太傻托福论坛

2002 年 5 月 TOEFL 试题

Section One: Listening Comprehension

1. (A) She'll get the things the man needs. 7. (A) She hurt her foot.
(B) Sally wants to go to the bookstore too. (B) Her health problem has come back again.
(C) There isn't enough time to go to the (C) She's feeling better now.
bookstore. (D) She needs an operation soon.
(D) The student center closes at four o'clock.
8. (A) He has been working outdoors lately.
2. (A) He doesn't feel qualified for the job. (B) He'd like to get some exercise over the
(B) He'd like a higher salary. weekend.
(C) He's completely satisfied with his job. (C) He's a good tennis player.
(D) He'd like to be able to work more hours (D) He rarely uses his computer.
per week.
9. (A) More doctors should be doing research.
3. (A) Try to get a ride with Pete. (B) He is studying to be a doctor.
(B) Take an airplane to Boston. (C) An important new medical treatment may
(C) Ask Pete the name of his hotel. be available soon.
(D) Drive her car to Boston. (D) He has already tried the new medicine.

4. (A) She'll give the man the newspaper after 10. (A) She couldn't find her watch.
class. (B) She feels bad about being late.
(B) She doesn't read the newspaper for her (C) She forgot what time the library closed.
class. (D) She had never agreed to meet the man.
(C) She doesn't have a newspaper to give the
man. 11. (A) She's a professional photographer.
(D) She only reads one section of the (B) She'll take the camera to her car before the
newspaper. concert.
(C) She just had an argument with her
5. (A) His roommate doesn't like to talk much. roommate.
(B) He's upset with his roommate. (D) She's concerned about leaving the camera
(C) Someone other than his roommate caused with the man.
the problem.
(D) He doesn't want the woman to be friendly 12. (A) Decide against sending the
with his roommate. application.
(B) Order his checks by mail.
6. (A) The book was very interesting. (C) Enclose a twenty-dollar bill with his
(B) He hasn't read the book yet. application.
(C) The book is too long. (D) Buy a money order to send with the
(D) He doesn't usually read spy thrillers. application.

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13. (A) She's too busy to run for class 20. (A) She has been on the trip herself and
president. has enjoyed it.
(B) She hasn't considered running for class (B) She wouldn't consider going on the field
president. trip.
(C) She plans to apply for a part-time job. (C) She thinks the class is too advanced for
(D) She wants the man to help her with her the man.
studies. (D) She thinks there's a good reason to go on
the field trip.
14. (A) She wants the man to meet her brother
(B) She's going to Chicago with her brother 21. (A) Watch the news on TV.
(C) She won't be able to prepare lunch. (B) Turn the TV on at six o'clock.
(D) She can't accept the man's invitation. (C) Turn the TV off in a few minutes.
(D) Watch another comedy show.
15. (A) The books were sent out late.
(B) The books were sent to the wrong place. 22. (A) She hasn't prepared the course outline
(C) He didn't mind helping the woman move. yet.
(D) He doesn't know the woman's new (B) She'll distribute the course outline during
address. the next class.
(C) There aren't any copies of the course
16. (A) It's approximately twelve o'clock. outline left.
(B) She'll meet the man at exactly twelve (D) The man can get the course outline after
o'clock. class.
(C) She has to be somewhere soon.
(D) She doesn't have time to talk. 23. (A) He had planned to attend Jason's
presentation but couldn't.
17. (A) The woman's meal tastes better than (B)He preferred Jason's previous presentation.
his. (C) He'd like to do the next presentation
(B) The woman shouldn't eat her food. himself.
(C) The woman shouldn't be laughing. (D) Jason won't give any more presentations.
(D) The woman and he should go to another
restaurant. 24. (A) She might know someone who needs a
car.
18. (A) Mary had a long drive to the airport. (B) She doesn't know many people.
(B) His flight arrived late. (C) Most of her friends don't drive.
(C) Mary had trouble finding the airport. (D) She'll try to borrow a car from one of her
(D) His flight took three hours. friends.

19. (A) He doesn't want the woman to fill out 25. (A) He doesn't know the answer to the
the survey form. question.
(B) He just got the results of the survey. (B) He doesn't like to travel in the area.
(C) He wants to make the dorm a better place (C) He doesn't ride on buses.
for students. (D) He'll ask someone else for directions.
(D) He hadn't heard about the survey.
26. (A) She's worried about the approaching

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snowstorm. 32. (A) They defend the bone against viruses.

