Man and New Technology:

Architecture in the Industrial

Revolution
1830 - 1914
 Industrial Revolution
- Started in Britain and spread throughout the Technological Innovations:
world although it was not seen as revolution but - drainage and sanitation
only new ways of making things.
- cotton manufacturing
- The transition to new manufacturing processes.
This transition included going from hand - steam-power
production methods to machines, new chemical - coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
manufacturing and iron production processes,
improved efficiency of water power, the - lift or elevator
increasing use of steam power and development - inventions in metallurgy - structural iron, cast-iron,
of machine tools. iron and glass, steel
- The “age of revivals” and “age of innovation” - reinforced concrete
- The beginning of rise of population, urbanization New Building Types:
and development of transport systems
Social Changes: - town halls - department stores
- growth of middle class - Hospitals - public banks
- professionals and businessmen - industrial buildings - Warehouses
- institute of British Architects, code of - fire and police stations - exhibition halls
professional conduct - art galleries - university buildings
- transport buildings
Industrial Revolution
Development in Transport System Wrought iron – forty times as resistant
- roads, railways and canals were built to tension and bending as stone, only
four times heavier. It can be form and
- canals began to be built in the late eighteenth molded into any shape.
century o link major manufacturing centers steel
- Rail road – construction of major railways Solid structures could be replaced by
connecting the larger cities and towns skeleton structures, making it possible
Building Materials: to erect building of almost unrestricted
height
Glass – can be manufactured in large sizes and
volumes. Building could be constructed into any
shape and in short time.
Brick
Curtain walls were used
Portland Cement – strong, durable, fire
resistant type of cement developed in 1824 Large skylights were popular
Iron – 3 types Lacked in imagination and style
Cast Iron – an essentially brittle material, is Main focus was functionality
approximately four times as resistant to
compression as stone
Industrial Revolution
Best Examples
- Crystal Palace, London – by sir
Joseph Paxton – one of most
remarkable buildings in 19th
century Britain – housed the great
Exhibition – erected in Hyde park,
moved to Sydenham in 1852 to Crystal Palace, London
1854
- Eiffel Tower - The Entrance
Pavilion, International Exhibition,
Paris - 1878 AD - by Gustav Eiffel
- extensive use of glass and iron
- The Iron Railroad Station – Central
Railroad Station, New Castle One
Tyne, England – 1846-1855 – John
Dobsan
Central Railroad Station, New Castle One Tyne, England
Industrial Revolution
Influences:
Examples:
Geographical - As an island separated from, and
yet close to, the European continent, England Iron Bridges
enjoyed a geographical situation that was - Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York- 1869-
favorable in several ways. 1883 – John Augustus Roebling – Bridge
Political - Government was ready to provide Style: Suspension bridge, tower structure-
conditions in which trade, industry, banking and stone masonry- Style: Gothic piers, structural
farming for profit could flourish. The best single expressionist cables and bridge deck
condition it provided was laissez-faire -no - Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England –
government interference with private businesses. 1836-1864
Economic - internally, the purchasing power of - Tower Bridge London – 1886-1894 – Sir
the people was generally greater than that of Horace Jones – open by Prince Edward VII of
other peoples. Externally, the rapidly increasing Wales- two piers were sunk into the river bed
trade stimulated the production of cheap to support the weight of the bridge – a massive
manufactured goods in England. 11,000 tons of steel used for the walkways and
Technological - Before and during the Industrial towers.
Revolution, several technological processes
converged: tool improvement, use of coal as
fuel, greatly increased use of iron, and use of
steam power.
Industrial Revolution
Railroad Stations
- Central Railroad Station, New Castle on
Tyne, England – 1846-1855 – John
Dobson – the National Rail station with
12 platforms
- St. Pancreas Station, London – 1864-1868
– William Henry Barlow – has single span
roof of 243 feet – four type AF High
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York Friction Clamps fixing is used for roof.
Iron Market Place
- Covered Market, Berlin – 1865-1868 –
Friedrich Hitzig
- City market hall, Paris
- Galleria Vittoro Emmanuel II, Milan –
1865-1867 – Guiseppe Megoni – the
street is coveredover by an arching glass
ans cast iron roof, a popular design for
nineteenth-century arcades – the central
octagonal space is topped with glass dome
Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England
Industrial Revolution
Iron Commercial Building Iron Cultural Building
- Menier Factory, Noisel-sur-marne, - Paris Opera, Paris, France - 1857-1874
France – 1871-1872 – Jules Saulnier - Charles Garnier – building type:
- Bradbury Building, Los Angeles, theater, opera house – construction
California – 1889-1893 – George H. system: masonry, cut stone – style:
Wyman – architectural landmark in Neo-Baroque
L.A. California – architectural style: - Museum of Natural History, England –
Italian Renaissance Revival, 1860-1880 – Alfred Waterhouse –
Romanesque Revival style: Romanesque
- Commodities Exchange, Amsterdam, - Corn Exchange, Leeds, West
the Netherlands– 1897-1909 – Yorkshire, England – 1860-1863 –
Hendrik Petrus Berlage – building Cuthbert Broderick – style: Victorian –
type: commercial trading room, stock grade I structure – renovated: 1990,
exchange – construction system: brick 2008
bearing masonry with iron trusses for
glazed roof
Industrial Revolution
Iron Cultural Building

