and will pass away
in a very short time. It is not the outside flower that will fade
away so quickly, actually we refer to the visible object (image
of flower) appeared in the eye sensitivity that having an
obviously impermanent nature.

To see the impermanent nature more clearly, we can consider

sound as the object of the ear door. When we hear the
sound, it passes away soon afterwards. Just as you are
hearing my Dhamma talk now, each word that I have spoken
has already passed away. The next word will come and also
will soon pass away. Each sound arises and ceases soon. Just
as sound passes away, the visible object (rūpārammaņa) in
our eye sensitivity will also pass away. We will see the next
visible object, and it will also disappear soon afterwards.

Then the Buddha asked Rāhula about the eye consciousness.

The eye consciousness will appear when the visible object
comes into contact with eye base (or eye sensitivity). The
visible object and eye base are the conditions for the eye
consciousness.

Let‘s look at a lighter. As long as there is gas in it, when we

press the button, the small metal wheel will strike against the
stone inside. Then the flame will appear. Similarly, when the
visible object strikes the eye base, the eye consciousness will
appear. This is also impermanent, exists for a short moment
and soon passes away.

In another sutta, the Buddha preached the eye base or eye

sensitivity is impermanent, so also the visible object that is its
25
object. How could it be that the eye consciousness which
depended on both of these could be permanent? The eye
consciousness is also impermanent. This is a very noteworthy
point. We should really bear this in mind: the dhamma arising
from impermanent phenomena can never be permanent.

We should consider that the life of a human is mortal. The

mother will die one day. But how can it be that the children
born from her cannot die?

Then we could consider the contact (phassa) born of the

combination of eye sensitivity, visible object and eye
consciousness. These three causes are impermanent. Could
the contact which is the result of them be permanent? No, it
is also impermanent. Next, can the feeling that arises due to
the contact be permanent and exist all the time? No, it is also
impermanent.

Then, can be the perception (saññā) that notes the object,

the mental formation – including the volition (cetanā) that
creates motivation, the consciousness (viññāṇa) that knows
the object be permanent? No, they are also impermanent.

The Buddha starts asking Rāhula about the phenomena at the

eye door :1) the eye base or eye sensitivity; 2) the visible
object; 3) eye consciousness; 4) eye contact; 5) feeling born
of eye-contact; 6) perception of the object; 7) mental
formations on the object; 8) consciousness that knows the
object. Altogether there are 8 phenomena with regard to eye
door.

26
Then the Buddha continued to ask Rāhula with regard to ear
door, nose door, tongue door, the body door and mind door.
There are 8 phenomena for each door. All the phenomena are
impermanent.

In brief, the Buddha asked Rāhula to consider, and to

investigate the sense bases, sense objects, sense
consciousness, contacts, feelings, perceptions, mental
formations (including volition) and consciousnesses for
himself.

The Buddha asked Rāhula: ―Are these phenomena in him

impermanent, unsatisfactory and non-self?‖ Yes, Rāhula
assured himself that these phenomena are indeed
impermanent, unsatisfactory and non-self.

We can use more examples to show these ultimate truths.

Someone sees his friend coming from afar. With wonderful
and delightful feelings, he hugs him. The friend from afar is
not same as the one he hugged. To make it clearer, we can
consider the mechanism behind the movie. When the movie is
shown in slow-motion, even a lifting of a leg requires many
frames of film.

So also, as the friend is moving closer, there are many forms

of him. Which one you can call as your friend? How about
ourselves? There are many physical and mental phenomena
that arise and disappear quickly. Which one can we called ‗our
own‘, ‗belonging to us‘, or ‗our self‘? Even in a moment,
billions of phenomena arise and pass away. As said earlier,
matter only lasts for the life span of 17 mind moments.

27
When one sees the impermanence of eye consciousness etc.,
what are the benefits? As the eye consciousness fades away,
the feeling that comes with it will also pass away. There is no
pleasant or unpleasant feeling anymore. At the moment of
seeing, it is just seeing, there will not be craving for the form
or visible object at all. One becomes disenchanted with this
visible object and will not desire for it at all.

When asked by the Buddha, Venerable Rāhula reassured

himself that the impermanence, unsatisfactoriness and non-
self nature of the eight phenomena respectively in each of his
six sense doors. From the knowledge of arising and passing
away, his insight knowledges matured gradually until the
knowledge of equanimity towards all formations
(saṅkhārupekkhā ñāņa) comes to existence.

Then, at the ending part of the Cūlarāhulovāda Sutta,

…tasmimpi nibbindati. Nibbindaṃ virajjati, virāgā vimuccati.

Vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ―Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ
brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā‘ti
pajānātī‖ti.

Nibbindaṃ virājjati, means when one is disenchanted from

the visible object, one will be free from craving, and one will
not find pleasure in that object. When one does not find
pleasure in the conditioned things (saṅkh ā ra) like eye
sensitivity or visible object, one will incline the mind towards
Nibbāna. This is the arising of path knowledge (magga ñāņa).

28
Virāgā vimuccati, means when the mind is free from craving,
the mind will be free. Vimuccati refers to fruition knowledge
(phala ñāņa).

Vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. When one is freed, one

will aware that he is freed. This stage is the reviewing
knowledge (paccavekkhaņa ñāņa).

