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Camouflage: Department DF The Army F Manual
Camouflage: Department DF The Army F Manual
CAMOUFLAGE
....M..,~l
FM !S-20
HEADQUARTERS,
DEPARTMENT OF TH E A RMY
WASH INGTON, D.C" M al/ t O 1988
CAMOUFLAGE
CKIoPID 1. INTRODUCTION
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a.
DJ:TECTION
CONC J:ALlIEN T
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D.
VEHICLES AND ARTILLERY
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CIUPTM 7. AI RCRAF T 27"1 '9
a. BIVOUACS, COIIMAND POSTS AND
SUPPLY POINTS ._ ___ 82-88 57
II. LARGE SCALE AND RELATIVJ:LT
PERMANE NT INS TALLATIONS ~5 III
10. DECOY INSTALLATIONS /+-7' &6
"""'''''''' REFE RJ:N CES __ __ _ 102
. ..... _ _ ... . . - PIll I-JI. II 1 _ PIll 1-11 . II ••_ _ , _ .... . . . - _ ,., 1-JOlI. II .........
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. PI,I.P'O" gnd SCClpe sponaible for his own concealment. Hia respon-
a. This IIULnuai pr ovid"" a comprehensive sibility here is just as great .... hia responsibil _
refere nce and guide in all aspecto at camou_ ity lor hi. rifte, and he must know as much
nag<!. It de.crihes In detail the pr inciple.. In_ about camoonage .... he d08ll about his weapon.
volved in coneeaiing Or disguising troops. vehi- Just u trainilli" in ma rkllmanahip tea.ehea the
ciell, weapons, and field installations. The IllKt soldier to hit a target accurately. so does
cluIpter di.cu98l!111 the p1&n.ning l or and the knowledge 01 camouflage teach him how to ea-
operation at decoya and decoy InstallatlOllll. cape becoming a target himself.
For technical lnfonnation regarding th e b. Command. Overall unit camouflage is th e
natu ral and artificial mate rials and equipment responsibility of the comman der . He must in-
aVllilable lor both concealment and visual slIre the complete understanding by every man
deception, the reader la relerred to TM &-.-200. in hill command 01 the Importance, principle!! ,
b. InfortIUltion and data presented in this and techniques of eamounage. In addition to
his responsibiliti"" in the trnininll" and super_
DETKTION
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Vertic".1
dimen.ion by gi ving the s ide and top view of (b) Cowr film . Color film will detert
the "ubject ( fill' . 2) . camouflage which does no t match th e "01 0r8
(1I ) Lo w oblique. T he low oblique i8 . imi. in the background. However, th is film IUl-'l
lar to the high oblique except that it dOl.'fl not many oPt'rationll l difficult ies a nd ~i ves b"s t
show the horiwn. T his is accomplish ed by resultll O)nly u nder ideal conditiO)ns, CO)lors
taking the photoKrnph at an angle I"". than tend W blend together a t h i~h a ltitudes ,
SO " from the p"'rvendicular to the line of flight shadO)w density is not ll-'I accu rate on this fil m
(fig. S).
as on the black and wh ite f,lm, a nd atmospheric
(4 ) Filnu. There are fou r t ype" of fi lm
WIed In aerial photography , conditions must be ideal in order to obtai n l\
(<I) Bl.Mk and u·hit e. Black lind white clea r photo~rllph, F or t h....e fea.<;<JllS, th is f,lm
film recoro.. images in tone gradation between ill not w idely used (fig, 5 ).
white lind black. While not reproducing color, (c) I n f ra r ed film , Inf ra red waYe" or
It d<>ell provide a pennanent record of tonal
rays re fer to a portion of the elect l'Om s lO1 eti c
ditferencell. Select tllteMl are often used to im-
pro ve the photollTaph or to r ecord on ly the spectrum wh ich is invisihle to th e human eye ,
light that is known to give th e greatest tonal Most thinll" in nature, s ueh as livin ll', ll'reen
"ffereD. '" between natural b&ckground. a nd vesretation , reflect these infr a red ,,'aves rea dily
object bei n ll' s oug ht (fill. 4) . a nd in larg e quantities, :\10st artificial rna _
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lIigh Oblique
teri ll1s normally do not ...1I..,t th ....e inf ra r<'<i cial camoull ~ that 11M I.>een t~ wiUl such
wa veII to the same e xtent. T blUl. infrared 111m pa in t a nd dye (flg . 6 ) .
wh ich ls notllinK more t han blll.C k a nd whi te ( d ) CamoujW.Qe detecti<m film. Thi.
film that is BeMitive to Iuf rar ed wav.... can film w.... delligned specifi cally to detect green
result in a picture showinK contr""liI l>clween colored a rtificial camouflage by r<:o::ordinll' it &8
natural mllt.er illla and artillcial materials. The blue to blu&--I"ree n in con trast to a red r<:o::orn_
natu ral materials will ahow up u a Iill'ht to ne inll' or nat ural veg etati on. It combinf!8 th~
of In'1Iy while the artificial materials win ahow advantai"'" ot both int~ a nd colo r films.
up ILl a dark tone of lITay. Inf rared fil m hill! Th e st ructu re of the film is such \.hat high
a nothe r impo rtant use. It een be used !A> tAke infrared reaeeu ve objee~natural VegetatiOll
phoWgra!.ha a t lI i ~t if til"..., Is a SOU rce of -c-reccrd as red ; low infra red rellect ive objecb
infrared ra diati nn. To counte r the detecting record aa blue or lrfOOn .
abili ty of this film , camouft a ll'1l p&in lil a nd dyes
have been d""elop€'d that have a hlll'h lnf ranod b, Radar. Radar detecting dev ic.... emit radio
....fl ectance, aimila. to foHa~. All c>L!I1oufl" Il''' sigtla19, usually in the f orm of pulses of an
materi als lire now i."ued with thl. type of ultrah igh t r l.lqUency, wh ich are reflected from
colori nll !<O t h"t infrued fil m Mil no longer t he object bein g viewed an d r<:o::eived hack
detect di tl'e rences between I1Jlt u ....1 and arli tl- the point ot transmiuion. By analyzin/C th
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Low Obliq u e
minute r ellected si/lTlal• • the characteristics of lin d ita s ur round inl(>l . I f t he ohjed a nd ju bl<Ck_
the ohject un der obsen-alion may 00 'I.... grou nd are of th e same rellectance and te xtur e,
tennine<!. Concealment from rada r dependll total concealme nt is a chie ved. Concea lment
upon th e r!'duction of thi s refled ion. Thi. ca n from passive inf rared ill dependent upon re-
be accomplished by diggi ng in ce by use of a dueing heat em;"";oo of olJj et"t!I wh ich are hot-
defilade. It is important to ""memlwr t hat ter than th eir . u rroun dinll'll. Therefore. hOme
foliage cover a lone "",,,not be relied upon com_ in. ul at ion or sh ield mu"t be " ",-'<1 , Defilade,
plet..1}· to deCeat detection by rada r. heavy bruah, or even tree COVer will a t le""t
r. I Nfra red . There a re two types of infrared a tk nuate t he hea t ra d ia t ion , To w ha t e xtent ,
de pend., upon the de M ity or L,ick n..... ,
detecl.£lTll: Adi ve (nea r) which req uires illu-
minati on of the target by ..,me light worce .
slIl'h a8 in!ra rm spot o r lloodllg hta or the S U D ; 8, f octoR of Recogni Tion
snd pa&&i"" (fa r ) which d eled .. the heat emit- Rega rdl""" of t he method or observat ion em_
ted by the ta rlr"t a nd convem the ai KJl"I to a ployed, there a re ce rtain factol'll wh ich must
visual picture lfTa ph or M UDd rt!<'ord . Concea l· ...1...a )." be p nt to h..ll' t he eye lind hrtl;n
ment f ro m active inCrarOO dependa on the reduc- identi fy a n obj t. Th....e a re k>rmed facto J'll of
n of ,. .11...,18""" cont ract between the ob ject reco&,ni tlon ( fi r . 8 ) .
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a. PoRiti01l.. An abject is often identi fied by as fll.<:"tory chimneys, utilit y poles. vehicles,
it.. posit ion with relat ion to it>< surroundi n l/:s. bri dl/:es, a n d ten ts ha ,'e rlietlnctiv e shadow•.
A long object on a railroad tl'lU'k is .....umed to Sometimee it may be more im portant to brea k
be a tra in: aimihl.r objects on a river a n d pa r- up or d isruj>t th e shadow of a n obj ect than it
allel to its banks are lUIsumed to be \)oats o r is to conceal the object itself.
barg"". A llU"lf" structu re in a IO'oUp or frame d. Tc" fur .., Textu re r efer. to tl ,e abi lity of
buildin!C" might be a b" rn. Position is nothiIlJ(
a n object to retlect, absorb, and diffuse light.
more than t he ,...la tive space rela t i<lnsh ip of one
It may be defined .... th e r elative smoothness or
object to another object or objects.
roughneaa of a surface (fig. 9) , A ro ugh sur·
b. SIw./w . Ex per ience Maeh es poople t o as - face, sue,h a.. a field <>f g fll.."", ,...flec\.S litth
sociat e an object with its sha pe or outl ine. At lil/ht a nd casts many shadow. on itself. Can.
"' distll nee . the outli ne of ob ject.' ca.n be s''<Iuent ly it a pl'<""'s very dark to the eye or oa
recognized IanI/: befo,... the details of makeup II photograph. A smooth surfa<:e, such a.. a~
can be det<.'rmined. Trucks, gU118, tIInks . a nd ai ""trip or the roof of a buildin g , ,...flecb
other com mon milita ry item~ of equipment all more llgh t on an aeri al photograph. Thus, all
have distinctive outl in.... that help to identi fy airstrip. even t h ough it might Ix· pa inted th t
them. same color .... the surround ing terrain, would
c. Shadow . Shadow may be even more reo show up lUI a li!!,hter ton.. on a photograph.
vealing th a n th e ohj ect itself . Th ill. i. particu- The almoet to tal absence of text ure rellulbl .
larly trn.. when viewed fmm the air. Such items shine, One of the most revealin g br each
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ea"""" t1.III~ d ;""ipli ll~ ill ah ill~. 'IlIh1 . Ion<! r . 1I or co nfirminlll a tentati.... i....lltifieat ion. A
allnct . t.... l1l..... t.<>. ",,".tiOll u lld<>r ~"""')' ,.... _na ry ....l\IIidfonti".. iI t .... «.ne "r a t'<llo,r.
........Iion I"f'P.nI leM of th~ t)"l~. Shi n~ il lII~n_ Thil il u... mooi liratiull oC rolor i ll nryi nll"
~"'Iy """, ial<'<l ...ith Uw ,.."...·Ii,," "r ~"nlilllhl ......d..... 115uan.\· darker ,ha""" of a ~" en .."l"r
from wi nd ield". ,,·indo m..... k illl. a nd " 'ill be .... like l)' It> at1n1rl a ll obaen 'er's a t-
othrr ~u" h alm...t te "l u l ~u rla<' ..... E" rn I<'lItioll lh llll tI,.. lilllhler. mo,... h rilli "nt ,h ad.....
th.. lr ll...... " C fi..ld 11I1" ,,·h.. 11 u't"d ill d i,....·' f. ." ",-n",·"t. Th.. Ia..t Cado r oC ......oj(nitioll
,u nlilllhl . rR" " ·11....t " lJri l(1lt "hi".. "i mi"' r t.. is m"wn"'nt lin d a lth""jl"h th i. (ado r ,,'101 ,,11\
that "r K mirro r. (S" mt· "u!.J.tanee.•• """h ''" reveal" tJ,,· i,l"nti ty of a n ohj ,~- t hy It><,·lf. it i"
,·...-t,, 11I 1,1".•t i,·". "·"" rd l"., , "r th e d "jl"l"" "r ll". m", t iml . "t",,! ""l' f" r r"v,·"li"l( ,·.bu·",·,·.
textur... "t ill [l,..-,.. "t a 5lt i n~. ) Eve n t ho"KIt t h other fa rt" .. "f "''''''jl"n it ion
' . ( ·" /n,,. /'" I" r i, a ll a i,1 t" " " "b"en'~r wI"·,, have I....." '·""' I.I..le ly elin, in.. t.-.i, .. n " "f"IIIy " I..
til...... 1. r "" lra, t L>o.t....... n th .. rol" r or a ll obj..o:t .... I"\·.. r " '111 b.. aU rarlt>d. t.<> Ih.. a ...... ir .... w""
Ind it.< I",...kl(r""nd. Th~ lI:...... t..r the ",mlr""t ment i. ,."t r"n t rol led. II.. m,,~' ",-"" be ron_
in ,""lor. th .. mo.... ,·i. ibl.. th .. object al.I_ ..... r en tn>li lla: h i~ a lle ntlo n " II anme uth e r 10""
• "hi l.. ""'''r . Ion.. w ill W1 ually not identi ty . 11 hu t h.. ...ill not Ca il t.<> d..t...·l mo~ .....enl ill
,"'"I. it iI <of...." .11 aid in Ioc.tilli" the ubj«:t another atal thruua:h h is prriph.. nl v ilion .
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COLOR
TE XTU RE
MO VEMENT
CHAPTER 3
CONCEALMENT
9, ' riM.1n
S iti ng. di~lpll ne, and eOD5truction a re the
three princi pla employed. to elim.inat. the fac-
ton of ~ition, Good eamo<l ll&¥e is ob-
tainable onl,. thfOUl'h a thorou gh lindei'''
ItaD.ding of the fKto", of recognition and <:an-
ful nalu&tlon &lid IltiliiW.lon of theae prm.
cipla (If eor:K*.lmlmt.
... S itiA#. Slt mlf ia nothi... m,," thaD adtd-
mg the m.... advanta.-a pomtion in .. hith
to hide • mAn, . n object, or an &clint,' (ftp:.
10 th rwJh 14) . l'o matter wh.t kind of t.r..
rain It b , ...... a n a PJl&"'ntly f_tu .......
d......rt. the... la . l .... ys lIOIne d j".,.,rnible pat.
wm. natural o r manmade, .... hleh can be uaed
to «>nefti or . t Ie. st blur the tactically vital
. ign. of military activity. If th ese fu tu ....
U1! uti lized. eon~.lment " ,ill often be effectl ve 1 W~ ON G
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po.tterm.-n1ral. urbalI. wooded, and t.~ ,....... 1... c........ ., -".....
WRO NG RI GHT
an hllve dlsti nctlve eha rac"' I'i.UCll. which a ce rigid routine "f l ueh d i.scipli"e, both vi"ua l a nd
nee......,.,. to preoerve. audio. i.o not followed by only one man, tile
( II) R.""ll t............. Th i. terni " i.o 1"e<' ''II'' entire ra moullllll'e ~ffon will fa il. Careleuneu
Jilied from the ai r b,. vi rtue "f Ita peculiar alld l""n... . m undoubtedly m eal the poa\.
dlec . ertxo.rd pattern. Thia III • "",ult of the ti on to the e....my. Tracb. apoil. and debria
illere"t tn>- of crope. . Dd veptation found are the ......t common aigna of military .etivity
molltf.,.m... . hirh indi<'ate t'OlI'CNled obj""lll. Th.more.