(B) She won't have time to go outside (B) They prevent oxygen from entering the
tomorrow. bone.
(C) She doesn't believe the weather report, (C) They break down bone tissue.
(D) She's pleased about the weather report. (D) They connect the bone to muscle tissue.

27. (A) He always liked reading more than 33. (A) They have difficulty identifying these
watching television. cells.
(B) He used to watch television more than he (B) They aren't sure how these cells work.
does now. (C) They've learned how to reproduce these
(C) It's important to select television programs cells.
carefully. (D) They've found similar cells in other
(D) The woman should do more reading. species.

28. (A) He thinks the woman looks better in 34. (A) To learn how to prevent a bone
the green hat. disease.
(B) He wants the woman to buy both hats, (B) To understand differences between bone
(C) He thinks the green hat is much too tissue and other tissue.
expensive. (C) To find out how specialized bone cells
(D) He doesn't care which hat the woman have evolved.
chooses. (D) To create artificial bone tissue.

29. (A) The shirt belongs to her sister. 35. (A) A new fuel for buses.
(B) The shirt was purchased during a trip. (B) The causes of air pollution.
(C) She bought a similar shirt for the man. (C) A way to improve fuel efficiency in buses.
(D) The shirt is her favorite color. (D) Careers in environmental engineering.

30. (A) He wants to get a job in a smaller 36. (A) Her car is being repaired.
company. (B) She wants to help reduce pollution.
(B) He's looking forward to working on the (C) Parking is difficult in the city.
West Coast. (D) The cost of fuel has increased.
(C) He hopes to keep working where he now
lives. 37. (A) A fuel that bums cleanly.
(D) He expects his company to promote him (B) An oil additive that helps cool engines.
soon. (C) A material from which filters are made.
(D) An insulating material sprayed on engine
31. (A) Two different types of bones in the parts.
human body.
(B) How bones help the body move. 38. (A) The high temperatures required for its
(C) How bones continuously repair use.
themselves. (B) The high cost of materials used in its
(D) The chemical composition of human production.
bones. (C) The lack of trained environmental
engineers.

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(D) The opposition of automobile (D) An industrialized society.

manufacturers.
45. (A) Samples of products.
39. (A) To present an award to a musician. (B) Signs on shops.
(B) To thank the organizers of "Time Out for (C) Pictures of products painted on walls.
the Arts." (D) Free paper pamphlets.
(C) To invite musicians to join the concert
tour. 46. (A) How the President proposes new laws.
(D) To introduce the guest speaker for the (B) How a bill is passed by lawmakers in
evening. Congress.
(C) How the President can reject a proposed
40. (A) The pianist is an old friend of hers. law.
(B) Many people have come to the (D) How lawmakers can force the President to
presentation. sign a bill.
(C) The auditorium has an excellent sound
system. 47. (A) Why the President opposes a bill.
(D) She enjoys going to concerts. (B) How lawmakers want to revise a bill.
(C) Why a deadline has not been met.
41. (A) When he was a child. (D) When lawmakers plan to end their
(B) When he finished his studies. session.
(C) When he began his concert touring.
(D) When he was invited to a musical 48. (A) They send the message to the
competition. President within ten days.
(B) They officially state reasons for rejecting
42. (A) Discuss his experiences on the concert the message.
tour. (C) They meet with the President.
(B) Explain why he agreed to give the lecture. (D) They revise the vetoed bill.
(C) Comment on his musical training at the
Juilliard School. 49. (A) The bill becomes law immediately.
(D) Talk about how he learned to compose (B) The bill can't become law unless the
music. whole process begins again.
(C) Lawmakers must review the bill within ten
43. (A) The effect of advertising on world days.
markets. (D) The President must sign the 'bill if it's
(B) Modem advertising techniques. passed again.
(C) Forms of communication in the American
colonies. 50. (A) Just after a new President is elected.
(D) The early history of advertising. (B) Just before Congress takes any short
break.
44. (A) An educated population. (C) When Congress has just ended an entire
(B) A large supply of goods and services. session.
(C) A large number of publications. (D) Anytime during a session of Congress.