When the Buddha preached the meditation method in detail,

Rāhula‘s mind became deeply engrossed in the Dhamma. In a
short moment, his insight knowledges matured in stages and
he gained path and fruition knowledge of stream-entry
(sotāpatti magga-phala). Then, he again practised Vipassanā.
His insight knowledge became mature, and he gained the
path and fruition knowledge of once-returner (sakadāgāmi
magga-phala).

Then again, he continued to practise Vipassanā and his

insight knowledges gained momentum. He attained the path
and fruition knowledge of non-returner (an ā g ā mi magga-
phala). Then he continued Vipassanā and his insight
knowledges progressed. At last, he gained path and fruition
knowledge of arahant (arahatta magga-phala).

In brief, by means of the different levels of path and fruition

knowledge that arose as his insight knowledges gradually
grew, he attenuated his defilements little by little. Lastly, he
became an arahant. As recorded in the Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta,
as this sutta was being preached, the Venerable Rāhula was
freed from taints and liberated forever. (― ―imasmiñca pana
veyyākaraṇasmiṃ bhaññamāne āyasmato Rāhulassa
anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimucci.‖)
29
At the same time as Venerable Rāhula was listening to the
Dhamma, the thousands of devas and brahmas were listening
too. These celestial beings were his previous companions.
During the dispensation of Padumuttara Buddha, they had
made the same wishes to be liberated. While listening to the
Dhamma, they gained different stages of enlightenment.
Some became stream-enterers (sotāpanna), some became
once-returners (sakadāgāmī), and others became non-
returners (anāgāmī) or arahants. They were liberated from
the defilements.

This comes to the end of this Cūļarāhulovāda Sutta.

30
END OF THE LIFE OF THE V ENERABLE RĀHULA
How long was his monkhood? When did he pass away? There
is no record of the exact date of his death in the Tipiṭaka. We
can only guess. After Mahāpajāpati Gotamī the queen mother
attained the final passing away (parinibbāna) and before the
Venerable Sāriputta had attained parinibbāna, the Venerable
Rāhula attained parinibbāna.

Where did he pass away? From the Realm of thirty-three gods

(Tavatiṃsa). Why? It might be he had many companions
there and they had invited him to join them. Venerable
Rāhula was a very special person as he did not attain
parinibbāna in the human world. Maybe his relics are still in
the Tavatiṃsa deva realm.

Before Mahāpajāpati passed away, she mentioned that she

would not see the parinibbāna of the Buddha as well as
Venerables Rāhula, Ānanda, Nanda, and Sāriputta. She
would enter to the parinibbāna first.

To support this fact, when she had attained final passing

away, the Venerable Rāhula and Venerable Nanda had
already become arahants. However, Venerable Ānanda was
still a stream-enterer. So he was very upset and cried when
she passed away. With a very emotional voice, he urged
others to come and pay respect to her remains.

Then, at another time, when the Buddha was eighty years

old, the Venerable Sāriputta would be passing away around
November (on the full moon of the Burmese month of
Tazaungmon) and the Buddha would pass away in May (on
the full moon the Burmese month of Kason). When Venerable
31
Sāriputta considered his remaining life span (āyu-saṅkhāra),
he realised that there were only seven days left. He further
considered that Venerable Rāhula was no more already, as he
had passed away into the realm of Thirty-three gods
(Tavatiṃsa) while the Venerable Kondañña was at Chaddanta
Lake.

That is why we could be certain that Venerable Rāhula had

passed away before Venerable Sāriputta. These incidents are
mentioned in the commentary.

In conclusion, the meditation method given by the Buddha to

the Venerable Rāhula is the contemplation of eight
phenomena respectively in the sense doors. May the virtuous
audience practise as the Venerable Rāhula had. And may you
realise the Noble Dhamma soon.

Sādhu! Sādhu! Sādhu!

32
Appendix I

The suttas and Pāḷi sentences used in this book are as

follows:

Majjhima Nikāya, majjhimapaṇṇāsapāḷi, 2. bhikkhuvagga , 1.

i

ambalaṭṭhikarāhulovāda-sutta (MN 61)

Majjhima Nikāya,majjhimapaṇṇāsapāḷi, 2. bhikkhuvagga , 1.

ii

mahārāhulovāda-sutta
(MN 62)

Majjhima Nikāya, Uparipaṇṇāsa Pāḷi, Saḷāyatanavagga, Cūḷar

iii

āhulovāda Sutta (MN 147)

iv
Majjhima Nikāya Aṭṭhakathā, Uparipaṇṇāsa- Aṭṭhakathā PTS
V,98; VRI 4.255 (uparipaṇṇāsa-aṭṭhakathā, 5.
saḷāyatanavagga , 5. rāhulovādasuttavaṇṇanā )
v
Majjhima-Nikāya, Uparipaṇṇāsapāḷi, 2. anupadavagga, 1.
anupadasutta (MN 111), paragraph 94 to 96 (PTS III,24;
VRI 3.73)
vii
Khandha-vagga , 1. Khandha-saṃyutta, 6. Upaya-vagga, 7.
anattalakkhaṇa sutta (SN 22.59) (PTS III,24; VRI 3.73.)

33