(II ) U""'" If"ITa..... A picture f rom the
_ t..clta ahoold f olio_ exlatl ~ patha, I't*da,
Ur of ~ llrb&ll terrail>ll ;" clLll rac teri.... by fe_ . o r ruotural lin~ in the terrain patUrn.
fDnn or _ urtifo rm rn.... of l>ou&inr. inter- E1poMd mula do not end at a pollitH>n, but
W'O¥ftl with llt f'ft'tA• • nd punrtnatfod by r . .....
a re ut.ndecl to another lolO.al tennination. If
fnDylncated tr- ....d IhrubL practicable. n Jl'lMd tnckt are camoufta~ by
bruminll' out or coveri " g. Spoil and debris
(c) W ""","" I""",,,. The pictu re that are covered or placed to blend with the &ur_
thil terni" p.--nta to the aerial ot-rver ;"
rn und inp ( lip. 15 t hrouKh 17). A camou na~
a natural, Irtej'\lla.r work of na ture. u"l ib the
SOP ll.ti nll rul"" like the un"" mentioned
almo»t e-netric pattei'll of the manmade rural
will hell>• g rea t deal in ~nf<>...i"g camOU na ll'e
u d urban \.errain.
diacipllne, It ahould ....ill"ll to certai n In-
(d) B lIrrnt Urrui.... U ke the ..ooded dividual. the ,....I"'n~ibility of ~" f<> rci njl: thi.
l.er,.,.i", b.,.ren terrain pre!!ent th e a..rial 01>. diaclpU"". It should list ru les for conduct of
""rver with an uneve... lrregulllr work of na_ i nd i vid ua l~, units , veh icle d ri ve"" etc.. in
ture. without the abru pt patt...rna "t t he run l comba.t. In blvou""". or In any other Ilt uatl on
and urban .re.... which rna,. b<! apprnpriate to th e unit.
b, C,,_}faI1~ DWriplilU. (2) No 1eoI important II the atriet ob-
t tl The ....,.,Dd bulc co..dlt lon fo r the ... rv~ of bl,a., . ""t rules. At nig ht, ..indo. ...
llrb~tmt of auccE'fIS in a..,. cam ou na p elTon hatth... entnMea, and otMr openlnp th~
is the . t rid mai ntenaDce of camoul\a.re d Ja.. . hieh llKht U n &h ine muat be covel'ed with
cipli lle, by both the unit .. a . hole and the shutlen, ac........... curtai ..... and other aped al
iIodividual ..\dier. Thill IDeS...... oI.u- of any opaque ma teria1a to P""~t tmem,. V'OO nd and
actirity that clLlln ps the ' PPHran« tit an air ot.en'era f rom not irinlf the interior illll-
or ,,"",Ia tile PreM'DCOl of military equip. miruoti on. Fltt!ll ca n b<! Ht'ht.d lJIll,. in apecially
...L It II • continuous. muDd-tIl_l""k necea- deaignated and equipped anu. Smoklnr la
tr u d . ppli_ to evfl)' individ ual. If the forbidden n.ar the enemy... i' the d iapla,. of
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movers, a nd t racto r engines alo ng a broa d
front; or by t he opel"at i" " of sou nd pr ojection
. tations which can imitate variou " battle
soun d,.
c. Cam o"f!ag~ Cons truot ion . The th ird and
lInal princi ple on wh ich !loud eamouflajl:e is
based is camoufla ge const ruction . When the
terrain an d n atural veJ(etahon a re s ucb th at
n at unol conceal ment is not possible, artificia l
cam ou Aa l((' i. ad ded . Ar tificial or natural
materials ar~ used to h~lp bl~nd the object or
in dividu al with the s urround ing t errain .
Camoo fl age const ruction sho uld be resorted to
un/y whe n s iting a nd disc ipline cannot prod u"e
the desi r ed coneealmen\' :"at u ral matR ria!s are
p referred over artificial m ateria ls, s ince the
former r ea"",ble the s urroundin!,: vejl:etation.
If a rtificia l ma terials are us ed. they must l.oe
110 arranged as t o blen d with t he surronndinlJ'"
to the lD""ate.t ]IOBsible d ellTee. They mu st be
of sturdy con,truction to wi tl,atand va ryi ng
weather cond itions a nd be constantly check ed
and m aintained. The con st ruction work mu.t
be hi d den~ wi th the "'ork partie. observing the
str idest d iseiplin e. If ]>o"s ihle. all e nJ(ineerinl!:
work s hould he carried out at ni!,:ht, with all
trac~s of the n il(ht's activit ies r.amoufla l!:ed be-
f ore morning. Th ere should l.oe no dis rup tion
!'iouro 13, I n "'Ou{,,, urN," '.""iu, mu"""11 obj«t. of t he terrain Jl'lt te rn ; no rle.tnlction of plant s
patt".,.
," u ot b, ,i,.d I"".U,' t o ,,00 cw" '. Ii" ... or trampled llT""ses; n or should there be any
new m a ,L. or ope n d itc h"" vb ible. T hi.' is d iffi_
lir hts of any type~. Combat a nd t ransport cult to do, b ut unl ess strict discipline is main_
vehicle. can he a llowed w travel on ly with tainer! durinl( s lIeh r onstrud ion. t here i8 lit tl e
their lights turned off or obllcu red. Aeria l point to the ca moul1 a l(e effort.
photographs taken at night by the liJ;ht of
lIares or by the use of imllKe intensification 10, Camauflage Methods
equipment ca n pick up breaches in "amouflaJl,"e T he re are three funda men tal w ays of conceal_
discipline, wh ich a r e more likely to occu r at
ing i"aud latiu lla and actid ti es, H id ing , hlend -
night than in the da ylight ho u,"". Coru;equently ,
the 8am e 8tandard of camouflage di8ciplin e
ing, a n d di sguising.
m""t /", ndh cred t o by night as by WIV. u. llidino. lJi rling is th e com plete c"nceal-
( 8 ) Troops must lJay special attent ion to
ment of an object by som e fonn of ph ys ir.al
,ound eamou flal(e durinl( night movement a nd s('reen. Sod ov er t he m inea in a m inefield h id""
app ly a ll t he pr inciples of !lCoutiIlK and patrol_ the miMS; the ove rhead canopy of trees hi d""
ling. During nighttime r iver eros_ings. the tlte obj ects beneat h it f r<>m aeri al obs ervation;
noise from the paddles sh ould be muffled. Re- a defilade hid es object.. from g rOllnd observa-
veaHnJ( sounds from tank and truck movement tion; a n et hides obj.., ta beneath it; a road
from engineering work can be m uflled by screen h ide'S the obstacle behi nd it. In wme
stro nl(er "'>u nds . e .g .. s o "alled s oun d .cree n, . r.a.' ea, the screen it.. elf n"l,V L.... invi sible to the
• eated by the fir ing of m achineKUIlII and a r_ enemy. In other inatanc"" , while viaihle to the
. Iery p ieee. : til<' r unning of tanks, prime en"",y, a screen con"eal s the amount 'Ind type
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Of H OW
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I N D EfI N I T H Y ,
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a pplk.ation of eamoutlal'(e ma terial. on, ovcl.~·
and around the object 80 that it ap pears to II'
part of the background . F or exam ple, the in:
dividual soldier can apply stic k f ace paint to
the ex posed areas of the skin ; add " urla",
paint, ll11d live vegetati on to his helmet IlJld
d othing so that he ",..i ll closely r esemble or
blend into the background. The same things
can be done to equipment a nd structur es to
ma ke them inconspicuous. Blending dimnctive
ma nm ade objects into a natural termin pat-
tern Is necesllflry to maintain a normal a.nd
J'ipu,.. 16 . H i. " b ~ "",", M", lo . ..... th o ,,,, (romt<! natural "attern (figs. 19 a nd 20) .
ub..,.,·.,., that '''M a<ti ,~t~ .. takmg pfa<. at both c. DisouiBing. Disguising is the third method .
(£) .. ..4 ® aM b..... _t<~ ;"V'
It involves the simulation of an objed o r
activity of military sign ificance. Clever dis-
of activity lwhind it . F igu re 18 illustrates two KIl i_ will mislead the enemy ll. to ident it y,
examples (Of hid ing. strength, lind intention, and will draw his fin
b, Bk ndino. Blending is the arrangement or f rom the real target.
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F,-" 11. E~4""'lu 01 :::~.t otopplnll" to """"nnoIOo, .
T hl. 1<","" h14... f",m ..",un4 o!>M.... .tlon tho omount ond typo or tum. u,i,,~ !hi .
Impor tant mol n .oppl, rou'" In Ko.......
F;,. .. lI--(A>nU.. ....t.
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"
CHAPTER 4
.
movement . hleh the ilT,mobIle bAcl<.rn>und will th in, el8e thal will reduce the tonal contraat. ..
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..114 .. I., ~ .I . , 1 " . 1• ••• 1 4,
14. Slo in toninl' tMm down in a" ...."'" colo r (til'. 221 .
Fwt:o. n...... a nd hands ahouJd be toM<! dOWD WM n llIl nl' d illl1l pti"" pain ti nl' the ""lter1lS
""intin, th..m in a dioru pti"e pattern o r by ahou ld eut ac n- the n""", Ii ...... eh...... bon...
"
eye sockets, and chin lines . Bu rnt cor k and mud 16. Shiny Objeds
can be used , or in the absence C>f natural rna.
ReOection t rom brightly .hin ing ouject.'! i8 t
terials, the t"" .. paint sti ck may he u.. ...J. A
com mon urell('h at c"mauOalf\' discipline, A~
mesh mosqu ito nettin ll'. pro[m rly to ned down,
sh iny obj ect.'! must be concealed. This incl udes
i. an effecti ve way ot break ing up the outlines
ot the face, such item s as watches , rings, belt buckl...,
and mesa k it item• . A common breach of m..-
15. Weapon Tonedown cipline is the wearin g of goggles on the helmet.
This is a v iolation wh ich sh ould he avoided.
One ot the aimplest way. to diatort the gi v~
awa y (mtline ot a weapon i. by wra pping it
with burlap garni.hing or st rip. ot clot h dyed 17. Camo uflag e Clothing
to makh the uackground , Pattern paintin g ti,e Indiv idual concealment requi res a little
weapo n i. an oth er excellen t method of distort_ plann ing and thought and ingeniou s use of
ing the weapon outl ine. The sh iny parts can materi al. at hand . Th is applies to ti'e carnou-
be covered. by cloth, pai nt, or m ud , Care must !lage of clothing aJro. In the absence of iss ued
be taken wh en camoollaging II w....pon not \<, camou!lage unitortn s, th e llOldier can make hill.
CIlUse interfere nce in the sight in g and firing ot own carnoullage sutt, adaptin g it.'! color a n d
it (lilr. 23 ). pa ttern to the terrain l>ackll'l'Ound. Any color_
.
M .6 0 MA CHINE GUN 'HIl APPED WI TN CLOT H
R I Fl E P A TT ERN P AI N TE D
A'
" COYER SHINE WITH MUD
"
;nll' mat<.>rhll ~ ~an 1><> " ,<.'<1, sU"h lIS dye.<, ~ r .." k· lind natural t old" in the ground. It mu.. ,
~lISP oil, or ewn II mi xtu re of mud lind 1l''''''II.<e, remember ed th at ~lImo u flage d otb inll' .J
The imporUlnt th ing is to make the dothinll' cllmouflal(erl equi pment a lone won't conceal,
look leoss like a u nifonn an d more like the The to n<.'<lown, the N•.mouftlll(<.'<I helmet . tho
t<.>rrain in "'hiah it ia to be wo n , ( til(, 24 ) . For I",in ted auit, the covered shi ny ob jecbl a rt
u"'" in SIIOW cover<.'<l terrain ili e re is a vailable j u.t th e bejrinni ngll of the Concealment job,
II whit.. Il'I'mumt d~.. ilrlle<l to blend with II Too often, men have r elied with com plete fllith
white o r mo ttl<.'<l white lind blac k l>ar kll' roulI,l. on 1\ climouftllll'<.'<I helmet lind a climouftlll(ed
T he ano"'su it d<>l"!l nnt oonc{'al t he aman auit, th inki llll' them.w lves mir",," 10u.qly in-
patch "" of shlldow thllt sur ro und a human iiI(. viaible, and com pletely disrell'llrrlillll' an tho
ure, b ut this is nnt """ ""-<lIry si n~e IInow balli c elemenlil of camouft aj1;e. Thill invariably
country is seldom a ll whi te-it does contain 1",,01. to di AAlltrous rCAulto. ThCfle me""u .....
nu merous d u k 8po\a and ~h lld"wlI. If ~ertai n ma ke it ea..ie r to conC<'lll, but on ly when taken
anow a~ a re lin white with l\lJsolutely no in oonju nction with the p n ncipl.... or scouti ng
"had"w8, use is m"de of defil"" . anow drifts, ....d plitrollilllC (FM 21- 75 ) ,
-~ ;"'"
F",." . U. S.l/......d. ""' ....fl~' • ... ilo ~I• • d tAto ""lr<>l ...... • A. ,...........
CHAPTER 5
FIELD FORTIFICATIONS
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.
otAPTER 6
SlCtlcwl L VlHICLES
23. 1__ ling Foctoos either a rtl/kial or n.tural materia.. OD ab ort
A badly concea ~d nhid e clln lead to much . t n1ch.., expoMd t rac kll mal' be erased by
mor e t han just II. lost vehide ; it may mean brushinll' leav"" and debr la over them. All eon-
dis""very of a unit, di!IClMure of an important cealed routes should be ma r ked in adva nce of
WIe and Il""&rdt posted to inaure mi" imum dU-
tactical " ...... or romplete cIestrurlIon of lIll III-
rtalllltion. Camouflage o! ..-<!hld e. l5e'pendl DOt t url>aDu in the area.
only on concull~ the vehiclea tbemael.vea. (2 ) If poouible, before a Wlit OttIlpl• •
their shi ne, shadow. and m.pe.
but equally 00 position. a quartering party should flnt mUe
prevent inlr and concealinll" their al l.revNllnr a reeonnalManee a nd lay out a cnneealed In<:k_
tr..cks. (It Ihould not be forll"o\tl!n th at enemy plan. No vehicle should enter the new a....
pou n ~ and ae r ial observlltl on Is drawn quick. until then. Thla plan should be laid <MIt to fit
eo.t by anythin. that mova, and that Ilothln. Into th. ter rai.. pattern ... incolUlpic:1loualy ...
n be done to ooncee.l -hiel'" movinll" throa.Il"b poouible by tal<lnll" . etvantap of exlati.ng I'O&da,
Jndervowth or aloog "'t-<I rn ut<es. ) _ riIead cover, and . ha do.. can..... Ua__
Many f acton mu.t be ron. iden d ill _ h a
... T.....,h . Track. are "peeially t""·M lln. to
the aerial obse rver. They indicate type, lcca- plan: d uration of occupation; time allo..M\ for
u cs , strength, .nd even Int.!nt iollS of a uni t. ent.!rin lr lind leavlnll"; aize, cha r acter , and tIlls-
The gradual tu rns of wheeled v....icl.. . re di... alon of oceupylnl!" unit; d iat.a_ f rom the
t1IlKUiAhable f rom the skiddi!ll" turns of • tnck ",emy; and .....ther e1'recl on viribilllJr. A
atandard trvk pla:ll ia Impoouibl indi _
laying vehicle. and o~n • aillll"le tnck acrou
an . ...... of low veget&tion Is d e..ly Yiaihlot. The vidual kllution is requ i~ for h iIlIltaila-
li on. In add ition to lll.yi nll" <MIt • plan On the
lu t ia "' recially t rue In t he Ntly morning
hour s when there is a heavy dew. Tr ack. g round IW If. a plan should te Iketched on
should follow cloooely and. be parallel to hedj-... either a ma p overlay or lI. sketch of the &.rea..
f"""",, cultiva ud ftekk, and DUll'!' u tural
Parking a......,. ahould be ind icated ... ",ell u
th... portio... of routo!a to be patrolled by
teJTain lin.. ill or .wr to nma.ill iboCOOUlpicuo,,"
t ratlic ~d ....
f .... m the a ir. Alao. tnclq allould alway" COIl-
ti nue put the poeilion to a logical terminal ion. (') Si""" a uoit may have to ",,",u p)' •
( I ) Complet ely concealed roads r arely position wIthout l' rio r !llConna i....nce, unit
u ist. E ven th e comparat ively Imall am ount of eamout\l' "e tra ining must Inlu te that aU
t imber whieh must be cut down to el. r a peoraonne1 are t ra.i ned to follow ~rr.in patterua
.....d"·.)· th ro urll • wooded . ...... loee,·. ...1IIt III a nd utili... all o"emead eover. ...hen pmaible.
the o,·em . d eover that are clearly __ fram Partic ular . ttention muat be dir«ted to traIn-
the air. Partia lly oonouled rna"" do ex ist 1Iow_
ever , a nd they are bettA! r than ex posed on...
inll" of vehtele d ri ven . kl that they will follow"
th_ ru lea automa tically, even i n the abaence
R""onnaiMll nce I,. rties ahould l"""te them. of NCO'a lind ofl!cer ". The officer. and NCO'.
Any g. p' in over head eover on such a l'OII.d call mU l t inatruct all pe rso nne l th at when the first
be eoncealed by erectinll" overhead ""..',,,'. or vehicle enters a n a rea. "",rds mUlt be . ta-
t ioned at critical pointA to di rl'Ct t r al'llt. Thl. facilitate ldenti lirati on. I n .nowy ' reM with
prev.. nl ~ unn"".......I')· v.... icl.. . lmv.rio"·n. ~l"l" little o r no eaver, vehid ea ca n be parked. fad
,in... M jammiq on . road". y. d ireo::t1r inLo the IUn 100 nodlin' tM •
(4 ) In _ COVt'I'N Urrai n. ro....... hnMlt which u n tht'll ),., fu rther red uced and brolIn
01 .......11. in • ma jM problt'm. EW'n in Iirht u p br large _balk o r d~ ho'" dg,. in the
. 1lO'II", t.ra..b m.aJ«, .Wong shadow lineo vi~ibl .. I~. Snow th rown on t he _h~ helps ta
f l'Ol'l\ ~.t d i irtan~. Sharp turns . h<>llld be diarupt tltia tell.tale ...