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Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1.__of pottery is dependent on the durability (B)were accumulated by alchemists

of clay after firing. (C)alchemists accumulating them
(A)To make (D)had been accumulated by alchemists
(B)The making
(C)When to make 7.The fluoroscope makes __ for medical
(D)It is making doctors to view a silhouette of the bones and
internal organs of a patient's body.
2.Pig iron, wrought iron, and steel contain iron (A)being possible
carbides made up of __ of carbon. (B)possibly
(A) amounts are different (C)it is possible
(B) different amounts that (D)it possible
(C) different amounts
(D) which amounts are different 8.The second-oldest continuously occupied
governor's mansion in the United States __
3.The Arctic fox is found throughout the Jackson, Mississippi.
Arctic , usually on tundra or mountains __ the (A) the location in
sea. (B) is the location
(A) by which near (C) is located in
(B) near of (D) located in
(C) because near
(D) near 9.A television camera produces an image by
convening __ receives into a series of bright
4.The midge __ to any of several species of and dark dots.
small flies, refers to a mosquito-like insect (A) and it
with slender wings and body, long legs, and (B) it
antennae. (C) what it
(A)which a term applied (D) that it
(B)a term applied
(C)is a term applied 10.In so-called nonfiction novels, a
(D)applied a term documentary style is combined with fictional
techniques __actual events and people.
5. The face is the most __ of a human being. (A)that they describe
(A)part is distinctly (B)to describe
(B)distinction in part (C)and in describing
(C)distinctive part (D)are describing
(D)part of distinction
11.Managers often receive considerable
6.The chemical facts __ as a by-product of training in the "technical" aspects of their jobs
their search for gold became the basis for __ very little in the "people management"
modem chemistry. aspects.
(A)that had been accumulated by alchemists (A)so

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(B)just as (C)is best known as

(C)yet (D)best is known as
(D)and that
14. Not until the First World War __ to
12.Areas of fertile soil called deltas, usually improve the road system in the United States.
__ are formed by mud deposited at the mouth (A)a determined effort was made
of a river. (B)made a determined effort
(A)triangular in shape (C)when a determined effort was made
(B)their shape is triangular (D)was a determined effort made
(C)they have a triangular shape
(D)triangular shape 15. Often invisible, always in motion, gas is
__ of matter.
13.Though a respected educator, Alexander (A)the state is most energetic
Graham Bell __ the inventor of the telephone. (B)stating the most energetic
(A)as is best known (C)the most energetic state
(B)best known as is (D)the state that most energetic

16. Some fish have whiskers, which are sensory organs used for touching and tasting,
A B
and which are helpful when are they searching for food in sand and mud.
C D
17.Cement is produced commercially by to heat a mixture of limestone and clay
A B
in a large,slowly rotating cylindrical furnace.
C D
18.In addition to appropriating the subject matter of mass culture, the pop art movement
A B
of the 1950's utilized various technique of mass production.
C D
19. Practical problems limit the ability of astronomers to determine the mass
A B
of asteroids,who are small planetary bodied orbiting the Sun.
C D
20.An accomplished saxophonist and composer, John Coltrane begun his career playing
A B C
in the big bands of the early 1950's.
D
21.Bacteria and similar one-celled organisms reproduce by cell division, each of the daughter
A
cell then beginning a new life as a distinct organism.
B C D
22.Many species of birds that breed in temperate latitudes often show particular patterns
A B C

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of migration while the year.

D
23.Quebec, the most oldest city in Canada, lies on the north bank of the St. Lawrence
A B C D
River.
24.Because of the need to maintain the correct balance of salts and minerals in the water,
A B
keeping saltwater fish in aquariums requires more work that keeping freshwater fish.
C D
25. Addressing themes that were unique American, the poet Walt Whitman celebrated
A B C
the lives of ordinary people.
D
26.Many museums have been founded by private benefactors, and a few have received
A B
endowments that help to support theirs routine operations.
C D
27.The Bessemer process for converting iron to steel was invention of enormous importance
A B
because it led to many significant changes in industrial processes.
C D
28. Painters have been portraying the sea for centuries, and in the United States a
A B
rich tradition of marine painting been developed during the nineteenth century.
C D
29.The city of Memphis, Tennessee, was a important Confederate military center during
A B
the American Civil War and served as the temporary state capital in 1862.
C D
30. Although all sedimentary rocks contain iron, but the deposits that are richest in iron
A B
consist predominantly of minerals such as iron oxides, carbonates, silicates, and sulfides.
C D
31.In the United States, the attorney general is a cabinet member in charge with the
A B C
administration of the Department of Justice.
D
32.The Atlantic cable, which began to operating in 1866,linked the United States to London
A
and to another cable stretching eastward to India and beyond.
B C D
33. Many folk songs were originated to accompany manual work or to mark a
A B C
specific ceremonies.