Paris Opera, Paris, France - 1857-1874 - Museum of Natural History, England – 1860-1880 –
Charles Garnier – building type: theater, Alfred Waterhouse – style: Romanesque
opera house – construction system: Corn Exchange, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England –
masonry, cut stone – style: Neo-Baroque 1860-1863 – Cuthbert Broderick – style: Victorian –
grade I structure – renovated: 1990, 2008
1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Britain
- St. George’s Hall, Liverpool – by Harvey Lonsdale
Elmes – most magnificent neo-classical monument
Architectural Character in Britain
- Eclecticism – taste for exotic forms, combining - Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament),
native and foreign styles London – by Sir Charles Barry – non-classical
design – Gothic detail by Pugin – accommodates
- Victorian and Edwardian architecture used historic Westminster Hall survived from fire of 1834 –
styles Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben” – first major
Periods public building of Gothic revival
Early Victorian – 1830-1850 - St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs – by Pugin
High Victorian – 1850-1870 - The conservatory, Carlton Hose, London – cast-iron
for structural and decorative purpose
Late Victorian and Edwardian – 1870-1914 - Palm house, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – by
Aftermath – after World War 1 Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
Examples: - Crystal Palace, London – by sir Joseph Paxton –
one of most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Early Victorian Britain – housed the great Exhibition – erected in
- The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol – by Hyde park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
Isambard Brunel – pylons of Egyptian character
1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Britain
Another Example:
Late Victorian and Edwardian
The King’s Cross Station, London – by Lewis
Cubitt - Law Society, Chancery lane, London – by Charles
Holden
High Victorian
- Truro Cathedral, Cornwall – by JL Pearson
- The University Museum, Oxfort – by
Benjamin Woodward – Landmark of High - Heathcote, Ilkley, Yorkshire – by Sir Edwin Lutyens
Victorian Gothic architecture - The Cottage, Bishop’s Itchington, Warwickshire –
- Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent – by Philip by CFA Voysey
Webb for William Morris Other Examples:
Other examples: - The Deanery Garden, Sonning, Berks – by Sir
- St. Pancras Train Shed, London – by Engr. Edwin Lutyen
William H. Barlow – largest and most - St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland – by ES Prior –
spectacular of the High Victorian Period – adapts Gothic feature
slightly-pointed wrought-iron arch with a
single span of 74m, rising 30m, length of Aftermath
213m
- The Cathedral, Guilford – by sir Edward Maufe
- All Saints, Margaret Street, Westminster – by
William Butterfield – turning point in Gothic - City Hall, Swansea – by sir Percy Thomas
revival – first church to incorporate
polychromy
1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Continental Europe
Influences Architectural Character
History: - Round arch in use – Rundbogenstil in Germany - by Jean-
Nicolas-Louis Durand:
French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire influence
Europe - repetitive use of standard bays in plan and elevation
- enriched with Classical, Medieval or Renaissance
Economic rivalry of France and Germany motifs as desired
World War I - a convenient but dull formula for the design of large
complex building of that age
Other Factors:
Examples:
- growth of communications Periods
- railways 1850 to 1870
- European countries acquired colonies in other - comparable to High Victorian in Britain
continents - Renaissance and Gothic revival
- ship-building - structural use of iron
1870 to 1914
- steam-power
use of metals intensified, especially in exhibitions
- Suez Canal academic architecture
- international exhibitions of science and industry antique forms instead of Renaissance
- metal and glass construction, reinforced concrete in Holland and Scandinavia, less pretentious, more
humane, rational architecture, use of brick
in Spain, creative flowering in Barcelona by Antoni
Gaudi
1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Continental Europe
Art Noveau – 1890-1906 Religious Bildings
derived from the “Arts and Crafts - The Votivkirche, Vienna - by Heinrich von
Movement” Ferstel - neo-Gothic
an art free of any historical style - The Church of the Sagrada Familia,
forms of nature for ornamentation in the Barcelona - by Gaudi - Art Noveau
facade - The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris - by
floral style, freely-shaped writhing forms Paul Abadie - neo-Byzantine
deliberate simplification of structural Public Buildings
elements in buildings and interiors, - The Altes Museum, Berlin - by Schinkel -
handmade objects and furniture Greek-revival style
versions: - Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - by
France – Le Modern Style MGB Bindesboll - houses works of
sculptor Bertil Thorwaldsen - Greek-
Germany – Jugendstil revival
Austria – Sezessione - The National Library –by Henri Labrouste
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin - by KF von
Italy – Stile Liberty Schinkel - Greek-revival style, neo-
Spain - Modernismo classical
 1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Continental Europe
Religious Buildings Public Buildings