. YO\ded beo:& ...... tM .....ultln.. . now ridgn cut
.....ell hMvier I-haoo..1l. Th.. u~ l'Ii nriplet 24. Co_ fla.. M.a ....
at.-...l th......pout t hn d iacuu.ion
InlOW' «>WrM teninn . with . bit more emphaala
.ppl,. to .. S ili d ~. A. is alwaY" the
.,.". in nomouftal'f. the ai m of rood ...... ide
an following Daw r . l shedow ca.sti ng terrain aiti ng is to occu py the w l'I1lin ..ithout alterinl
Une•. It i. abo important that all ,·ehlel... it.s a ppea.ranc... TlI do th ill, '·eh id... should be
keep to th e same tn.ckl. Vehiel.... leavinll" the parked. under natur al COVer wh enever evan,
track or road may achieve ahort perl oda of a ble. When cover is inadequa te, they should be
tn.c k eoneea lment by dri vinll" directly Into or parked. ItO that the sha pe of the v....ic1e will
.....y from the aun, ....hado1l'1l ca.st by th...... disappear Into th.. .ur""",ndin,.. Before a
tnc'b willllOt .... . ,parfllt until tM . un . t rl b" driver ea.1l al tt hia Vt'h iclf to takf advalltap
them from an . nlrle. Short lenCha of tracka of the collCalment ~bmti.... 01 his au...
ma.r to. ob liUra ~ If they . ... not too dwp, by rooudiap, he must know hc>w the difterent
t ram p/in.. t hem with .no....' - . tenaina \o<lk from thO' ai r . hl combat 10.-
• • 51..... Siting and t nlCk diociplilM! do midi this knowledp la aa imp::>rtant &II kIlowilll how
.to con<ftl a v.... ic~. but .hIDe ea.n nullib thO' to drive the 'f'fhldea.
bett alle a nd finest tnck d iol'ipline. Shi llt' ill • • UN 01 N. t. rtd M.'~. Wbile «wd ail--
alw.Y" IlftI'Mt _t- there • liPt in u'e 10k,.. in.. and d iapenion . re _ two -...un-
HnUPt. moonlight. or tha Ii«ht of t1a...... It ia they .... not ..nough. Gn.\.er concealmfDt ea.n
CAuoed by windlh ield. headlirht . cab ..indow. be had by au pplementi ng th..... m",,,ureI wi
wet vehlele body. and even by the ligh t p..int natural materiaL. to br eak up t he , ltaPf an
of th e In. ignia . Th...... d..nger spot. mu st be , h..dow. of the vehic1l!ll . Thi. mat erial Is . 1-
conce.led by any mea lUl. The betray inll" nat ur.. m08t a lway• • va ilabie nea r a pa rk ing site and
of I hln. M ould nev..r be unde......tim at<'<!. E v..n ca n be erede<l alld removed. quiekly. When Cllt
v,.
unlkr .... overh..ad co\.... ...hiny obj.., ta m.y
be rev_led through the lma ll~t of,..pa.
folia j(e ia used. it ah(,uld be rept&c«l &II 110OII
aa It . tarts to ... ith.... (ti..... 1I2 I nti 33 ). Alter -
e. 54a4<nD. There t wo kind.. of lhadowa ing the color of vt'h icletl o r addi llll" tu t ure to
to canaider in <:amou lla One i. the evncuUn.. them are other ....Y'!' to au pplement slti q and
ahadow eut by object. on th.. Irf'Xlnd. F rom diapenion. Color may be cb&nKed. by a pplrilll
the alr . these aPPMr 10 dark that a vftIide mud to the bod,. aDd tarpaulill. folloorilla:: Uw
partied. wi thin tillm hu a cood dian« of re- ~t!.t'rn.i nlr prinei""" ,;Vftl ~. . Texbl~
maininl: undetecled (IiI:. SO). III the norlherll may be . dded all or in pa ttenl aha"", by
hemio.phere, the north aid. lIf a n obj ec1 hllther attac:binl If,o\'M, b ..,. ........ 01 coline IaDd
than th~ vehide ift the beat ftide on which to to the aurf"",e with an adh""ive.
park; the east and ......~ , ides . re da np roua c. Pat"'" Painting. Pau..m painti ng of a
for hal f . day. The lither kind of . ha dow ~o vehicle i~ not a t ureal1. It i., ho....ever, • v.lu.
consider I. that c....t 1>y Ihe vehid e i1llell. Th b able l upplmlent to othe r cAmou/lall"f meullr....
rev tinll . hadow moat he hidden by pArkinl!" Addf<l to F.>Od siti ng. di~peraion , dlseipllne,
eith in t he ~hadow o r II larvr obi",t h. f'lt. a nd the """ of neta, it inc. . - th .. ben efit to
plained. above, or by pIIrklnll" on the . unny side be der ived. f rom auch m..&IIu rn. Vehicle pa].
of the object (fig.lI l) . In add ition . th .. ImlIllfr terns An df6icned. to d iarupt the Cllbe &hape of
&hadow . reas eontained. within the vt'hlele vehic l... from al l angIee of vie..... to dil rupt
itaelf aueh &II the I hadow lin", lIf the truck body I h.adowa. a nd to tie ill with the . ha dow at tM
ia and around the CAb. beneath th.. fendt'ra. rear of • vehicle wht'll it it faced. into the
withill the w' -I&. a nd in tM lIpen bad< lIf the alln. &II wfll .. thO' large dark Ihadow a reta of 4
..
carp a~ must be /;IIo('ked. out fllr tht'r toll wiDdo_ "'~ ......... and Ullder-.,
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earria~. Th. patteI'M m t boP bold '""""'~ to .....".,....... Dra"," IM.'t5 e"". ll'i \'" ........ 1"1ft. COlt-
be .1'1".... li.... a t a dista Wh it.. or lip t .... r ....Iment ap iMt d inocl ",,-"a l ion. but , _
paint i. a l'l'!iO'd. to u.. undor-nurl_ o f u.. with ..-I; a rtifirial ("llmoul'la!r" maw riBl.. ("II.
v .... k~ to ca u,,", 0....... to n-ftfct liJrht. thua f""'<lllfll tly br drt«ted by ph"totmol oh ie 0
lilfht..n i.... the darll ahado wa of the u ndoor· ....n ·.tion I« a u... Ihey or"'n fIo il In 1>1
ca r rialCt'. T hia is U>nn'" ""ou nt..",hadi ng." A. properly w ith the ......·kjl"rOu nd. In "" e ry ,.
" reviou.I ·. tated . patw rn 1,,.intin l1 IOlone ,..ill however, properly .u"pendP<l lind . u PI'0rti'<l ,
not "m"" 1 It which.., To I... ~ffe<:ti\"e, it mu.t dr a )""" do r"nr~lll the ;d,·n tit~· uf II wh icle,
b<' .umhi n~d ,,~th l' n ,pe r haekjl"round a nd even (hough t h.. drllpe net il.<elf may 1.., d...
ai ti njl". Ile<-au ... today'a m,..t.. rn mechan ized a nd lected. :>Ina a.... n.-.t ..,.."m nl<'nd..t in s now
hiKhly m....ile unib have the ca pability of aN!a&. They ""'<lu i.... e~~i ~.. mai nt .
t ..vel i.... Il"nfIt di.tan<:ft ove r n ried t..rra in cannot aupport • ano... looad. and Ilt'COIlle rt.
a nd Il"l"<>wth. patte rn painlinll" el'l"edi\'e one day frozen, blilky . and hard to hantlle.
Imoy be totally i....il'« 1A e the .......t day. In
e. Di,l,l;",l I . , In a deoe rt" or a ny 0,,",
fact. the patwrn Imoy f\..... prove to be a de-
t..rnon te-rrain, the ],ower an ,.., j«! ;.. to u..
tri nt b)' rencleri the "ehieloe C"OIlBp...........
VOUnd, the omaller is ita ..,.,... and the
In 'here is a daily problem, , -HIid e
easier it is 10 ro~l from rial ,"_no'ation.
cono:"flllme nt is Imode m h .... itot if the \'eh irle
Wh en the .ituation pennitll. ,,'·et)· e il'o rt m _
ia painwd ... ith the "n pattern allO"'"11 in liIl"-
u.... 3-1 Th.. nlltional .~"Tllbol. lin', ' -n Mt be mad.. to d ill: in important ' ·.... id"". :>lot on ly
. .... th ..)· mort' eL. ily ron,..... If'd LuI u" .~....... al...
oil' the " ..hkle in t he fol1" ...injl" i!1u . l ....t ion. in
prut..rt..d from f raJl"ffienb . An n ell""tion iI
o rder to .h"... th e I"'tt~ rn mote d'·lItly.
nUllle , wit h a . Ia nt ill/I: IIp1'r h ,.nd th~ wh iclo
Whethe r or ..ot to d im inate Ihe m and oll'er
i.. ]IIIrked in the l,iL San,I l(lf ",... u....J to form
com mon v.·hieula r mll rk ir:~ m Ullt br d.....
a ....'· plm.... 1 fu r I'roteeti"n a ..d t h whole thi n,
l<'nnined by hill"he r lIuthori ty.
ia co,·.. red with .. net. The net i•• I"I'M Ken UT
d. ....~ 'a. The pri""il",l . r1itlc ial material- out to the tid. a ..d alaked d n . F ina lly . tho
~ to cooc....l veh iclft a re d l1lpe neu. Tho:)" "Miele t ....,kB to the p<lI!iti on a hnl~hed 001
are .....y to use. q uick ly .NCted, and qu ickly o r cove red.
FVo<... n . ,....,. .......... "'- "h".~ . f ...... ..4 ........
f.l• .. ....." ..,. ito "" . wI • __
.
I
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a li.. dfO b and .... ' 10 rN b1""d with reddish deu . 1 bad ll"ounds . O,h.. li';'l
col".s wulu! in du el" are sand "nd earth yellow . p"""",, break u p "ngul'"
lines ,
.
III Wh" . on, . 1... ,hob f ~ b,,, ' ,,, ,,,,,, ,, 0' ond "... Ao " "" II, . H",;"
"b~ . ; , blool onJ whd •. I, , " ow , "." ,.., ,; , , ;, 00' "'co..",
.,
Section II. ARTILLEIY
2.5. R. _a llnt fackl .. mtllt ~ tlke n to deceive Ihe en.my all to tIk.
""'allon of the iu tailatiolL
AI 18 the t ue ...ith all other imped.lm..ta of
....rfare. aklilful ~o"" ...lm"" t of artilluy b. Sitioo#. T h.. eIacl ...-ition for the elemmta
"''''''PO''' a n add iJnlMasu..bly to the eIemel:lt of a battery. ...ithin the uaigned ....,... mt1lt
of sv rprIM all '" thmu to the defNt of the po , """"ral qualifieationa:
mom,.. EMm,. obaerven .re tnilled to -reb 01 'nil requi~ field of fire .
for certain "'el'miw lIigM whleh indicate the IZ) Room f or disp"..ioa of ..._ po.... ve-
presenee of artillel'J'-imperfeo:tly t&moulU.aed hie. . alld other equiPmeDt onranle to the bat-
"'Npo1l poAitiOlll,. blut a.... Ih tar. I'Atha OJ'
...hee' t rvka, ....... in the eu.e of • mlulle aiW. ...".(a) Opportunity to establish oommuniea.- I
the e~~i ve u rtJ" rom lll" .,an III the t.erraiD tiou without e..... ti"lr attenllon ptti.... ~od
pa ttern n _itated. by a level ftritllr pad aDd ecan and patha.
fv"'inr entn~ and exlta, etc. E ven thourb HI Opportunity f or a<:<:+Q and l upply
the WN polIa them.oelves . re hidden, auth limo routell. It 11 desirable to have ro ulM auilable
are dead RiveawaY" of the p.......nce of artillery, to the front, llanka. lind rear. Thl l 11 lmporta.nt
These l ir n. may not of themtelvea IndIcate In l ituatlona whe re it may be nec""",,ry to
the e~li.Ct nat ure of th e po.ltlun. but they make l udde n cha nges in position, When per_
do at tract enemy a.t tent ion and Invite more IOnnel, ammunition. equipment . and other
t llretulobaervBtinn . aupplies' a", moved into poIIltll>n, they moo
follow .. prepa red traflle plan ( pa ra 2SlI (2 )).
26. Camouflage M.cnVrM e. Nf t.. Wherever natn n l ooncealmeot is
... COl''''''''''" F'ad on. Camoullage Il1eUUJ"8!l lmpoaibla or difficult., lIuitably p milhed hoi...
va ry with the . ituation ....d are a lf«ted by the neta a nd t hicken wire are qu ick and e1'I"edi
followin~: nwana of co...,.bnent. Care mu.t be takHl
(I ) There wi.II be litUe opportunity to fl>l.lo... the oolT'e<'t methoda in theit nM! (
camOQ llal!'! poaitiona extenllively ... Ilea their s-tOOl . Wire nettillll". althoull"h heavier Uld
bull<i..... hc*il ita f orm better. ia more durable,
oceupa nQ" will be of M ort d u...ti on, If it lhould
and I. Invalua ble for poIINona of a relatinl,.
dev""'p that the "'",pona mn st remalll Ionl!'!r . permanent uture. The t wine neta. belli&'
their Iocat!..... un then be improved by better Iipter a nd eaai..r to hand le a re better ada pted
l iti hjl' and hidiq:. to mobil....ituatl onl and tem porary """iti ona.
(2) Wh,," the b&«eri.,. a re deployed for Both kinds an be ll"amillhed wilb doth I m lll
a c:oonl lnlte<l attN:k, the lou\l on l>f each bat- and natunl materiall ( fill'll . s.G and 361.
tery and uf ea.cll pie<:" ahl>uld be t lretully <to Patt ,,", Pai"ti..". P attern pa inting or
....lect..d artillery plecel a n be an etl'ective aid to ece-
( 8) In a defenlive lIetll>" . extensive eealment alld ill designed f or use in varyi.nr
cllmoull,,1l'll II devel oped, Utmost pr ecautl on t.errain. ( till", 87) .
.
Hq....1 J"~ ".;..ilo """"". 10<1 by _ 01 ft" ural ",..loon . l,
.
Not .. pplo...... t1 ...........rsl ria.. f o ' _ I..... " _ J ..... ",i. .l...
"
,
"._._ ..... . ... ..
-_._-- ~
_. ........
---_ .. -
_ I. . . . . .. ~ ....... -
-__--
.....- ....._.. , ...
_ _
,.. - ...
•
... _.-.
• 1 .. - . .
,._
...~
,~
.
'",
AIRCRAFT
'
l&cell, an tennaa, and aircraft skin.
Siting
Light reflections from the m"tal and plexiglass
I
surfaces may be observed shining t hroug h ,wen
rcraft must be situated in an area with easy the best of overhead concea lrrlent---natural or
cess to taxiways and r unways. Thi. io an artificial. The moment lin a ircr aft is plirked
Prope, dl'p" roion m",n. "'0'" tIl.n jut .p.ciTlll" porked 01' 0-..1•
• t • di.tonco f rom one .not~ er •• ohown . I>ovo
.
)ll iI;,*", obj«&a .._ bo In a .......... ""' I....... to
_ cIunoop f ",.. ~ _ ..tad
a nd r amouflal/e beg un , a ll II'la.., plutlc, an d lfn>u nd, under the c ra ft , will b re ak a n d diator
ahiny m etal auri""e" must be r.,\'ered , E xtre me the ouUine of th e llh!<d ow, even it t he cra ft ~
ca re must be used when coverfng a lrcrd t in t he open (fllt:, 40 ). Wh en aur,h mate r ia ls an'
su rlllr ea, All coven m ust l"., " "' Ul'ed a.ud it i. used , t hey must be tightl y sceu re d to wen
recom mend,>d. thllt ""me means fo r ma.r king anchored .tak"" or other s ui\lib le atUirh m. nll
each coVe r be u...-d to pr e,'ent attempUd a k a- Oth e rwise, (I.mou fla lle ma te rial. m ay I... d r• ..,
off w h ile aur h coven a nd clUt\oufla~ mater ialt! int o th" rotor blad or proJM'lI...,. " f ai r ve~
a... a ttachoed. d ...... Add itionally, ell m ust be u e rd sed 'hoI
e~n ll' or placin g a rtillci..l m.. 1.o'rialJl, .
30. Su~_ti"9 e-~l ....nt wittt to p " ...,t <brna~ to th" a il't"raft a nd not iI
Artitida l """'''rial, terr ,Ith oP'l'rations a nd maintena..... ...
In man,. c__ it "'ill be n..........ry to n&o"
to ill.ll' p "" a M post-llip t in.op«tion ..
the uM of a rtilXial camoufl.altt materiaIJI to
""ppleme nt inadeq uat e ""t ural temi n feaw.... 1>, H ~Ica, A twine or ... ire Jl<'t ha.m1llOll
._ ..
_
_. _
..... .....
-_.. _ ..-...... _--
. _ ~
_
~
_~
"-_._-
--_,-..._. . .._,
_....
-_ - .... . . .