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D
34.The shell of the abalone, a marine snail, is especially suited by its hardness and
A B
various of colors for the manufacture of jewelry.
C D
35.Geraldine Farrar, who debuted as an opera singer in 1901,later appeared both on
A B C
stage and in several silent film.
D
36.The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North in
A
the early 1900's were the biggest internal migration in American history.
　 B C D
37.Searching for alternate forms of energy does not necessary mean the abandonment
A B C
of fossil fuels as an energy source.
D
38. The flamingo constructs a cylindrical mud nest for its egg, which both parents
A B C
care for it.
D
39. Due to persistent inbreeding, self-pollinating plants have genetically more uniform
A B
than cross-pollinated plants,which harbor more genetic variability.
C D
40. Metaphysical philosophy is concerned with the principles, structures, and
A B
meaningful that underlie all observable reality.
C D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension

Questions 1-9
The term "folk song" has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a
good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the
International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people,
Line which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from
(5) the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many
performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either
through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a
song by the community in which it evolves).
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible
(10) to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of

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friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves
one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while"
the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and
improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many
(15) different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would
become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk
music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though
widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music.
The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for
(20) further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be disguised and therefore they
belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In
such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's
life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to
(25) calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? performed.

(A) Themes commonly found in folk music (C) It contains complex musical structures.
(B) Elements that define folk music (D) It appeals to many people.
(C) Influences of folk music on popular music
(D) The standards of the International Folk 5. The word "subjected" in line 9 is closest in
Music Council meaning to
(A) reduced
2. Which of the following statements about (B) modified
the term "folk song" is supported by the (C) exposed
passage? (D) imitated
(A) It has been used for several centuries.
(B) The International Folk Music Council 6. The author mentions the farm laborer and
invented it. his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which
(C) It is considered to be out-of-date. of the
(D) There is disagreement about its meaning. following?
(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over
3. The word "it" in line 8 refers to time
(A) community (B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural
(B) song workers
(C) acceptance (C) Show how subject matter is selected for a
(D) memory folk song
(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned folk song
in the passage as a characteristic of the typical
folk 7. According to the passage, why would the
song? original composers of folk songs be forgotten?
(A) It is constantly changing over time. (A) Audiences prefer songs composed by
(B) it is passed on to other people by being professional musicians.

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(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in (D) first phase

folk song tunes.
(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come 9. The author mentions that published music is
to exist at the same time. not considered to be folk music because
(D) Folk songs are not considered an (A) the original composer can be easily
important form of music. identified
(B) the songs attract only the young people in
8. The word "essence" in line 16 is closest in a community
meaning to (C) the songs are generally performed by
(A) basic nature professional singers
(B) growing importance (D) the composers write the music in rural
(C) full extent communities

Questions 10-20
Long before they can actually speak, babies pay special attention to the speech they
hear around them. Within the first month of their lives, babies' responses to the sound of
the human voice will be different from their responses to other sorts of auditory stimuli.
Line They will stop crying when they hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell or the
(5) sound of a rattle. At first, the sounds that an infant notices might be only those words that
receive the heaviest emphasis and that often occur at the ends of utterances. By the time
they are six or seven weeks old, babies can detect the difference between syllables
pronounced with rising and falling inflections. Very soon, these differences in adult stress
and intonation can influence babies' emotional states and behavior. Long before they
(10) develop actual language comprehension, babies can sense when an adult is playful or
angry, attempting to initiate or terminate new behavior, and so on, merely on the basis of
cues such as the rate, volume, and melody of adult speech.
Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating
such cues. One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six diverse cultures and
(15) found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short utterances and
nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have
noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate
the pitch, loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial
expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasize certain words.
(20) More significant for language development than their response to general intonation is
observation that tiny babies can make relatively fine distinctions between speech sounds.
other words, babies enter the world with the ability to make precisely those perceptual
discriminations that are necessary if they are to acquire aural language.
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input, too: even as young as nine months
(25) they will listen to songs or stories, although the words themselves are beyond their
understanding. For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to
prosaic meaning that it often is for adults.

