IV - 4

MB 4 S-N ___.,
s (inchl
I
n .u .t I U IJ U
.. U 4 I II II !4 31 ..

"'- a•OdB/m
MB4S·N,·O
11' 10
SerieO
10·71

•
Do = 10 mm
H I· H

f =4 MHz • :II
c = 5920 m/s VfdB)
'

"' .
(steel) . •~--r::::=j
HI . •~·~· t:=:1 H

. ..
~ ~
~ ~
I ..~·
,~~
JlI '/_"'~ ll

Q'
___.. • • ,,,,, 1 jljlj'jljlj I f"f 1'1"f'f"t 'ljll
S(mm) I Ill !I M '' II 11• nt ----1

Fig. 4 DGS-di agram for the MB 4 S-N

What is the purpose of the DGS-dfagram ?
What can it be used for ?
\...... Assume vou are testinq a forqinq with a thickness of 200 mm. It
contains a flat bottom hole at a depth of 100 mm. You have detected
this reflector - its echo amp~itude is diplaved on the CRT screen. Our
task is to find out the unknown diameter of the hole by evaluating the
echo amplitude. This can onlv be done bv a comparison of the echo
amplitude of the unknown reflector with the echo amplitude of a known
reflector which is called the r e f e r e n c e ref 1 ector
In our example it is conveniant to use the backwall as the reference·
reflector. The tvpe of the reflector (backwall) and its distance
(200 mml is known and can therefore be entered into the DGS-diaqram
( reference poi n t l, the point of intersection of.the
backwall echo curve and the vertical through 200 mm
!> Onch) .10 .u .1 I 1.! U U U. I II tl ll If 41
___., I
a•OdB/m
11 MB4S·N,·O 11
BE'- SerleD
r---
11-71

•
H H

-~"--
• •
~ V(dB)
"'- II
. • .~"R
H
~~·
"'\.•
• 1---i
t=t .
200 mm . -~~
~...

• •
71
Q'
'/_ ""' 71

___... 1 1'1'1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1'1 1 I" I

''IY 1'1"1 'II•
S{mm) 1111 n•••••• n~•••••

Fig. 5 Reference echo (backwalll and reference point

For the evaluation of the unknown reflector we now need the dB-differ~
ence 6 A between the echo of the flat bottom hole H2 and the reference
echo ( backwa 11 l H1.
Remember
{ H2 H2 = echo heiqht of the reflector
"- ll A = 20 * 1o g -
H1 Hl = reference echo height
 IV - 5

e Us1ng modern instruments having gain controls calibrated in dB's this

prob1em can be soJved s1•pJy:
1. The height of the reference echo fs adjusted to a certafn C~T
'\"t'\~~"''~~ \'"~""''"''\\~ \.'~.~ ~-~~
2. At the dB-controls we read off the corresponding value e.9.
Gl = 14 dB ( = reference gain settinq).
""'- _ ~--- \.,__~~~ '--"""""-'""""-~ c;_~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ £ '-~~ ~<::'\.tt~"'- b.._o"\e. _ .._., t h o u t
cnang1 ng tne ga1 n tn1 s ecno ) ust exceeas tne 't"""RI oase --.-, ne.
The echo hei9ht H2 can hardly be read off, but it is understood
that the echo of the flat bottom hole is much smaller than the
the reference echo. Therefore ll A turns out to be ne9ati ve.

L I I I -- -80%
\.....,._

I
I'
t
I i I
I I I
I
I i !
!

d l L
I
1:
II
II 0 2 4 6 8 10 )

Fig. 6 Scanninq a small reflector

4. We increase the qain until this echo also reaches the reference
heiqht of 80 ~- Ensure that it is the maximized echo siqnal
from the hole. -

---80%

'---...--
v1 = 34 dB

0 2 4 8 8 10

Fiq. 7 Reflector echo on reference height

5. Again we read the setting of the gain controls e.g. G2 = 34 dB
6. We now know that the echo of the flat bottom hole needs an
additional increase in qain of 20 dB in order to reach the same
screen heiqht as the backwall echo:
A V = G2 - Gl = 34 dB - 14 dB = 20 dB
6 A = - A V = - 20 dB
7. This dB difference AVis entered into the DGS-diaqram from
"'--- the reference point of (backwall echo in 200 mml 20 dB
downwards.
 IV - 6

8. As the hole lies in a depth of 100 mm we now move horizontally

'------ to the point of intersection with the 100 mm vertical line.
9. The position of this point shows the result of our procedure -
namely the diameter of the unknown disc-shaped reflector which
can now be read off directly from the dia~ram.
10. Bv interpolation we achieve a value of 2.3 mm, which means that
the unknown flat bottom hole has a diameter of 2.3 mm.

~
5 (inch)
___.I
n .u ·• IUIJUU6 11211UJI411
___..
S (inch) ' ' l2 ·' I U 1.1 U U 6 I II 11 U Jl _.

i OI•OdB/m or•OdB/m
II 11845-N,·O II II 11845-N,·O It
SerleO SerieO
11·71 11-71
21 211 zo 11

V(dB)

•
II

•I

II
fl.V

',~
20dB

...
~
. '"'
' +
"
••(r~~
~· ~
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•
.
II
•
V!dB)
30

'
I

'"'..... "'
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'
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•
.
•
'--..
H H 10I
·~ ...
•
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"/__~"' 70 70I "/-~"' II

___.. <:1' <:1'

••• n•••••• nt••••• •

- L__J I I I I I 1._ I
___..' I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I II I I I ' I ''I .. I 'I "' "'.
5 (mm) S(mm) I I It H • " • •.. ,_ -- --I