....-- ~--'"
_
..
....._. _"".... .-
-_ --
, - ~
_ "'_ . "~
_ - ""-
- - - ~-, -
- ~_ .~
.
-- -
,,, , --
-
,
,,
..
b
I
N
,
•
,
, -
•
, -
Hoi.. in net
to distort
paUw"
5hod.....,,. a •• ,...,... Aa ge ..a ta va m i..... d to OP l>" ' CI . lI"""P 01 ,,,-.gula r 6ar ~ pille"" • .
If rt.. .." i, not . "",I,bl• . dark c1 eth with ~ oI n 'om in i l ~ .. boo used sucuufu lly. or
d,'" pote ht. eOtl bt p'o6Jcitd by bumini tCl p . br...... or ."'.. N bri. Ie produce aslln ...
..... by pourin g c:ro..kC1lH ..,."."p <WI t"- gr_d . lol a" end cloth do ,,",U tI.t od'UM ....
in , th.y <;<Ill ... ......... If "" ,cop'-" .... 10 l....d ond lah olf u ..ets or d .....
co , be 10k.. to -"or "'"' he.... l, •.,..i,,11 the wind c ..1 by ",,.,OfOt ble d .
. rv-... u. s. - .....
III II .....~ ...I eo _ .oood_ _ ,
ftopo <5 ~_ . ~ I _ _ ..... . 0
..........., "" .0 _.,., be ~ ,,_ _ _ ._
"..".... i f. H_ ..- . . . . . , .. 00 .
can be ll"arnl~hed with either artificial or nat- to l u~pend ;, l eri es of overhead tram
ural rnaterlal.o, or • combination of Ix>th (/\g. umbrellaa f rom wires Itrung bet.... n "
41) . (1Ill'. 42 ) . Davi. "" of this t )·pe a ~ oUltable fe
~. V",btvll<>. Stffnu. Another techn ique II &ma ll alrc ~t only.
... -- - -~ ~--- - ..
0- - - - -
1i",,'i1 o' • ..,in'il M igllb ~bow ..... oi,..""". I~" ~",Do .l l o. ..... 1....... . topS T bo,
al low q.id 8*10• • , ... d ,....,icin'il_ Gco ", i.~in'il _ , ...... i . t oI louolol>, . ,..1. 001, gl,..
libe" chi 1....1-., .. h ..h foli, ge ("" I, ,,.. _ • • be 1II0i~ lOinod ... d f9Sta<<<I II
i• • hi l-
..
D ro l"., To conceal compld ely againlt ar M. and partl&lIy snow covered tern.in. th e
't enemy oUaervd ion, draPM mUlt be 10- color recommend ed is oli~'e dra b. Tn pr'fdom_
ted near t reea or bmhell. or on Jrround brok.... ina ntl}· Inow COVerN terrain, a"" h ... the arctic
by low lIC ru b /fro"o"th. If the terrain II ba~ of and IUl tarctie . ..... the crafl ahould be com_
trat1&lion. l it ina: should be- in the ahadow lide pletely wh ile .. ithout a disro pti~ pattern. In
fI folds In the vound or within mottled .......... d d_rt ten-alna. b«aw.e of th.. varlalJons. Do
pstterns, . uch as are f ormed by rock outerop- u nci" color ia recoonmendf'd. ool ....th..r, deoert
piap. In Iucb tern.in, drape nN win llide the ....nd, euth yellow. earlh red. or m ixtu.ree of
llntity of aircraft bli.t ..-:ill not COftce&l them theM l\C)!Iln.,
-.pletely fro m enemy aerial photo interpnta- /.I. DiInopt"" P tltl#'IU. Although th e buic
... ~ oolor p l"OYid<!ll a h igh ~ of camoutlaJre. in
lOme eaAeI. d ilru p!;i ve patt.el'1lll add a m..1Ti...1
n. ' 0""" 'ol~n9 iD.<:1'tiH. The ptl nci p l... of pattO'rn palnlJ llK
Proper l>ainti nr he lps an aiRran blend with di3euued in pa raea ph 24~ ar.. th e aame for
its surroundi ngs by di!torti1ll' r.h...acteristic ain:raft-irrep lar. JaJve. and bold, and of a
1.lu..... min imlli n&" eolor cont rut. a nd r ... c"lor U> blend with t h.. terrain pa tte rn. (Color
ducin&" .hine. This i, all it will do, Whll. these fond bri&"htn_ contl'll"ts not pr ..... "1 In the
elements of recognition au the r avealln&" ones. bfoc\<&"ro und become ccnsptc uoue a nd Ihould
~ i. more often that the aircraft'l , h &pe. alway, be avoIded.) Black i l recommended for
lhadow , li.nd a ccom pa nying evidenc e of acti vity the disrupUv, pa.ttern color In tem perate ZllIlell .
&I'll the pri m.ry c.u,e.. of enemy detection. j u nillell . u d deserts. except area. ot the dllert
The value of pattern paintin&" mU8t, th erefou. havi n&" Ii&"ht sha do... in ...· hir.h c.... ollve drab
be rewarded u an &.<let only. wbml I.IMd lu II more ell'.ctlve. I n partially In"", caverN
~;uuctioa with camou.tlap prineiplel and terrain apill oUv.. dra b is r«onunended. III
r;;;;,;~~od~.:.:'~;.t .. I"OOd ,mIlK. diapenioa. track-
nt, d iaclpline. and the InWln~ot .....
the &rctk alld u ta rrlic th.. craft Ihould be
romple"ely white without a ny dia nJpti ¥. pat.-
a nd n atural ma teriUt. It l ol»wl tern. Wben t«hnic.al eonsidll"lltiOll8 make it
J>altern ~intw.. 01 aircraft k of limited practicable. rotor bladell cn heIJeopte n esn be
when eoruidoeri n&" a:round tD air ot-........ pai nW--the upper anrf..... oIi" e d rab and
of 10.. all d medium _level. aiRraft. nnder aurf_ black. In arctic Llld lWltarrlX:
areal the uppel' lurface IhoIlld be white. Fij'-
.. B~ C~. The paint I hOllld boI llJ8l.er l....
IIld of the pnodominaht color fo und in the
ure -is iUuatratea _ill'" plttem&. Th_ a~
l imply I Unesti on.-no c De set pa.tt.. rn ahould
tw'al terrain patl.ema in .. hieb the a lr<:ra.tt be follo",.-1 ...Iiciously aince YltI ",y ia a1 "'ar-
be aited. In tem pe... le &0_ a ad j un&"1e deeirable in eny eam ou llage ........." .....
.
~
~O@~
CHAPTER 8
sr
bivoul&C- plann inp;, ""'Cupation, ma int.<onance, camauflaa-e &tandpoint, th e mal ntr"anc"""
and eVlCllation. Since it ia often pollaible and relativ. ly .im ple. Succ..... rul matnten B~"')
pl'<lloable thal units mUllt mo"e with oot oppor - voivee f Nlq_ t 11Ilpecti<ln of in,.tallaliQn•• IIC-
t un ity fo r r tannina:, t hi" "tloa:e may be lacking. tive patrol measures for dixipline. and ...hl!ll
In thia caM,. the five poinb: liated ~k>w in _ rble, aerial obroervatiol\ . nd phol.olf1"llpha
pa ,.,.,.raph .. must be satisfwd in the . 1'ftI on CritkaI aetivitiN of a uBit i n bivouac an
. nd alt er nrival. thoae that caU for the <:<lIIll'J"f'P.ti on of tJ"or>P',
•. Pllllu i ~" .
f'ftquent biv~ .,.. d!&lac- of whkh meain. la the beat U lIo/llp le. It iI
teri.atie of modem mobile .... rf. n. Th ere ia h.... that the tracl< plan must be ri~ d17 .....
oeldom time or fllciliti"" for daboraw colllltrue- f orced. Ottell It ma,. be ""'_ ry to p""" idl
t ion; in..teM. bivou&cll ..... quickly enten:<l .nd artiftc:lai O"er Mad cover, ....,h u lldtopo; /If
qu.ickly evac ua ted. No lD/lttar how . 'll'in u... d rape nets. ~, ""heft uBed, mm be c. ..
operatlon or how limited .... Urn, . nd faclJ... fuU,. mal ntaiMd. Ga~ d lapoo<al pits m ll9l
iti.... the eornm. nd"r of • unit mud "b n for be ~ed. with special c. re Iflven to tbl
concealment in bivou"". The gener. l .rea at spoil Maintena nce ef nili'M d i&ci pli.... iI
the bivOlIl( la determ ined by 1M! tl.ctieal pl.n. a nother dllllculty. Men t end to re lu at nip;ht
Before ROl nl{ Into thi" area. th e qua rter ing The &lIJn' sta ndard of C&D\ou~ all"e dhw: ipliM
pa rty ahou ld become familiar with t he terrain muat be cbeerved by night ILa by dIIy, sinc.
pattern th ro ull'h a careful "tudy of mapa and nilfht a~rla\ photog raph y will ot1ffl reveal I
aerial photoa-rllph9, and be tully IlCqllainted unit th" t ha. become lax in thl. reapect. 'V ir"':
with the taot k al plan ..nd th e camouflage and taped pathe must be followed. Bla.ckout
Nlquil"fml'flu . There . re live cr it ical pointa fo r wnt r ol mllllt be enforced.
the party to keep in mind : 4. E~ Camoudaa:e meuu l'ftl tak~
(I) Mia ionof the uniL at . blvouae do not end ..heD the unit pn!pa ....
(2 ) A ttelIlI routes.. to move alit. An evac:uated .ru can be ~ ' '
auch a .~te of dil!&rRJ" that . erial
(a ) E lI;i.I;tina: oonee&Iment in thearea. win 1"t'V e&l the rtrmgth alld In- of the •
(. ) SiR of t ho area. itt Iquipon.n, aDd even itt drstinatir>n . II il U
importazlt ~rt of r:amoullap to Jo.ve the UIlII
U J Concealml!l1t af all . !'<lun d defense Jookin. UIUl.!.turbed.
elenlent of the poo<ition.
II. O«upatiorl. A carefully eoatroll..t t~ M .thn nil In larren T_ift
pl.n (~ 2301( 2» mu t be rll(id ly adheftd Es.perjenc. on the defiert hu taulChl m
to while th" units move into poo itlrm. Guld... . bout eol'l«lllmmt in alWla .,..h~ h0l'J"e.
poated . t route juDcl:ion". fully awar. of the ve nien t O\'e rh.,.d cover i. ..\dem found. ~
camou fl&£"e plan, enfo,,"e C&D\aU flalfe dlecipline. a,..,.., eomparable to the dl'Ae rt u far
Tum_i na mllat be ma rked to pre vent widening eam.oulla p Ia concerned, an un plowed liel
of comer. by vehicle3. F oot troop. mU&t foHow rocky areal , gr .....lallds, and othe r wide op
marked pa t h" th ro ugh t h. area. Thil< b a apac el. The delert has taught that eoncealme
crit ical period and had cam ouflage db clpline In such anu is not impauible ( i'tp;. ( 5)
can neglte any f urther effort at coDC....lmenl Cwtain killdll of predomina nUy flllt terra
There mull be no oonge&ti on of vehlel"" or ha ve l hadowa cu t by f olds In the ~u
IICtivit iet . nd d ispenlioo lIhould ~ alltomati e. ial'ee el'lOU a-h to allo.... lOme col'ICealment
,5t,ldorn ...· ill vehic..... be Jey than SO meters eittill,f . 1_. J udie inua ..... of drape
. part in ordinary terrain or Iesa than 100 C&Il n.o.der objerta IncoDJIpir:uo.... E ven in
meu,.. in d _ rt terrain. The three main COD_ _ ti ally baf"ftn teTrain exee1Jent COD'~"~
lI'""ted arua-kitchen, maintenance. and the iR poaable when the eonl'tgu ratiOll of
comm&D<t peal mlll<1: be dir.peraed. .rrnund Is Il'ftgU lar enoup to produce a ;,,~
Ihadow patWrIl..
c. JI~it\tr'lo.<l.lO('". Ke rl to the occupatloa ltaee ,
tl'le .....inle ua nce stalfe la the moot en t ial. If 35. li¥auoa In Snow e-..... h rr ..
.
the occupat ion h.u been &uc:r:eafful f n>m • Althourh conceaiilllf. blvoUAl' in Rna eo
!ermin follows eXllctly the Slime principles as st ri ck<! from the oP<'n a reall. Bivouac.. which
other clIJnoufla~, it presents several unique have been we ll concealed in sn ow terrain for
problems. A blankd of .now or~n eliminates some length of ti me ca n be .,." .i ly identified
much of the g ro und pat~rn, makinl{ blemd inl{ when the snow melta, unle.. procautions lire
difficu lt. Differenc~", in ~><ture lind color dis_ taken. Compacted snow on much used paths
' p!"'a r or Loecom e le:lll marked. Snow cove red melts more slowly than the uncompacted
lerrain, however, is rarely completely wh ite, snow, l,.,.ving clear ly visible wh ite lim's on a
and by taking advantage of dark fe.~tu re. in <!.a rk background. When t his ",,-cu rs, the '!I"W
the lands,'a!,e. comm unicatiOOl lines, st ream_ must he br "ken up lind s pn .,.d out to qui cken
beds, evergreen tr""s. bush"", shlldows of sn ow melti nl{. The beat way w minimize conspicu_
drifts , fo lds in the grou nd, and the blllck ousne.. of t racks when mnving "r in bivouac
,hadows of h illsides, a un it on the move or in is to follow comm un icat ion lin es " r other lines
bivouac may often blend iL.elf suc-ce.-fu lly which a re a natu ral Pllrt of the terrain. Tracks
into the terrain. Good route selection is usually coincid inK with .uch lines lire hllrd to identify.
more important t han ,my other cllmouflage A turn-olf f rom such lines must be concealed
measur es. Because of the ex posed tracks, skis a nd the t tllcb themselves continued beyond the
and snowshoos must not be ulled nellr the IIrea point Windswept drift lim's cast shadows and
'nee their marh are more sha r ply defined should he followed " . m uch a. possible.
n foot trach. To avoid track ing up lin area, StralKht tracks to an imp"rtan t ins le. llation
sonnet. veh icles, and material should be r e- mus t he avoided.
..
advantall"e of e][iat in« .oa lb a nd tele phone ~
36. Command Potts
c. Th e ~mmand post ~ . imply c .pedallzed
;;7;
telo-rr;;.ph wi...", ...... f'a.~ieot to ~_l ain<:f'
ronununntio,," nHd. not lot c""'ted and the
kind of bivouac. with a f _ ad(lltional prob- te. l"lI.in can . etI'Ulin unch.nlCf'd. Wh... l>eW" rom-
lema of w ncealment p""ullar to it.. The eom· munication mean. mu_,t be c",/lt.!'d . nat ural
mllnd poIIt i. the nerve cpnt er of II milita ry cover and terra in linp" llre u . eel (fi&", . 46
unIt and lJeeause of thi~ ia I/. much aoug ht t l/. r· throuSl'h lit ) .
~ by the eneroy. Command posts han , f unc·
ue...... re<l ui"""en'" ..hieh ........It in ~ e"'- d . After the aite haa t -n ""l...,ted and atlf'.
tioll of cJluad;erlrtle aignll, by ..hieh th ey ma r carnou~al[t baa ~ eno:l.f'd to aupl'lemtnt
be ftAdily iMntilied. Some of th_ aA; _ hatev e. natural eonrea lmf'nt i5 available at
( 1 1 Con~rlti ng ~mm un ielltion lin_ the l ite, eont in ued conceal_ nt depe nda on
wire and r oad. d il d pline. Track8 a . alwa,. must be cont rolled,
( 2 ) Concent nl.t1on of vehi d e•. veh id"" Ihould, if l- ., Ible be park..c aeve. , l
(S) H N VY t l'llffic whlch al U_ widen~ h und red mMe,.,. from the command poaL Secur-
t llm-iDs. ity weapona and ..mplll<'ement8 mUlt be ron-
(4 ) Nn- acceea rou tft to a poIoitiooll ...hlch cealed; tncb to them. mu lt be inronapicuOUL
eoul d bo!.I... .. CP o AU apoil must be cea ee..led. P rotlPctin wire
(5 ) Protective wire and other ba r rinl an d communica t ion ... i .... must follow terrain
l urroundin g the inltalla.ti on. lin.... and be ~ well concealed as poMil.ole.