10.What does the passage mainly discuss? sound of the human voice and other sounds
(A) How babies differentiate between the (B) The differences between a baby's and an

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adult's ability to comprehend language

(C) How babies perceive and respond to the 15. The word "They" in line 18 refers to
human voice in their earliest stages of (A) mothers
language development (B) investigators
(C) babies
(D) The response of babies to sounds other (D) words
than the human voice
11. Why does the author mention a bell and a 16. The passage mentions all of the following
rattle in lines 4-5 ? as ways adults modify their speech when
(A) To contrast the reactions of babies to talking to
human and nonhuman sounds babies EXCEPT
(B) To give examples of sounds that will (A) giving all words equal emphasis
cause a baby to cry (B) speaking with shorter sentences
(C) To explain how babies distinguish (C) speaking more loudly than normal
between different nonhuman sounds (D) using meaningless sounds
(D) To give examples of typical toys that
babies do not like 17. The word "emphasize" in line 19 is closest
in meaning to
12. Why does the author mention syllables (A) stress
pronounced with rising and falling inflections (B) repeat
in lines (C) explain
7-8 ? (D) leave out
(A) To demonstrate how difficult it is for
babies to interpret emotions 18. Which of the following can be inferred
(B) To illustrate that a six-week-old baby can about the findings described in paragraph 2 ?
already distinguish some language differences (A) Babies who are exposed to more than one
(C) To provide an example of ways adults language can speak earlier than babies
speak to babies exposed
(D) To give a reason for babies' difficulty in to a single language.
distinguishing one adult from another (B) Mothers from different cultures speak to
their babies in similar ways.
13. The word "diverse" in line 14 is closest in (C) Babies ignore facial expressions in
meaning to comprehending aural language.
(A) surrounding (D) The mothers observed by the researchers
(B) divided were consciously teaching their babies to
(C) different speak.
(D) stimulating
19. What point does the author make to
14.. The word"noted" in line 17 is closest in illustrate that babies are born with the ability
meaning to to acquire
(A) theorized language?
(B) requested (A) Babies begin to understand words in
(C) disagreed songs.
(D) observed (B) Babies exaggerate their own sounds and

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expressions. cannot
(C) Babies are more sensitive to sounds than understand them?
are adults. (A) They understand the rhythm.
(D) Babies notice even minor differences (B) They enjoy the sound.
between speech sounds. (C) They can remember them easily.
(D) They focus on the meaning of their
20. According to the author, why do babies parents' words.
listen to songs and stories, even though they

Questions 21-29
Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are
deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or
look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay
Line along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.
(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that
gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of
trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers--all
of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller
pieces that eventually become clay.
(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the
most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and
alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron.
Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of clay.
When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can
(15) then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative
coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat,
fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply
heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need
different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and
(20) watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat
without losing its shape throughsagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the
temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance
between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.

21. The author's main point in paragraph 1 is following areas?

that clay deposits (A) In desert sand dunes
(A) conceal layers of rock (B) In forests
(B) can be found in various places (C) On hillsides
(C) are usually small (D) Near rivers
(D) must be removed from construction sites
23. The word "accessible" in line 4 is closest
22. It can be inferred from the passage that in meaning to
clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which (A) buried
of the (B) improved

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(C) available can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST

(D) workable appropriate for making objects that
(A) must be strong
24. According to the passage, rock breaks (B) can be porous
down into clay under all of the following (C) have a smooth texture
conditions (D) are highly decorated
EXCEPT when
(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing 28. The phrase "account for" in line 22 is
(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks closest in meaning to
(C) it is combined with alkalies (A) reduce
(D) natural forces wear away the Earth's crust (B) explain
(C) combine with
25. Why does the author mention feldspar in (D) list all of
line 10?
(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay. 29. The passage supports which of the
(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay. following conclusions?
(C) Its presence indicates inferior clay. (A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the
(D) It is a major component of clay. Earth.
26. The word "it" in line 13 refers to (B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt
(A) iron when fired.
(B) feldspar (C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate
(C) granite for making china teacups.
(D) clay (D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will
become nonporous.
27. Based on the information in the passage, it

Questions 30-40
The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals,
most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is
estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simples
Line of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts
as
(5) a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide,
resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex
of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular
colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor
as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this
(10) odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have
different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony
integrity.
Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency,
and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant
(15) queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond
by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates

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a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.
Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private
messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source
(20) is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to
others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing.
On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants
perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse.
If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.