- The Altes Museum, Berlin - by Schinkel -

Greek-revival style
- Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - by
MGB Bindesboll - houses works of
sculptor Bertil Thorwaldsen - Greek-
revival
The Votivkirche, Vienna - by Heinrich von Ferstel - neo-Gothic - The National Library –by Henri Labrouste
- The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona - by Gaudi - Art Noveau The Schauspielhaus, Berlin - by KF von
Schinkel - Greek-revival style, neo-
- The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris - by Paul Abadie - neo-Byzantine classical
1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Continental Europe
Commercial Buildings
- The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris - by Henri
Labrouste - neo-Renaissance - The Entrance Pavilion, International Exhibition,
Paris “Eiffel Tower”- 1878 AD - by Gustav Eiffel
- The Opera House, Paris - by JLC Garnier - - extensive use of glass and iron
neo-Baroque
- The Galerie des Machines, International
- The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam - by HP Exhibition, Paris - 1887 AD - by Victor
Berlage - Neo-Romanesque Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect
- The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome - by Other Examples:
Giuseppe Sacconi
- The Halles Centralles, Paris - by Victor Baltard
Other Examples:
- Gare du Nord, Paris - by Hittorff - neo-classical
- The Opera House, Cologne - by J Raschdorf -
French Neo-Baroque - Gare de L'est, Paris - by FA Duquesney - Neo-
Renaissance
- The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - by Otto
Wagner - Art Noveau - Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate Works,
Noiseil-sur-Marne - by Jales Saulnier
- Metro Station, Place de la Bastille, Paris- by H
Guimard - Art Noveau
 1800’s and 1900’s Architecture: Continental Europe
Domestic Buildings
- Court Gardener's House, Chalottenhof, Potsdam - by Schinkel

-The Casa Batllo, Barcelona - 1905 to 1907

- Schloss Linderhoff, near Obermmergau - by Georg von Dollman AD - important example of Gaudi's mature
for Ludwig II of Bavaria - German Rococo-like style work
- The Palau Guell, Barcelona - by Gaudi - seems to presage Art -No. 6, Rue Paul-Emile Janson (Hotel
Noveau in its forms
Tassel), Brussels - by Victor Horta - first
- Casa Mila, Barcelona - 1905 to 1910 AD - by Gaudi
complete Art Noveau building