( 6) Deten. lve wea pon. emplsc ementlJ Night blackout d loeipline mu.t be r igidly
a round th. iMtallati o... ellfo~. Rout... to pa rkins a rea.a for v\alton.
mun be ma intained in a«or dane e with the
The umou ~ .. ll'" lOiutio1:l to th_ problema u
t rack plan.
m""h the u.me ... that for , bivouacs. The
pr illUU'y facton an intellllf"Ilt use of the e. I n open ter ...ln where natunl concea.lm~
te rrain and ba cksrround, and . trlct e..force- il affor ded only by small IlC t ub !l"rowt h
ment of cam oufl all"e discipline. rock., ev..r hMd cov'" can be r>llLa lned b)' usl
b. The aite re<luinmen ta of a Iarp <:ommll nd d... pe neb or fl..ttops. E v.... in detoert te. ... ill,
poat are _ Ilt ially the aame IU fo r a aood broken c round and IIc: ru b V"ll"'tation form
bivouac: pre]imina17 rectln..u..s.nct and lay. i. retrU1ar patt..rna " 'it b whic h artitlci..l ma te-
out, qUllrte r illll" pa rties, rapid eone lment of ri al. may be blended. DilltJli nlt in T1i'd uc...
elem entA, e..moufl"Sl'e d ilOCipline, d Il well M adow and ailhoucttes . " ..d siml,h fies dnpinr
policed t rack ptan to prevent vi.l tor. from of em phlrements or tentlo . In open terrain
viola.ting it. There la " ne important addit lon&l d isi",•• ion i. pa rtio ula . ly importanL Rout ...
ro""idenlioon. A luge h~uarten ill likely bet ween element>. must be ronce..led 0. madt
to remain In an a' " for .. ,.-.ter 1eD.Jrth of by ind inct c<>Ur--.l'f" ...r in atnigbt Ii.......
ti me tha.. a bivouadted uniL It la for th ia I . H1"adquarten in ex i.t inlt civilian atrue-
rtlUOII that the aite mU&t be capa ble of be ing tu re. p........nls the problem or hid ina: mo,'..ment
conti nlJOul ly occupied while olferl nK a mi ni- b)' da y and cone... ling th e evidence of activit,'
mUm cha nce of being disclOlled by chanSl'el in at niKhl , wh en hlae1ol<>ut cond it io"" u.ually
the terra in pattem . It is unwise to \ocate a prev ai l. )liIil.ary mm'ement In .. villa$:e 0. I
hMdquarten in ~ o nly Iar l" bu ilding within /lTOUP of farm bui ldin,", is not ......ily diJ,.
an extoo....ive a.- of military ope ...tio..... It ill CO" ered if kept to a minimum_ Al.tmIpta to
too obviO\l5 .. pl~ for auch • poIot whether all.er th a ppeal"lUlCe or bundin,", by dl~n1 p
aigna ind ic.. te it I. be ing used 1.1 a head- uve pa int ing i. ~idenM' " f t>Ccupat ion ond
quarter. or not , and i. likely t o draw enemy "imply reveuls a milita ry Installation. E rec:ltoD
fire. If the comma nd poot Ia located in a buil d- <:>f II sma ll "t rue lnre . imulating • new ganil
Ing. the"' mWlt he ..nooKh other buiklinp in o r oth1"r auxil iary civilian build ing ill unliUb
th.. area to p",,·tnt pinpointinl" th.. taryet.. to an>UI<I l uspielon. bl.l t a n)" ma jor . ha n,..
c. Communicati ona ...... the l ife blood of a ...iIl be c10Mly """n ned by " DI'mJ" ai r ob<.1"n·e
~mmand poet . Comma nd poetl ,ited to take Wh en bulldinga are pa rti llll)" detlt royed I
• 1',. ..... U. ''''1'' "' 0.' ...........>WI ,... ,.
fig . ... 11. 1"To,... I g, .. ! of "no"""'", ..i ....
d"bri~-litW rro . i"stalla,i"". ..,IlY I... cI<.., ou- " alj' In .i.... f rom la r l/." t' rom·...,l ra l i<>n" of JIll.
fl ail"" with d"bris 10 bie n" with the r<>uj{h a n d leri alo In T61<r areas U. "m,dl pile.< or all!' pli"
jll"". ri Ii""" of Ihe sllrrollnri i" j(• . A f"w in Ute forward 'ire,,,. F r"m a ,'amOU!la~
hroken t iml... ra. pier•• o f lath . pl".I. r, Ilnd v iew l,."int , the la l'Jl'e conoen tr "tl<,,, "r m..teri
. c;oU" ....'<l ru ll'" will Ilcoompliah ' lu k k lind effec_ io t h" m" in prob lem. U UIft' " m" un tll " r "'l"i
t ive ""n'...... I..,e .. l . othe r debrt. ullua ny a vai l- ment Dr "n kinds a re broul(h l " I' 'I" ic kly, mUll
a ble incluri.... ru bble, ""np meta l, w"""ked Loe Ilnl""df>d a..d roncea led q uit-kly, lind ) -.1
ve hid.", a nri f urn itu re_ m"'l lit> eui ly lUXeS.~ible f<:>r I'f<t ial r ibut.i
F laltol'" n e ffecti ve "olu tion if the au
37 . s.. ~y Points po in t. not too lallE". if t ime a ..d .....te .
. re . va ila ble. a nd if t h"y can t... made to
" . The probleln5 in cam<Ml ll• • i" r . upply
....ith tlw ~rn.i ll . F or au ppl y poi n tll tha t tall
l.,inu inrlud. a ll t he difl\(,u ltiell o r both
b ivOWl< . 1Id "'''''mand t-t concea l",,.,,t. pi,,, be ~ Ied, ~ ..y poin\.<. w ill ofWII dR
th" ,f).....
nl a n """-""y att,..,k .
• numl.. .. of pa rt;.,ul>t.r ly lroubleooln" facl.o'"
(lC<"uliar to .apply poi nts a l" ..". Su p" l)' po ints 1>. Su pply pointll make u"'" " f nlliural en
"
C-"'.... iCCl i... .. i•., c' ~ ,," liM by nmn ing ., I... g I~"'l i n I~e tu.n to deslin ch .... x o., ..ode
"
b, bur,in g cobin o, e c"",,, I.d b, loll.,.. ing •.,.,d'l ed9'" Ill ". _, be I!r Llllg fr_ 11.. I" I . u ,
lIf, .. """ pol., .... ne ce n .,." Ihey ,h"" ld be pl" c"", o long e. iJl ,ng .e. roin li nes . Mo in' enonce
cre.., es pec iolly mus l be• .,•• 01 ",., ~ i ng trod, .. hi d . c... ~ • •go 10""'" c",","'ond posl
Fit/aro 10. ~ /a , .f ,;" , .
ond eonr.."lmen t wh enever I'... ."ihl... StArk . of pli.., elln I", laid out "I""il r " lIi" "ti" " line.
, upplie" lire d i",,,,,.,,ed to mi n im i .~ dllmnlle a n d k .t" t~d with .trip-p;lI rni.•h...1 t wine neta
lrom II oi" lIle IIUnok . New IIeee "a r"n,lll lire 1<, re , ,.,,,lIl,, 1I1-11",1i" l1 ,tllhble. Fi ll"re r,2 iIl",,-
panned 1<, u"" exiatinll" o,'c rhclld cover. In tra!.<'11 l", w 1111'I,li,'" ";i" loe "t a"kPd ror d""ep_
II\{)re pe1"mll"e nt iMtaliation~ . t r"" k. ru nni np; t iM . The I' lowed f<cld " , ,,a lly "111,11" t roll!'I,' to
thm Ulfh shu rt upe n II ","" rll n be ' nt><....le<l hy "ttemptll lit t·.. m"uflnl(c, b" t ' '' PI.Ii.... <art be
.....rIIead n..ta alunr t w ~ n t rt'<'S. T .. tt;" con_ ..ta<kl'd ... ra llel 10 the r.....,"'.... lid <"" <'red
with ...rth <o lort"d bu rla p_ From Ihe a it . th i~
trot i ..... lurI... measu to "tlneN I ..ct i'·ity and
is ..ffect ive CUllCi'a ln.ent_ A"".....~ rou l"'" ...
lIIO'"em.. nl I t. ttl , and from the in. tallal ion.
mad.. . Iunlt th.. f urro", s and "" u nna t ural lin....
Enoa when nalu..1 cove r iOl . , or non_ a p pea r on t he JIllIt.>r n_
flimo nt, nato..1 ter ..in IN l u an IIU'd to e, C&mO<l nllK\' dhl<iphn.. lTtl'W'u a l ~u ...
l4vanlalle. Thfon a ... few k indo o r te r ..i" ply pointa inc:ludt' t rad < plan s lhat ull in a
rilich . ilI nut ha,'" to be u oed to .tore "UI'S~"'" m in im um of ..h anr=s in thP a IOi_ ra ....e of
d th e.... an I....· k inds. of terni" for whj"h 1<'Tn'.;n• ...,nl rol d dt'l,r ;.. "" t hat il dc_ ""I
re " no lOluLion. In "" h i\-atN lWlda. Ml P. llttU mutate a nd a ltra.:t enern)- .. u.-n1.ion. ron-
t
' ". ... ~ • . IIr .... _"', a lO ' Ptlr rHJ (UI,..,j -... .,. _ it"""
1'..... .:0. SMAll,.. ......... ...... ,.,. ...;...... Qrn..
_,....u _,... F'ip .. 01. r~ _ I ' " _ ,-...r....,.u -t.
.i_ __,.
~-' ~I_ ~
';__ 1 . ...!", Io<>p is ..... .<4. Tb o . " l r ;" _ .." .., . V _ _ .. ~ .... _~ 19 nVI...... ,........ _..-.. EI,.,.
__roo .".,.. _....., .._ _ /' .too . , . . - ""~,.. ..r•• •• ,- .,...r ...... __
_ _ _.. e«-t•• f in. ,..... ,._01•• _ .... iIdolt . - . , I.
..... . - . _iffl f. ,.,.." ...:f;"''l' ~ . ..
--..I. of • ,w , ,.. f.- ,4< CPo r~ ior r. l"ft""'l _.... • .- _ ..
•d ................"" .
ealment u d rontr<>! of trw:b ....flin' w "'....'" d....inajrP W pfe\'ent "\.llnd in« pool. of Wau.f
--
I\JPpliell. . nd Jnllintenanu "f ca""",II"£f
.
CHAPTER 9
LARGE SCALE AND RELATIVELY PERMANENT INSTALLATIONS
, <, !"'-'
. • . . ' .. • • .
..
~ Y--fI •
'1
-e-
n« G~IO
CD
CD
(S) MOOMla r d Pla.i&. A 4 inc h lITid ;" u......t not va ry mo.... than I foot from the deoIiJr1l to
in d....ina: typieaI d<!Uils at a _Ie of 3 i....,... main tain the ~ of the d.... ign. V.riati DIII
Or I I,Ij inth" ~Ii nlf 1 f ool. TM vid i. the in _ I.. mak.. it di ffic1.llt to ma trh patt<1nlJ, at
bull of «IOrdination and not M e , nly . . id.. ....11. alld roor. and "'"""'"_ ~. U -
d i_nsion of md e ri all.. Ma tfria lA a n' shown rAll ~ ma rkO!<i On the ~nd w.inlf a tftI,nit
all arlual lize a nd "ith locaW on , o r relaW court m&rker. chalk lin. , or any otheT mark-
to, • !(rid line by • "'f 1K'<! d imet'L'lion. Di· ing device. With the lI'rid Ii..... u 1l\Iid.... til,
mm.iom on r;rId linea &r1' . ho...· n b y &lTOWIi ; pattem OIltJinefl . .... the n drawn .
t ho. .. not on Ifri.t lin"" by dots,
47. Discip lina
46. Marking Ih Area
Camoufl a"e di"dpline l. vllal durinlj' all COlI·
Attn the lAyout plan is determi ned, .. gTid of . tro<1ion pkuM , t any site to be um""l1~
16-foot "'10' " 14 modol....) Is l ra""fe r ..... to E IJed.ive d;.",;pli.... ""lu i_ COMtaot ... ~
.
the JrI"OU od. Li nee rnuUd OQ the lrf'Ound must visi on when eonsbuction ia deo.irn«\ for
I'(e a rea. C learin~ fo r building " "houl d 00 8ta n tly d, .... ked for suitabili ty, quali ty, rolor,
'. ited to the a rea to be occupied by the bu ild· a nd proper app lieation . The pai nts 81w ulrl be
ing . Bu il,ling locations ea n be .hifted . Iij(h tly ehecked for color a nd t ype; cotton net.. anrl
to a void cuttin g do","!! tr..... that will make .ub- wire nett inl( "h ould be insp';,d .ed h.-forc U ' l"
""Juent ca moufl age """,ier . Sc ra p lu moor, pack_ w ith particula r attention given to t he I'(arni.h,
ing box,,", empty p>lint caM, and other forms T he overall eonstruetion plan sh oul d be che:-ked
of reru>;e nnd debris, as well as the spoil f rom freq uent ly on the ground and al80 by "erial
excavations should be di sposed of or camoo- rh oto J'( TIlphs for in rl irect analysi s. F re·q uent
flal'(M as soon"" po.sible. P a rk ing a""..as a re n iJ'( ht inspection s are v"luab le w di ' cover an y
best disper.ed lind c oncealed and w a itinl': \~olati on of the pr inei ples of l;oo<l ea m oufl a ge.
poinla lind turnarounds . hou ld be marked.
Equipm ent not in use and stock pi1€'8 of s upp lies 49. Ca mo uflag e of Buildi ngs
must be con r~'I\I ..d or removM f rom th e s ite.
Work iIlll" eq uipm.e nt m ust be llCreened for "ecu- The b"sie m ethod s of eoncealme nt-blend inll',
rity. Ttl prevent ""a lTing the earth "roun d h id inll', 'Inri ,lecei vi nll'__ ean he applierl eit her
•mall eoner ete s lr uct u res. 8uch lUI pilllJOx es, to existing huildin~ or to n ew construdion .
raJ.Nt platform" Can be u"'-'.l f or eoncret<.> m ix" Con cealmen t is much easier, ho w'-"\·er. when the
inl'(, suppii"", and spoil, AU personnel m u"t be cam ou ftltj(e ""h em e is in corpora te d in t h,- dt'--
fa milia r w ith the pla n"" it concerns thei r own s igns for new eomtrnction .
individu"l a ct iv it i,,,, ( fi ~. 54 lind 55 ). a. DiBrupting Shape and SIw.dow. The s ha pe
48, lnspe<;tion an d, to a limited degree, th e sha dow of build-
During eonst rudion , materials s houl d be con- ings eRn be d i. rupt ed by pattern paint inl; th e
I
Yii'''' H , Carol... and wid..p,<a<i .a,'~ ocarn~u I. cau ..d b~ loilu.. 10 •• Iobh, h a ''''/fie plun , iod..m m_
i. .,. .... 01 ","'h"''''''''Q ' 9"'P"I'"'' a"d ' ao ","e~ <a" «"" ,,'d h 1....,. II" u oad oI""';"Q ' 0 fo <ililot< """. tn.<-
"'". A " , " f" .c.d ''''/fi< p14" , ,,' "p d.. "';~u tho plao~;"U ,,' OQ' " 'auld ,llml~a l . ..... , h af ' h. ' '''oali'Q ..,a "
n Ihi> pic,.....
..
F ...... u. W.w.. . "' __ ., , .. ~ .. ....._ J
•
..,.. tA. """" ••_ . , ... , ..
u.. ,
I
....... do.. po".......... , ~ "'~ , I U • • • • /lI .. ,.......- _0 1 ..... .... __ t, ... nd t..6.0,
"' 11.118, o.e roof, aM the ~u rround ; n.ll: groum\. r,..'l u{·. ti", h..,lt"ht a nd 1n tu m ti1 .. . hlld" ", (fIt"!'