Fia. 8 Geometric evaluation of the reflector echo in the DGS-dia<;n·am

B - THE GENERAL DGS-DIAGRAM

Up to now we have developed a method for determinin~ the diameter of

disc reflectors which are struck perpendicularly by the sound beam
using the DGS-diagram which applies for all straight and angle beam
probes coupled to steel (fairly well also for aluminium).
How does one proceed when other types of materials are to be tested?
'--~ The influence of the sound velocity on the shape of the sound beam has
already been established : The lower the sound velocity then the more
the sound beam is "streched".
.
\
c

The nearfield length of the sound beam in a material havin~ a dif-

ferent sound velocity than steel can be calculated as follows
c(steell
N(mat.) = N(steel) •---------
c(mat.)
As the DGS-curves are determined by the shape of the sound beam, e.9.
maximum for small reflectors at a distance N- only the distance scale
changes if one wishes to use the DGS-dia~ram with the same probe for
another material, e.Q. for steel and water one obtains the following
sound beams with the related DGS-dia~rams:

'~
 IV - 5

Using modern instruments havin9 gain controls calibrated in dB's this

\.._
problem can be solved simply:
1. The height of the referencP. echo is adjusted to a certain CRT
screen heiqht (reference heiqht) e.g. H1 = 80 ~ .
2. At the dB-controls we read off the corresponding value e.g.
Gl = 14 dB ( = reference gain settinq).
3. We then look for the echo of the flat bottom hole. Without
chanqing the gain this echo just exceeds the CRT base line.
The echo height H2 can hardly be read off, but it is understood
that the echo of the flat bottom hole is much smaller than the
the reference echo. Therefore ~A turns out to be negative.

Vo = 11. dB

---80%
\..-._

0 2 4 6 8 10

Fig. 6 Scanninq a small reflector

4. We increase the qain until this echo also reaches the reference
heiqht of 80 ~- Ensure that it is the maximized echo siqnal
from the hole. ·

I
L ~- ~- - -~-80%

v1 = 31. dB
I
L
I .
I
·-t-
__;_f-
-t-·
_j_
-

'-...- t-- -
j I I
.t_: . . L.i L
0 2 4 6 8 10

Fig. 7 Reflector echo on reference height

5. Again we read the setting of the gain controls e.g. G2 = 34 dB
6. We now know that the echo of the flat bottom hole needs an
additional increase in qain of 20 dB in order to reach the same
screen heiqht as the backwall echo:
~ V = G2 - G1 = 34 dB - 14 dB = 20 dB
lJ. A = - A V = - 20 dB
7. This dB difference AVis entered into the DGS-diagram from
'-,-----
the reference point of (backwall echo in 200 mm) 20 dB
downwards.
 IV - 7

~
Nsteel = 8.2 mm

8,2 mm

5920
Nwater 8.2 mm * 14li3 33 mm
33 mm

'-...._
Fi9. 9 Sound field and OGS-diaqram for two different materials
The distance values for water. in the OGS-diaqram valid for steel must
be multiplied by the factor ·
c(steel l 5920
= = 4
c(waterl 1480
The distance scale in a OGS-diagram depends on the near field length
of the sound beam in the subiect material. In the OGS-diaqrams of the
data sheets this has already.been done for steel : the distance for
steel is qiven directlv in mm .
A generally applicable OGS-diagram therefore does not have a mm-scale,
it is qraduated in near field lenqths. All values of the universal
distance scale are now defined as~follows
s 0 = normalized distance
0 =~ s = real distance in mm
'-..-
N N = near field length in mm
To also make the OGS-dia9ram independant of the diameter of the probe
the values of the disc-reflector curves have to be normalized
accordinq to the following function

d S = normalized reflector size

s =- d = real disc reflector diameter in mm
Oeff Deff =effective crystal diameter in mm

'--
 IV - 8
8,1 10 IDO

-- --
8 .
-- 0
"-- GENERAL
18 -- - :---
DGS 10
-- --
- ..... DIAGRAM
20
-- - 20

- - ~~
Gr 30
--- - '\. 30

40 -- _'I.
40

50
- ·"
'fl• .
\B. I(

50
~~~·
'\.
~.

60 ~~~ 60
~~
78
" 70

80 ID
o:J II IH
'- 0 ------
Fi~L 10 General lnormalisedl.DGS-diagram
If one wishes to use such a DGS-diaqram for evaluatinq reflectors in a
specific material then, first of ali, one calculates the relating near
field lenqth usinq one of the known formulae.
The distance scale is converted to the real beam paths by multiplying
all values with the near field lenqth N of the material under test.
The normalised disc diameters are multiplied by the crystal diameter
of the probe in order to obtain the real disc diameters.
Example : The general DGS-diaqram should be suited to the strai9ht
beam probe B 2 S-N on brass.
B 2 S-N ( Do= 24 mm, f = 2 MHz l; Brass: c = 4400 m/s, N = 62 mm
OJ 10 IDI
D·-L
GENERAL
10 ---
DGS ID

"----- DIAGRAM
zo . __ ..__ 20

----- '
G (dB) 3D ·~
Qc-Lf.- 3D
I ~.. - ""'
::...: ~ 40
' 40
[~;-~~
50
'S;o~"'!
"'~~ {9 <
-?'< 50
~~" S/1
""(!~--~~ .y} 6'
60 .>
,_,..__\l_,..,
0/~ .->~ ;s ,.........~lJ"-1
70
y?,t
0
80 . T . 88
0,1 10 108
B 2 S-N
62 62 620 6200
~

10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 2 5

'-.,, s - - mm m-- brass

Fig . 11 DGS-diaqram suited for brass