30. What aspect of ants does the passage (C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants
mainly discuss? (D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants
(A) The relationship between the queen and attack
the worker ants
(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals 35. The word "alert" in line 13 is closest in
(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources meaning to
(D) The importance of respiration in the (A) allow
production of ant pheromones (B) transport
(C) ware
31. The phrase "smooth operation" in line 1 is (D) provide
closest in meaning to
(A) daily activity 36. What is the role of pheromones in the
(B) effective functioning mass migrations of ants?
(C) delicate balance (A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that
(D) permanent location directs the ants during migrations.
(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest
32. According to the passage, carbon dioxide has been invaded and must be
serves which of the following functions for abandoned.
fire ants? (C) Pheromones control the speed at which
(A) It protects the queen. ants move from one location to another.
(B) It attracts other ant species. (D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify
(C) It informs workers of possible danger. suitable areas for establishing a new nest.
(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.
37. The word "scurrying" in line 16 is closest
33. The word "cluster" in line 4 is closest in in meaning to
meaning to (A) agreeing
(A) organ (B) appearing
(B) activity (C) competing
(C) group (D) rushing
(D) cycle
38. The word "others" in line 21 refers to
34.According to the passage, each nest has a (A) private messages
distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to (B) species
(A) find the location of the nest in the dark (C) trails
(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants (D) signals

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(D) To indicate a behavior that is common

39. Why does the author mention "dead among various kinds of ants
insects" in line 23 ?
(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants 40. Which of the following terms is defined in
with those of other insects the passage?
(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects (A) pheromones (line 2)
encounter (B) colony integrity (lines 11-12)
(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other (C) mass migrations (line 14)
insects (D) private messages (lines 18-19)

Questions 41-50
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave beads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or
older the right to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years
of residence and improvement. This law was intended to provide land for small farmers
Line and to prevent land from being bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large
(5) landholders. An early amendment to the act even prevented husbands and wives from
filing separate claims. The West, land reformers had assumed, would soon contain many
160-acre family farms.
They were doomed to disappointment. Most landless Americans were too poor to
become farmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a
(10) family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools,
draft animals, a wagon, a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come
to $1,000---a formidable barrier. As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was
supposed to provide a "safety valve," they had neither the skills nor the inclination to
become farmers. Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier
(15) conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculators often managed to obtain large
tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that they had fulfilled the
conditions laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and then deed the land over to
their employers.
Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough for raising livestock or for the kind of
(20) commercial agriculture that was developing west of the Mississippi. The national
government made a feeble attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders
by passing the Timber Culture Act of 1873, which permitted individuals to claim an
additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years.
This law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely treeless states of Kansas,
(25) Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the 245,000 who
took up land under the Act obtained final title to the property.

41. Which aspect of the Homestead Act of (C) Why it did not achieve its aim to provide
1862 does the passage mainly discuss? land for small farmers
(A) How it transformed the western United (D) How it failed in the largely treeless states
States into a place of small farms of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas
(B) Why it was an improvement over previous
attempts at land reform 42. An amendment added to the Homestead

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Act of 1862 specified that

(A) five years of residence was required for 47. The word "they"in line 23 refers to
landownership (A) larger holdings
(B) husbands and wives could not file separate (B) individuals
claims (C) 160 acres
(C) the price of 160 acres of land was $1,000 (D) trees
(D) land could not be resold for a profit
48. According to the passage, how many of
43. The word "formidable" in line 12 is closest the farmers who settled land under the Timber
in meaning to Culture
(A) obvious Act of 1873 received final title to the
(B) predictable property?
(C) difficult (A) Fewer than 25%
(D) manageable (B) More than 160
(C) 10% per year
44. It can be inferred that the "safety valve" in (D) 245,000
line 13 refers to
(A) a new kind of machinery 49. The passage mentions all of the following
(B) an alternative for urban workers as reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did not
(C) an area in a factory achieve its aims EXCEPT:
(D) a procedure designed to protect workers (A) Most landless Americans could not afford
the necessary tools and provisions.
45. The word "intent" in line 15 is closest in (B) Industrial workers lacked the necessary
meaning to fanning skills.
(A) purpose (C) The farms were too large for single
(B) power families to operate successfully.
(C) effect (D) Homesteaders usually came from areas
(D) invention relatively close to the frontier.

46. According to the passage, why did the 50. Which of the following can be inferred
government pass the Timber Culture Act of from the passage about the Timber Culture
1873 ? Act of 1873?
(A) To make larger tracts of land available to (A) It especially helped farmers with large
small farmers holdings of land.
(B) To settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the (B) It was most important to farmers living in
Dakotas states that had plenty of trees.
(C) To encourage land speculation west of the (C) The majority of farmers did not benefit
Mississippi significantly from it.
(D) To increase the variety of trees growing in (D) The majority of farmers did not need the
the western states extra 160 acres it provided.

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