''''Tll''' lrr<'11ul" r pattern . of t wo or th ...... N,1 "... r;~l) . Buildi ngs of metal or 0"..., h " u"lnll" m.·\( ,
airnulati nl!' the ] ()(,1l1 terrain patt..rn elln I.... mllwri.. l. ma y he ..on...... I,'<I f " ,m " u ll,r a n"
a ppli•• 1 in " Llr ~ " way"" to Im'ak t h" atr,Lilo[ht i " frllr"l dt'teo:'t ors by pili nll" dirt in " Il"nuhml
ed ll"" . fi"",,",,' th e J"<)<,r 1"'11 ",,\.'1 more lil'(ht tl", n . 1" 1/1' u p to the eav'-"I ",,,l pilld nll" ,q ,pr" , i.
a ny othPr »Rrt of th,. buil dinl':. the l,,,tt prn nULwly 3 inr h'll of soil on the root. ITh e n",:"-
. hould he clJ,rker lind the roof should he tex- l u re ... "nw " t of the "" il UM'" in t hi. ma"" "r
t u l'<'<l h.·f" .... 1"'; 111/ l' a inl>'<l. Th e da rk l'" tt.-rna mu., t l.oe kel,t a t a pp roxim ately th 01.. "" thlll
" n \Jl.. roof " " carriO'<\ down onto til. wa ll or th.. lI u rround inll:" !!Oi18. or II ....tl ·uo ...·.. <l ilf.., ·
. urla.... to b"",k t he line of t he structure I fip.. " OU'e ", ill I"" c """W to n<'ll:"att> the ..o"'·....ln'..nl
Sf; a nd l,7) . Th.. It' rou nd ('a n "" . p rnJ'<.'d .... ith nlu...)
bhu:k b itu m ;n" u. ....uL< i,m to ....,ak th"
ahadow; e... ~ tll1t ul'l'd m. ria'" BUTh a>; cill_ c. SeNNI'''". Bui ldi ngs eIlO I"" conc""kd by
........,.. or p m i...."'" n<.'ttinlf'l ( fill>'. ( .0 Ih ruurb
d.. rn. ,Ial(, o r .....1 ...""he r ....t u""" """ (,.. . 1' <1 62 ). \\1Ine cnn«al rneot rrom c"- ot~.liOD.
matllke a ro und . bu ilding in an iTn'lnlLar t- ;.. .....Iuind the nettinll" . hou ld 101"'" lI:"m.
tl'm to oboo:u"" th e .hadow; or thx,k .h nlbt ry ually to the r;round. Di8rupti l" UcI'1\ll Ilt&J"
Or tftftI a.n t. I'lan t.ed. if I'l'lIICtieabI... e~ to I... 1 1...; ov.r netti nll:". ro<.r ral"'"-'"l111
th .id of • bu ildinlf. Ri~d oilhouetuoo. . ddO'<! ....al F or ot:nlctu~ .nth roo" . tc.prr th.u
to 1M v... or t he buildinp will distort tMit :vi ' , the TH"Uinll:" mu st _ v"r tM buildin...
oha pe (fiJI'. rJl ).
d. ~um.f1. The naWI"I' .. nd oi or builoJ.
b. D i,Ul ;"g. Ir til. tfon'ain I _ ita, • nt'W inp ca n t". dioi!U iHod in man" ....) l fip _ gs
I'\nlctUI"l' can t". parti.11y d Ull:" in . in ord. r to Ih roult"h 70 ) .
NOT E: S
Fig ..... 5>, H .... .. a q".M.. t ht hl. ..dod "' t. tho " ,..,. iM ' M .. o.,nbi"" Ii.,.
of diggiKg i", 'u,,,";"g, a" d <••• ";"g ",ith .. ft.,.
•
, . •-;r - -.
If'••• . . . ""..
•
- , ..
r ig.... 86. flo. j~ .pl, ~. I.... a ' ,od. d br ~ "",.,. ... ~ ." • • '~
h iLliop , ..... a_I .."....... ,;.. .
pI. W~ ",._ 1• • • •"'... ,.....
I
H_ '''' .u
_I ,...-4 ;0'.
_1 1.1•• • ~ .... . , 01.., -..I ... ,
'...... ,...J• • ....1/
~ .;u 4 ;'..,.. tAo
la.l.- _
/... • ...1 • •• .., , .. jHf" " ... . N 4..,._ • ••-u " """" ' .
._M
Io..,
" ••ro 6,'. 81,.","",,, CO " •• "",d. l<> _/0"'" 10 ,~ • • ",~iloch<n """,_ t<> ... , 10"'''• • 0 ..... critl. ' . p" .
",...".", .f Ii.~' Ii", ..,. 0>0<1 , .,.".. ,~_ ""'~ •• , lop, pl."..., .,. .,~.,. "", ..rial. H..., a q" "" " 1 hi ..
b.",• • It,red 10 ..."".1. ,~ , "<fi". ""'i.., ~o ".., .
il...tr"". ot vari . u, p<l int.'l around tho 1<0' oon.." .] . If,,,tiv,ly f""m ... i ~ l vi ew.
l "_." 6ri, S"v",'ol ", .I~.d., . q«liv. r",dis."i... " tId 0""" "1"" ,,, of Uti".
A, fr."", ""y. ... d w i'" I••",,, Olorni , hod ... i... to , im" tat.. • tr. . .... <...d no" t n' - ..."t.
I';V"," II_ Cnnt in""".
"
= 1'"-:-
I• ...--01 _-
MON • • _to _ <Or I • I-lDclo 1umbo. oU' Jl'd"io<! fh ... ....... ut
-.in with t.Joo " ' - ploeM .. II>dleo.to<\ ~ u i ru liWo ",ob tononea.
""'t b7
I. r TOmOUp po r ~,F.o_ Iowa. '" Lu<otlo n <>t t.IN t<'OOO
Ft,..... "-ContinU«!.
"
f'i guro "" U' o" " d "W'" of 0 ",moufl"g,rl m, ..Aa ll of" m u.ition, faoto , ~ in IJ ri..b.",. Au. ',"ii. (19;.'1. TA.
fal .. """I ' "u 'iu"" ou ov.~ ' Ao buUdi.g a"d lu m ina'" 10g;""II~ at ~ ",~t. ;"",,1",", T h,. it 0" oxe<U".1
. x o m pl. 0./ "o muuf!"yi"y 0 p " rn u ", ~ 1 i", ' oIlal"''',
.
•
SO. l ood. Dnd Parking A . th...... i• • cboicc , thc s ite s hou ld providc "'.
muoh natu ral ovcrn...d MV" r ... p.....",I.. for
R.-b can be romplEUly ( ollC lfd for Mm_
spu r trw b , buck ""rbI. _ra~ RrNa, wan-
paratiVi'ly _ha rL . tn-khlOl only . H ow"""", inter_ boIl_ . a nd .......... rout.... Th.. rai lhnrl iw
MdiollS, tnom. c; ..,18. short ..,~ road• • a nd ahou kl he- at -... ;nu,l1TI<'d ial<! IM';nl. nol
~in .. . rNa, ..h.n th..,. ..... IaDdma rb, can thc f"Ild of th c rail linc . (Fa " .. tradul lfoa<Iinlf
be madto inco....I.;.,UOUlI bJ.' ton~. teduri"«. to a dftooy ... ilh... d ia pro<.hlr til.. bNt ooIut;'-'"
""......., inlt. tn.noplantint 11'HII. n'I, ,,,atinll'
roads. Dr by makiOll' deeoy .-dA. Tonf'do"" o
for """ fllSina- u... .........
~. ~n- a';"" anti ...,.
tarl. ) Th,. j unction with th,. """i nli ah".. loI
I*i nti .... nod~ the d istil fmm .. lIkh • bIO inc...... I.;.,UOUS lU. ~i"I ... S i!ir t .... h·
road ra n ........." . How .,Il«ti, thio mf'thoct i. nlq u a. -
d<'[><'TIdlo on haw ,,"'-1,- the lfoxtu an d color
usN ma\.c h. tbo8e of ad~.....t It i. dim. ~. Add inll CItra balb... t to c,w... Ii"".
cu lt to (~,tIli n t h., prope r ton.. v•.1u" by 1",,;"1- b. Ma kin j{ ou(.(>r ffl!t"e11 of ball.....t ifr11(U hu .
inll' R ~ ," ~. \ ... tu . ;n j!" t he _u,(,.,." ",-ill .."I,. (fi lt.
r . I'I""i 1111 fllW IICr"" n . h..tw,~·n ,u,<I on 'i ,l"'"
7 1) .
of rail•.
51. Ra ilhead . , Railways, a rM:! Rolling Stock d. ~: r"'·tj nll n..ttin!t" " Y" r , i<l ;"II". Iwt wf'<'n
h uil rlin!t" (,., conceal loadi nll: plntf" I1TI", "r "ver
An of the uvNl1inll' cha rncterl ><tica " f ti,,,
activ- ace..... rou\.<olo (,., . tornj{e a r..a•.
iti"" lind col\l<t ructinn """",i..W wilh. II rail_
I'U<Id . ", u tTfJll'\e1y diftk ult to camourlall'e. Th"
e. Enf in.. a t rack plan for \·.... kles will
k....p vi.i b a;lfJIa of unmal...l ....Ii" il i'" "I a
railwaY" th......lvell . .... ......"I{ll iuod l>y thei r
m in im um.
10.... l*rall elli n.... g radual co "" ligh t roIo......
b&l\aAt in th.. roadbMs. a nd th h in.. from , . ("'amoun.~ of . u ppli.... • U,"'" in v... "I ,,"n.
ma.inlilW t ...."b. The nlilh...ts lW'<l«IIiud fl . Di_ in.. f~ .-bt can. ""~ oti v ".-It;.
by th .i r aiM .nd th" aUrndanl. ti vil }", Cam· c ........ nd Pl>l;..... Thi. i• • n l I' ·.ul....
....,1'1 ..,. """"'0"", at ' - . an ...u.. thf' i.,<tal- .nd is _ uti&! .. ~ nUwr camotlll.lf" ... i ....
I&l.ion ,pPI'. r unprofttabl. to 0.. ",O'Il'ly . W hIM> l..-ibl<e.
,
ro
1. E.te';Qr , jew 2. Inter;or .i.,w
Figu,. rt. T'o rkiwg 0",0 ........ ,,1 from 00 ."""';0....
"
the deck .ubmerl"ed ju,t below the su rface. 5 5. Airfj aldl
The .hpe &nd oh&do... of a detltroyed b ri dge
a, The lin t . tep in the camoul'l"l«! of a n II
ma y be u!Oed 00 help cono:eal a ponton bridge
field o r Iandill&' lite. as in all eam<>U flll.f[ e opera-
eonstnJcl.ed alonpide. ]f a decoy e.....ing i5
liD.... ia a thorough stuo!y of the terrain by air
bu ilt at a 10lfiea\ place, lIOIYIe dioL"U1u a way.
oleerYaUon a nd aerial Photoll'nplw. After tile
tM n ped.ient hu a r;re&ter chaDa! of eocaping ground formation. pred ominant colo"., . nd
det«'tion . I n a=rtain <:UelI it may be p"".ible patterna of t he a na are . nall"'ed. t he c. moo-
00 rubIMr lte a POlltoll brid~ wil.leh hu pneu- ll.,;e deme can be planned..
matic: llQ&to by ~ g ai r from the 1'I<>o.ts.
By th l• ...-..... the bridge call be hiddell durilll: b. D10pened parki ng rite. ohou ld be lon.ted
daylijrht houn and refloated for ..... a t ni"'L within dart< and b ....vily terlnJ"l'd paN of the
a,... avoid,nl' sites ....he~ the . ireraft would
S3 . Wi.. Li.,.. be In aha rp eoIltrast to their wrroundinp or
clOOle to an UIl\llltlW or iooiated ter rain fll'lll.tu re.
A well canlou l'l aged .tructure b of little v.lue UB!' . hould be made of overl>ead con«alment.
jf a conapieuoo. line of communic.tion wire clomps of buohes . 'lCnlb Il'l'Uwth. f(lld, in the
term inate- at the Installati on. It I. di"""trous gT<lund . Alld other . hadow-eaotl nll" lrl"'el'\lla r.
to ..Uow unconcealed cable un ee to end . br uptly Itie• .
a t what 10 mellnt to a ppear aa a n Innocent hill
b ut II II't ually e n Important comma nd post. A c,Cireul. ti nl' traffic should be confi ned. if
decoy muot continue put the Insto.Ualion to a poMible. 10 "'tilting road. a nd plIthl for mow ·
l(>J"ical t . nnl....tion or the real Ill'l mllal be ment withill the &reIII and for -«_ to """urity
camOIlI'l I&"'d. Imitation U..... can be made of outpoata. New route.. eh(lu ld be kept to a min-
ro pe. wire. cord. or other Ii milar materi als. Imum. Ad vanlaj'e Mould be take n of o""rhead
~IMnl and vehic.... shonld be . ited c.......
The p","Da! of a line can be cotlU*led to a
j[n!I.t eXUnt b y carefully Iocatl nl" it alo ng ter- kI and alona natllraJ terrain 11_
rain linea. lrngularly aiJ'ld IUPl'OrU nl" poIeo. d. The rreater t he tnlfic . t . n airlleld
with the 1..", left OIl, let at IrrefIl lar interYaia more dilllc\llt it ~ee to eamoutllll'e 1"\lII'
....d atane red to eonf'orm kI the lITOund pat- oral'S a nd taxi.....ys. Sod .irlle1d1 d<> Ilot ordi-
tern . are lesa eomopicuoul than Ii.... ft«1Ilarl y naril y preo.ellt too p-ee.t a prob~ unl _ he.vy
l paced and a1illed. Spoil taken f rom the pole u..e hall c,...W worn pathl a nd Itri ps. If th is
holm must be earned a way or hiddl!'l1. Care d""," happen it lilly be ~b1e to extend the
m\lllt be taken d urin&" rna inte....."" to a void path or a\ri p Into an alread y n ilt.ing fOUd or
mak inj( a n obviolla pat h alonJfthe line of pula t rail. thereby con«aling ito actual pUI'J'O'l". Ia
thi . .... pecl. oooperation on t he ,,,,rt
of the
504 , Pipel i.,.. pilota by reot ri cting their landing!!. takeoff's,
Pipeline. Ihould be laid along leCond..ry rot«Is and tU l'Tl&round. W delligna ted lire.... i. vitally
wh enever p"""ible. When cro"'-I:oont ry 11lyinll' n8CeM&l'}', Hurd run wa y" a nd taxiwaYI may
i , necaasary. terraill feato...... Mou ld be fllll y
be textured lind painted to blend with t he bacl<-
ground . nd road. can be l imulated I.CI'OlIIl
Util iled, To elimillate the . h. dow of the pi I\(!.
di rt or debria blended with the bac q rouoo t hem.
M ould be banked gently alo ng both lid"" o r the e. The <:UI!oul'lage of revl'tmellia ia diftkult
pi pe. A toned own color a pplied 10 the pipe I.«anoe of their canl&in N shadow. It they a re
hel~ blend it wi th the backVO\l ud. Tanu a nd partially d ul' into the sidee of hillll. the probll'lll
pumpin j( f!(Iwpment mould be f«e..ed in pil.3. i. Iimp/ifWd. T he mono i ~lar the , lu.I>" and
di l p"ned. and con~Jed by natura! cover or the more vadllll the . 10....... the e&lioo t the)' . ...
"",to. F alae pip"lin... a~ il)' . ;m uIaW b)' to eamoul'llll' e. E.o.rtJ....on. revl'trnellta .....y blI
the a . of ditdlinl" equ ip n t : &fter....,h day'. ......sed to I'i"" thlMIl tnto .... . nd color and to
wor k. "" 'eral po1el :U>ould be Jeh .t the e nd of ronual n.....· &poiL F llrthe r impron me nt ......
.
the d itch to . imula t e a .act of unlaid piP'". be m. .... by plantiDg sma ll ah nl '" o r " 'Mll •
. eak up the form a nd . hadow, If ti me ",ud fam iliar wit h t he land in" area t he aida are
. ,ilities permit, tree planting i. an effeetiV(' removed and di.~lllyed on ly for viaiti nl< ai r_
m ea.,\u rt'. craft. Field llghtinll' muat be concealed to pr....
, . The operational struct.ut'f!ll asaoei &ted with vent ground or oblique lU.'r ial oboervation.
airfields are lrea~ M any other buildi njt or Ught emitted f rom airfield lill'hti nlt' IIdu"",
can be conl...! ;..1ed by u.e of the roml>at hOXHl
position and a re cw ered in other parbI of the
a ttached to all lbtures fo r th is llul"J>O!'e. Fix_
manual.
teree ma y be blendEod into the terrain .'. tloom
g. Panels and other landing aida an! dis- by use of natu ral ma terial. or by pai nting and
played only when ~uiNd. When r,ilot.s are t.erlurinll' to makh the terra in color.
.
CHAPTER 10
DECOY INSTALLATIONS
.
position wh ich has been discovered to be such to use an actual t racked vehicle to make th. .
T YPE OF nACK
., ..t EEL EO
, ..
- . . ,.....1lO .......
....-' '''''''''u " "'''''' '',,£'00_
~~_IOO
SHU. _ _ OS 0100 E. IlUAl. C• • t U~*'
ro ' 00' .......... ... .u as "". _• .
. .....n .1OO c"""".. .1 ..,' ,,_, ......
_
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0100 1001 . 1 n u ""
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0011 . . .. ..H' ....
C" OU coooT " , .....OOC. ..,."" ""' . . . .II[ OCOO c••• OT CO 0 11'" "O CH
. ...... . ".0 CAM' _ 0W
". u .. . 100 ".""'c c, .Dl.co...,
......L
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• ..,11 IU T U O· • • • OU [A.' ...... .. '"'0
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_r
... _.lIt.IICn _ _ . suc. as .' C w,lt. 001 _""'"L'" ELD!
W" U <
""
""'. -"," ",TO '"OIl''''' .....
patch.. EVl'n minHWld.o ....hich are n<Jt laid b. Pi11l>tJu~. Pi llbo,u'" .. ~ ........tf'd ..t the
to a gndant p&lUrn tend to abow n p OIl an moo<t lib l.,. I""",Ueoo of ~emy al'p,..,.,h. Th .
aerial phott>lTaPh. not .....,,_ one mine holoe . nemy b o.... thi.a ..nd <an I.('<' urate ly "._
ill riaible In itlO!lf but twra~ a n umber of thetr genenlloeati on. H.,...-p,·u . if .. pillbox io
u.ht patch.. COfItO'Tltr&ted in .,.... l pot dra..... ....11 camnulliged . b\<'Rdf'd into j tr. !IU lTl:lllnd_
th e ~ to u..t. r-. Inp, or du srul.aed .... a rock. bul h. ho~. nt
oUler object wh ich will make it inronapicuom
59. Commo.. o.fech In Ita pa rtieu lar settit\l', the ..........y II r'""<'R ted
f rom a potti nlt: it accurately. To further <ll......t
FoDowiol 1& a n.t of the defeda that most
th. eMmy from th... resl piln><»: , d..::oy pilI.
fnlquenUy _ a dece ptloo to fai l. It will be
bo n .. ma y be oon.rtructe<i and in_u tflCi ently
noted that they are of C"!eral application and
ca.rooullall'OO 10 that the ~l'IIIy ('an II" ot them
that any one of th .... mal' .......der wurth l......
with little d ifficult y (til<. 75 ) .
th e oth ~ oe mOl!t perfect der oy.
o. Rell'llJari t y of t rack.. r. Alltimrr lulni!rd m,.t"cl",". Anli m...11
nlted nh-t...c1." are often h.,all'd on rev.r
b. Lack of 1Itm" aaaociated with military oc- .lo~, ArOun<l curves, and in or hel,;nd n..tura
cupati on, "cn-....n. to conceal t h<.'!l1 from IhO' fne mv li nd
e. Flato ee.s (no ~U!I'M!ICOpic relief) , to lDl; n l urpri . e. Decoy anti m" 'hllnizL'<'! <l iteh ea
lire ntten effecti ve in luri n,<r ...nem y t.,nh inlo
d. F ailure to fa.it hfu lly simulat e a \.artic ular
type of lnatall&tlon. reIll camoun.." ed ditches. Such" ditc h need be
only ahout 2 feet d...p to r ff'" le Ihe prnl'er
• . Abaence of motor tra n_porta-tion an<l I"" k llluslnn of det>th and i. COl18t ruc ted in the Mme
m movemml ma.Ilnoor ... "re trenrh ~ . • ·iJnlre 7(, IIh,.t "'"....
J. No daily cha nge In a ppearance. a d<lMpti <m lICheme u.'l.ing I'ml am:! decoy an_
fl. l ""Ornd taetkal po8itionlng. t imechllni..... ditch... an d pilll",....... wlI"riher.
0«0" d l1lgon"1 teeth a "" abo ..t!'rive In p id .
l. Unl"eNONble . pHd of bui ldup or ......0.... 1. in.. the enemy into .......u t ral" , They may bot
L ~ of rM.I ai r defl!'Mell. UAed in eonjunction with real I nd de<:oy an-
t- F ailure to . imutate a nK Iry compon<'Rt t imechani..... ditch"". Obstac..... lik.. dnLj[OQ'.
of . particular inatallatioa. teeth d101l1d nat be aimll!aW in 1.-. not
covet'ed by I ntimerha.nit ed l'iT'l' ( ti ... 17) ,
60. DKoy f"..Jcj fo,li lKat..... d. M"~~. A . imulated minefi.eld may \w
II, E "' pla.r....11lU '''Ld ' " t.......,,II>........ u . In aim_ ... d'ri"" UI oblo:t&C'\e r.~ a .......1 fiel rt 1"",..,""
Watinl" any dug-In ~ pe raonnel or weapofUl the t"!lf'I'Il)" must check ...:h . imula ti nn to bot
emp1aetmenb. auch .. fOIh oJes. t.....nd •.,.. &lid « nai n It i. nnt a rea.I on.... Surh .. minefield iI
mortar or maclUnt!I"\lD em ~ tt.... ..... el!ectl..a apirn;t aerial oW",abnn. Si mple
aatiAfa<:tory I lmull.lJons are made by actually wal'l to c..... t.e a decoy minefll"kl are: dim n..
dial"&" Into the ll'Ound. H<>we"oou. it is not up the g m und in a &ta.odard miM'fiel.d pa ~~
.
n-=-ry to d ig the daoys .... deep u their e~tin l a minefield ma rk ing f..nee: and crea"
1 _ I)IGGING COT "- I _ Tlmc;.. ~ m l> w" ..
SH"- LIOW '''N('' I Il\JS.. TO SIMlIU.n 01''''''
A ,i"oU ,,,",A a , it ... b . ;"g d~g "od a, ; , app.an do ,._~ p ,'" " h. d o"d fill«l w itA ~ ,....A .
"••• Ii> . b,.".A jil/;"9 """'eo 'A, <ompl. ,«! '"'ft<A app . ar mu ,A dark" tila" tho ~ftjiU <d ...<~ ck.
,' ig ~ ," n An"'h" ","Aod 10 .'",. Ia', '" 'Tlft,A"".t ... W pia.. b.rlu p or <lot h ;n Ii> , ""tim, d".;,..d a M
U"
,A... fi ll ;. Ih • • im~lul,d ."""v,",d por';,," wi'k ...... ' . aU, ,."i,,', or .<ra p.. uf Ita,k "", .. ""I, NM. 'Au'
' h,
,imulat.d I'a,up.' " lor""o bU .. lIiw~ ~"d,r !A. «Ig.. of a lorg. p;u , al burla p oml c-r<oH"U 'h . illlUw"
01 til, ,"ouwd 01 a I'm'o,,,, b~ piling .aN d ,,"a... 'A, b ~r l" p .au... T h. . ..."""u"d POT';"" 01 th• • lit 'Tlftck
io ri,"~ lu t.d in IA;, figu," b~ " '.,,. oil "",I d",k "" io"d ,Mvau, "'"p'.
.
1'.. . .. 74. d. _ ,,;II" • ......1...... 001 . , ~ "'; I ~ • • 041>• • • • • • d .".... )'<d ,..; ,~
,..;. , ' "
II
~l 1• . S. od • ...f olio' _ . b
.......04
."..;.kl .,, ~ . ,~ ....,,..i.1 ,.
h . ,., p _
g;," it ............I,b ,u......
inll" the ch"l"ILcleri~tic zill"Ull" JVl.tv r ruo of Il"ap. be . potW if tl1 e WelillOn we ....' ",,'11 "am o u_
t h rou ll"h . min..tlel d. Raked.
e. Drocoy I_ itio". may boo rJmu lal<'d by d i.._
61. Arti l"ry gin.. in a oh.lln.... pi t of thr co .......-t d ialMter
G. n..-..,.. .rtillf.ry l~tioM. in atrOrda..... " nd , tor a ""rtieular . rtill....' · ..i ...... an
...ith ..... lJa,.k ••rinci..,w of . n milital')' A;m ula- pili" .. t AI"" I al'Ollnd it lilt • •oaral ",1 or
tion. mIlA tlD<I fonn to poIIilionin.. ""'Iui_ formin.. a pt'! of hay. stra.... empl,. ..ra
......nLo ot 1' ......1 n t<'...... rto.. &om<>ti...... old I... rrrb. o r d irt on thO' If ..... nd a ...... nd
th.. ramoufta o f th_ detoy """ition. is di!fi· thf' cI..n.oy. E ",·itho",t the " ... of Ai mulaW
rult. In "I"'n ....... ~ th.. ...... ot "ultahl,· p l'. !fUM or "'lui ..",,,,,I. a d...,..,. artillery f"'"Jti<>ll
nWlf'd n.u ;. hi~ly df'si r.bif'. It nf'to ..... not r",,, l-... . imuta W ,... rled ly m......ly by "",kin..
nailal~... ramoo fta lt.. is nbtai by "I'OJIf'r1y bI&lIt marks and ..",u.-rin.. drbria. Tn . no.
J'O"itinnin.. ..arh pi...... or "" u~ t 10 I>lf'nd t...-n in. b1a:ot marb apl...... blark••nd in r lorar
....ith ou r_l nd, n .. Il"I""U nd f ...l u"", For n - ~in th..y a ppear li.. ht 1<. dArk .. ray. ' " ' -
am,,,,,. in "rrha r"". l'lI<"h pif'o.. of "" ui, lmr"t a "ery M" .·i.....i " ... On .. or It... 1 1 .nd . im.
rna)' l>f' pl, K'f'd "" h .... Ii tr... hAA I...... n rrmovrd ; l' l t ......,.. ot .i mul.ti"ll" . n _ rtill y ......ilioD
in hooll"rrow ....u nt ry eq ui p""'n t TJ\IIy I,.. I'I""ffi i. to 1>1,.,.1' partia lly rarnonft"Kl'<'I . in, ul" W
in cl~l\ rO'<l "1"'1.0 ill Ihe hrdll"r . Wh ~ll prot...·ti nll" W""'llOn . in ,·"raW p<JlIition . r"nn,' rl~· "'"<'U '
a" in<luRtria ) "r~" or a l" rll"" In.tallat ioll which pilod h~' r enl w"","",",
F IIIRh .innll"" ... may
cann"t hI' "" "("~llI lod . oftI'll no " tt..ml'l iR made II<' i"du 'lo..-l wiU' ""'h . im ula ti" " " ',,' ,,"""
to concral t hr llO. il ion. !hI' tJ,... ,ry I..;nll" th at w ith !hI' ... me l"t'lfUl ari ty a. the ....111 "'....1,..,"".
th...." .. my ,,·ill l... cautiouR in at lNkinll' II h..av_
il~' d.. r.." df'<\ tII t~-t. 62 . Bivo ......
10. " lac in.. I dun,n, ~' " , nd ............ n. Wh.... . imlll"t;"1{ I,;,·......... il m uoJ I .....
......n"'ry _ i p t in ~ n 1,. ,oart " r .........1"'"'<1 that ear.h arm or ..-n ·i.,.. 1$ ,.
lh.. j"h 01 .. roo:ti" ~ artillf'ry l-.i lion. diotinrti,·. . .,,,.... no...... ,",'hiorh 1 t "'1.....
Tnt.. mllAt I... rnadf' "round """ilion all i" d ........ tn makO' thO' d..-oy M."·j i".. to tht
. .....1 t.tt<'ry rm~nt. 1 " ,_ il i. I.... .........y .ir ""-n·..... ",.. s i", ula t ion or h",'""""
t ka that moot ott.n di.. ~ ,,,,,,iIKon to i . of rtkulat im po rta ....e in .....1' a,...,.. h<-ft
th rial ""-......1'. With..." t I tu . a .......110" .......n · nd t...1 mo ,":nll" unlt>\ 1
poIIitinn IoMlta t. b : ""'1"00\"'1'. il orould rarrly ....." W. F:....... y .ir n'Con~ eee ;. Jl"rt
lNOI."
•
-- - •
..
-::-
a' cg80
:::J 0 aBo 8
~o • • g8~o
GCJQCl(JO
Ov0
8 - " .., !>ITCH CJ
---
0..... /)IfCH CONCI" "D
"", " r< 11. II", ;. n ro", ..{ ,I. ", ~ d""v"n ', , .. ' h ""d " , '<c o ~ Onh,."ho o i..d "i/ck. A ,"," o "~" u ..1 rool dl' ck
.. ,," 'k, I"".o",,,od, "",,,,.d ~ ';' h >vi" "./t;OU, . 1"lk , ,,"d ."..-1.
Dlu ly ......fu l in s","uti n i. injl" . ....... h.... ind IhO' l'ro\.erlion from a ttMk in th .. vid nity of na t,..
front (or illditati oM of bu il<lul > o f troo"" or u ....l olostac l....; and wate r s u ppl>·.
"'luil'IT"'n t wh ich "'<>\l ld ind ira tf> ( UIU .... altMb. b. I'-rom thO' ai r, th.. rha"",,~ ,,'hich
Rat bi VOl.l.a<'ll a.re gen..ral ly Ioratod in a ....... ....."" r-<li ly idfontify a bi voua<" a .... t"", 8 .
tllat p rovide Ul.. '--t c........m-.t for pon.mnO'l "Miclfto It)· a nd .h .... o r " 'h ich will idmti fy
"'luipmoont from ~rial an d ground .x-r_ thO' uni l ), I'llthS. trails, and \n.oh and liUn
on; d i' I""'n.ion ; communications f ...iliti....; r.aUlOt'd 1:». po"'r ca moullag<' di ..,ipli"". Hi\"OU&C$
ate more difficult t o conceal in snow.-eovered, vehicles in the area all well a, othe r sill'M ...
barren or desert a reas, than in other type, of activity. ..
terrain, because tracks a nd trails are almost
impos,ib le t o conceal or obliwrate. Decoy biv- 64. Troop Concentrations
ouacs in th is type of terrain can be realistically
sim ulated by making many additional t rac ks Variou ~ troop concen t r st ion points " re !(en-
which do not lead to a real ins tallati on, or by erally identi fied by a collection of bivouac
digging shallow trenches and emplaeements in areaa, moto r pools, su ppl,' poin ts, Qr entrench-
the an(lW or sand and filling them with grass , ments , with other associ"ted acti vit ies .
leaves, ele. Brush piles with paths radiatin g
fro m them resemble command p"'ts or supply 65. Motor Pg,lcs
or llItlmunition sto rage areM. A good way W Around a motor Qr heavy equ ip ment park there
ma ke a decoy bivouac ill to exa mine aerial a re innumerable scars , t nl("ks, slit trenches,
photos of a reptellentative I'$l installation and and a continual shift in ll' ()f equipment. I n ~im u ·
duplicate the track plan and some of the cam _ lati ns: these ins tallati ons , all such cha racwr_
<:>Ufi aged objects in a simulated fash Ion b ut in istics m ust be faithfully rep ro duced. other
~ somewh at more cOM pic uous ma nner.
items th at may be required fo r deceptive d is-
plays are ref use pil,,". mes~ ten t:., bivou ac"
63. Command POits latrines, and command posts. In desert Qr o\Jler
a. &>me of the signs which indicate to the barren terrain, motor parks or w hick con·
observer the poss ible pr esenee of a command cen t ra ti ons a re best prot ecwd fr om enemy at-
post a,-- tack by dispersion over a wide area , Here the
value 01 decoy, is mOllt appu rent bec.1u ,,, rea l
(1) Convetl!in g wire lines a n d ve hicle vehicles and equ ipment are extremely diffic'ult
t rackll. Also, there may be variOUll types of to conceal or camouflage. Decoy vehide co
a nten na a r rays for radio communicatione . centrations a re exceedingly valuable in d n
(2 ) Concentration of veh icles. in g the enemy's a ttack an d d i "per~in>( h i~
( S) Heavy traffic causing widened t urn_ fort.
ins.
66. Tonic Concent rations
(4 ) !'-'ew vehicle tracks w a position
wh ich could h ous e a command post, Decoys of armored par kll a nd bivouacs sho uld
( 5) Protec ti ve wi re, foxhQles, and other follow the sa me gen eral t echn ique, a, de""ri bw
barriers surround in g the installati on. in paragraphs 62 an d 65. Distine,bve t rack,
made by tanks and other t racked vehieles both
(6 ) Defe nsive weapons emplacements locate a nd ident ify the un it.
around the installation•
•
b. When it is impossible W conceal r-om the 67. AIrfield.
air the fact that a COIIlIIllUld ])06t is in a certain
area, then a d"""y command ])06t may be ro n_ The re a re two disti nct types ()f d...·oy airfield"
atru cted in the vicin ity. In this instance it is day fields and n ight field.<! . The day decoy field
obvious that the decoy must l()()k more like the consists of p repared runways, bu ildinj(l< , artl'"
real thing than its genuine counterpart , in road " h uts storage. and the a u xili!try features.
()rder to make wnstruction of any decoy worth- The nigh t dec()y field cm1.~ism enti rely of lil'hts,
while. Dillgui~e of th e ge nuine b look like a and should n<>t be visible during the da y. r\ 0l'
decoy may be feasibie. Certain characteristic mally t he day and nil'bt dt'<'.oy fl eld, a re ' ep-
signs of occupancy ,hould be made a t the decoy arate installati ons.
includin g CI'Olls.-eountry traeklI sim ulati ng those a, Offset Distance. The d i,tance I>ei-ween thl
made by a wire_laying detail , antenna arrays decoy airfield a n d its real counterpart .houl4
to sim ulate r adio comm unicati ons facilit ies , be from 6% to 121,'f! kilometers , b ut all;ail
smoke a n d occasional lights, a f ew poorly earn- depend . on the type of wa riare , However
ouflSKed tent.., new t racks from day to day, an d decoy situa ted more more than 12 k ilom
.,... th~ ~I airll~ld is li kely to ~ ~Ilrded ind icati on of air acti vity poaaibly thl'<lugh Ul"
• lin e nti ri!'lr Mpa nd e a i.-n.1d and caWle u.... of light pla n"" wh ich .,.,..1<1 ...,..rate from
enm1)' a ir attac kers or oIl<wrvera to _ n:h " rou, h . t.r1p.
f urthu for the eamou Raged mU lIekI.
fl. Cooult'l<rlioa.. After the . il.c for the .....,.".
IJ. o",....,li..- P I'¥'....qMYiI • • • S" jt.able tftTaill air6eld Ie .... fded. eonstnIctiOli II euritd out
..,.;0. aMqual.e d rail\aK'O! m IlA ~ ~ red for 1M ill the followina: order:
d«or lirlo.ld. (1 ) R- . . . SlDce it b the' ru n.... )'&,
t. P....!i/>. ;. ,1 V ....,., ;.. Rrblt i"" to LA .~ taxiwaya, aIId hard.al4inds that ma ke the deeo,.
...rh . M far &I pouible. II. dl!'<'(l)' lirfteld look lib .n . irllel d, they recti lin t p ri ori ty
tJr...,\d be 10 aito>&W that ita relatioJl to im por_ in COft&tnoctloa. A pn>per\y .......,...1 layout
tant land........ a nd ~ n , ,... ... with eamul aUtlltl Oll. to sharp, eftr. alrsirht
lake., Ii....... raill"O"'s. hl ys, wooded
'"""""', and cult ivatf:d lIi!'lds i. <'J mllar to that of
Ii...... of the promi ...... t falll"", ia vahl&ble.
U_111. the laY<"'t can be c:oMtrvo:Wd aimw -
the I"NoI . imeld . In "me ea&eO It ma y be p raoe- taneoualy by bu lldozing and l'O\I. h g radin• . A
u C1I1 to .lm u l.~ lOIT1e of th_ n~ .........)' land- th in layer of e" ,. hed roc k, u nd o or IlT&vf'I ia
markll. in dummy fashion, a t the same time ~ma n "" rive aubsti w l.c for l rading.
.... the r onlltrlJt'ljo " of the d"""y airfteld ia pro- A well del\ned dik:h will *",,,,,tu"t.e the l'>Utl lnCll
" . .....inK. of taxl W. YI , ru nways, and h.r dau.ndl. For
dl:'Ceivin. thl d t obI"rver. thl moat important
d. R ela/ I,m of Drcoll to P robabk Rout~ of Item hi deooy airfield oollIItruction I. tJ,,, ..,_
K ll r ... ~ App rD<u !l, M II. rule II. d""""y &l rtleld eenluatlon of th_ prominent feat" . ... " nd "ny
should be wated I" the path of til. ..-t Ilk*, prominen t atnocturetl. rather th. n detailed
.pp......,h an HIeltly would follow to t.M "",I ,...,Ile... o r a11 1_tllretl of the' ...... ins ta llation.
llirid. The dee<ly will then be Hell. br .-D1 S o more dl!t4il I. neo:essafJ th/UI tha t req uired
olwonvf'n bdo~ th y ~h th.. I'MI fteld. It i. to produce the effect of " <:amoulland .ll"lIeld.
ti my ro-NbIe, 110........... . u..t in Ill"" CUM GI"Ilde variaUolUl may be pennitied; ""'" a:rad-
('O"..;.J.,ntion in lJ'OIIitioooi-.: ...., have to IlII' is . - roequi rM.
fo~. 1lw tuni.. « " ill t 1M ' of p l"Olft-
iMtlt Ia" dmarlc. , ma~' ind iea w II. mUoeh mono ( 2 ) A"ffa . "" ,",",ie~ ""'.t.. RO&Ib 1t&d.
d....irllhle lilo! In lOl'tIe od1er direcUoD trl'llll tM ilia: to the aJrlWld f rom m.a.ill hlgllw. ya, aM
.......-ic:. l"CI&dA """nfd,i nr the har~lAtands with
th."
........
rNI fitold th.at 01 p robable enemy ...,..
the bom b atonre area. PI' atoraP . . ... mai..
buildifllfl.. h.ave d OOle priority ... t'"
actual
~. 5 iu 01 D....... AirM/d. A Ib.y d~y l'irid run..,... ",_ roads may be rormed in the
sh"..ld bll ahlIut the 1Aln" size ... the re&I tMld same man ner .. the run..... ya " nd tax iw"y_,
or Ihe ata nd.rd size of lIimila r kno"'n o pera-
ti on. 1 l\eld... Thi. I. importa.nt beau.... memy
.tom,,,
(3) (1(" tut4 oollll> "ffll.
.t<J",.g"
Th""" t wo f..,mties . re impor1,.oon t. Th" . .....
.."riMI l,hoto,: Mll'h interprelenl "". I~ il4i act u. l ollne ~toralrt ta nka m.,. be .i mul.ted by •
size tOI' coml", n soD with thei r know leda'e of lumber frame work covered with burl ap or by
the nul field ''' ' Iheir k nowl"d,n of our normal . u itable u .1va jtt mlllen ll!. Bomb SWIlll" pita
. ized Ilj .t\...ld~. Sub3tanti &i di veJ"lI'tnU In &lu mlly be lndiea.ted by aemielreular Pllra.peto of
may faU"" the field W be au~pectM and prob- ell.rth pu&hood UI' by II bulldowr In • lolric.l
ably idt'ntl ll..t , Ul'on further nconn&iaaanee. position. a lona: the Itrvice ,.,..;I.
as .. (Ilke, O~ the d""oy ia id"nWled . . .""h.
air . UKke" .... iII be briefed o n how to avoid (4) Cp lt'04 /olt'1'J' " ,, " h i/di" g. Control
to.... en aod other pt()Jllinenl lItnIctu ..... .-xl-
" I. Ain:.../ 1 Att.....I.,. If the _ y ill able to
atM ,.;th a il1\1'Ida ..... " "'a1ly , imulattd in
dUIlllllJ fo"" in the eonatr.rUoll 01 d~y ai r_
da lld 011" _ d iolalln' f rom Ule ..... ,'ftUd a ir . fOtldl in ..... r area.s. H~. in ~lIr
field . nd ot.erve it, a complete at-nee of &ir a decoy of a fo~ . irtleld. th""" lItfllCWl"fI
tr&fl\c " ollld ,."v~1 the dft,eption. If intelli- . re Iotldom _ted , lin"" lentil or tniltn onH-
re indicate. that aoeh • aiilLatioD II prob-
, -. ~ should be tak.... to Jive " ...iaimum
....n ly Itrve .. the operation ..... to>n . t for_
~n1 """
(5) C" ''''''' fI..q~. A deo:oy .irf\..ld 8hould anc<1 of ...ti vity. ~"'" t.....,b . .... n1 on . .
r«eiv~ th e ...1lW! ~.mou n&p all doea • .-I ground. mo.....m.. nt of ~k~ • • nd f. l.... JIII
fteld-simulated terra in patte rn J on " 'n.... Y*" pli..... r.. -..UaJ ehanooct..ri~t.k. for th decoy.
. nd dianl ptive pattern paintl ne on bull d inp.. If . t an poealble, it ia deoi rabl.. to rout.. IUld
Ilflol"ll doinr thia. it is adv iaabl.. t~ ""udy t he MTl ~",1 t hl'Ollp thO' d«oy a U t.rall\c lo or from
rNl aiJ1\o.ld b1 ...riaI obMt'vlItion and photo- th.. ""I point. If ............f. 1 detO'rti- Is _
lfTllPhs ift om..r to deUmli..... tn.. ..xtl1lt to "'""ti.l, th'- _ r e ",-ill ,;rNtly ..... ha ... th..
whid! thO' domy airliHd should be ~t1ared.. deeoy'a ~hante of au<:eeNI. In the illtemlt of
"reali~ • eonvind llr dL<play it m.y .Ia<> be
61 . Suppfy ,on. dellirablcll to k>e.ate incidental real illltaJ1atiofll,
lOCh .. . salvage ya rd. .d~t to ~ cl«oy.
• . Suppl,. poinb vary in Nw.Dd .p~ ....... I.. Ute IaUO'r <:aIIIe. tN .-ribilit;r of a UMk on
.........dinr Upoll. their partkular fllnclioa. Tbey the decoy should bf' """",d~ and appropria~
do. h_ er. ""a re tII~ rommon ~harac:teNtieI protecUn mea...u rea tak..... For nl/(ht d_1'-
of ertenIllve tra.eking. lIcl:lvltJ'. ud location tiM, certai n typea of Digllt liJlltin«, . uch u
adj annt \<) l ra naportatlon ar" tenll auell lU h&r- . imulated bu iklln « li /(hb. M o inr thrw..h
oon, rallroads. . ..d road neta. Vn lMl unllluaJ lent openInp,. nd deeoyli .... . 1'11 ry ~I'l"....tiv~.
m...",,1'e'\ . re talc ~n. they . re IIsually . Pll.....nt
to eve n l:&IIu.l ae rial observ.Uon. 69. 011 R..ft i•• clnd T(lnk Fc,"".
b. A decoy supply point ~hould be near
enough to appea r to be tile flllli in. taUa tion o. on relln..ri u.. so difficult t o ennce,,1tIIat
~p"ndit.u ..... for cam<>ufta j(e and d"""y ~on-
a nd far molIrh . ...a y to allo,," tor p008ih~
~rron In marbrnanahip of a ny a ttacker. strucUon .re not lr"'neraUy j tll\a~. ~ ipt
P rom i.... nt Jandma rb mm be notN a nd the deo:o:l)'B of th _ b.~tallation~ a re, er. quil.f'
practl ~.b"' . In poaitioniIIK oil ref\n..." """'ora,
decoy 10clatMI In thO' ....... ~attonahi p to th.....
tha t the 1 inatallation ........ Id be. In .o1lW! it i_ v..ry important to fOO,.... tilt ........ ~n..
. . - til 1Idmarlu may be si mulatM. 1-1«111"11 la)'O'llt ..... to pla.ce tMm i. au nou.d'np
78 allows thO' rei"';' aah ip of _raJ <Woy ilar to tll_ . t the real i....talla t w-
~ pply points to • .-Iw.pp)y poinL IJ. Tallk f. nna .re of\en i"..ludt<i in rrii....
e, Th.. domy mnot &pPMr to h.ve • ton- en.. but Jna7 bf' ....parate. If til")" ea.ll te
vincilllr .-ll nft of the sam.. pa" , m II thO'rMl e rrtetin ly eamou~ deo:o:l)'B . ... W'Orthwh i\e.
inatallau.... In addition, troopa must. be ..... Cono!.nllction of a doeMj- tank fann f'I'Clllires
tailf'd to th.. decoy site .. maintaift thO' appear_ • ,"",t dPaI of t'ft'o rt and in,.....ity if the_
. .....
.:; .\"";
"
'\'
\...:-
u oo
,~
CJ II.... IOoOoC
_ •I
• _uhj "'d to periodic oU""ITa tlon by the en emy. eMe a ny activity_ Fi gur e 79 d"l'icts a dt""y
. .I..... ,.""tion of a d<,<'o,\' " 1\d",. ,·" n,iru,"t ;on (>U- 1,.:","brm (A) on one s ide of a ri ve r ,md two
viou"ly rob, the decoy of it.< value. The camou _ deocoy l",,,lrnarh "'TO'" the r iver wh ich cor_
fl"!l"e of th e ft',,1 farm a nd erection of the decoy resp.mrl VI th",e a t tit" ft"d ;,,,talla li on a bout
may 1''',.0:-''''<1 s im ulta noously on ly if en em y ob- 3 k ilomete", a way.
....rvatinn j, im pr oba ble. If a"bjed to J",riod i,'
obscrvation, the docoy should not be rew a l",] 70. RClilh ead$
until i t i5 w mpl eted , ink rim camoufl.." e l><>in "
req u ired, an d the r oo] f arm ..h ould not he cun- SidiUI(>l ior unl oad !u" aU l'pHe" . Ii ro ad net . lind
"""led before the decoy is revealed. Redud; (>n ato ras;re apace a re e.,"entia l facmti.." for a rail ·
or visibility of the rt'al installation by dark head. ""he re poosil.>le , railheads are ....ta l.>li"h.d
paint ann ""n,,· ca mo ufla ge ma y of coune pr.... in a r eas a ffording the """t cuVe r an d con~eal·
'.
/i';pro 79. v . "". 'ank farm aft<! land""" ko. Not", t haI ", a,,~
of Ih, d<co~ lo. k. 0"' ro",o~)lagod "",h
pa;K"d 'roof. and .;m"Ia<,d 'roado '" ",,~I. ,h, ~!""im< of 0 ho..,iwg d,v ,lop.., . t. Th, d,,,,~ ;, ",,,,,_ilog.d
i" th ,om. manK.,- "" ,.. " 01 mnk fo rm, bM' ,. "'0"' ob. iouo, '· o"""d~ . 0 ..a«loHght "'0.
",aT , ~ . , ~ ~..,h
OK tho oppo. ;t. "". 01 , ~ . "0" ffilm ,h. ,,«I (• • taUo ,jon. A ! t~, d,,,,~ ,d o' a ,im MI<tt.d <~~,< h (H) ha. b• •n
boil' aM. tho ..u"hli/lht ( I') ha. b.~" ,"o v,d f'om th, ",ul . it, to tho d,,,,,V ,it• .
"
ment and may be supplemented by camouflage, b. Faetpr3 of Ef!edivet1"s",
air defense facilities and other defensive meas- (1) Air defeme. Aircraft flying over
ures . Supplies are unloaded from ruilway cars strange terriwry at night are str<)ngly at-
onto trucks and ea.rried to a storage point. tracted by any light, an d perronnel are often
Since this is standard practice and known to willing to accept any r easona ble resemblance
the enemy, a decoy breakdown point is es- of the tar get as t he genuine one. Effectiveness
sential in diverti ng enemy attacks. It should of decoys is proportiona l to the pr essure under
be more exposed and obvious than the real one. which the attack is made. If the air defense is
unable to simulate speedy delivery, the cha nce
71. Towns of sueceesfu l deception is greatly diminiahed.
In flat, barren country or in country with (2) Enemv pirot. The determining f ll"tor
vridely dispersed llIllaU settlemenm, it may be in the design of a. night decoy is im appearance
desirable, at times, to construct a decoy of the to the enemy pilot. He must be able to reason-
more obvioua feat ures of an enttre settlement . ably identif y the target either b y vision or by
radar and he must be pernuaded that it is the
This might be nece&'!!ary in the construction of
target he is seeking.
a decoy of an important inatallation located
near such a settlement. Figure 80 shows a (3 ) Parent tat'lJe/ camou flage. A decoy of
decoy town. a real target will be successful only if the real
target Is succe8l!fully hidden. Since night de-
coys use light to attract the enemy they are
72 , Night Decoy InltollCltionl
succeasful only when the surrounding territory
a. Introduction. A U night decoys employ the is completely blacked out. All meas ures which
same basic equipment; lights, firea, and pyro- make the real target more difficult to locate
technics. All have the common purpose of con- than the decoy will incre&'le the effectiveness
fUlling the enemy and diverting him Crom vital of the deception. Fires started b y bombing
targets to areas oC little or no importanet. The the real target must be extinguished Ill! soo
effectiveness of night decoys is dependent upon as po!!sible. If 1I fire exists at the target as the
t he following factors: poaiti<)ning, weat her an d result of the attack, further deception opera_
visibility, pr oper construction, proper opera- ttcne are not worthwhile against successive
tion and control , maintenance, and C&lIWuflage. waves of attackers unless an equal <)r more
convincing fire at the decoy is started which
A decoy may consi.g.t of a 3ina-le or multiple
will have an equal or better chance of enti cing
installstion, vaI)'ing in size f rom a small .g.imu _
followup attackers.
la.ted st reet light to a complicated instalJa.tion
composed of hundreds of flremaking and light- c. Site S eleclion. The success of a decoy in-
ing devices which, when ignited, will sim ulate stallat ion will be largely influenced by the ade-
a burning supp ly depot , factor y, airfield, town , quacy of the site. In the selection of a site the
or city. There are three types of night decoy foll owing f""tursa should be considered :
installations. (1 ) The site must be a plall8ible one. The
(1) Type I civil decoy, are t hO<le repre-
installation mwrt be in an area where one
would expect the target to be l.-.cated.
sentative of brea<:hes in blackout discipline in
factorie<!, warehC>\lSea, dock areas , freight ( 2) The site .hould provide close similar
yards, toWIlS, and cities. r eference points , discernible at night , to those
surrounding the target. To the aerial observer,
(2) Tl/pe II air field M OO1/S are thoBe rep- heavy f <)ream, bodies of water, an d open coun-
r esentative of runways, marker lights, obstruc- try al'f! distinguishable fro m each other. Varia-
tion llghts, wind indicators , and ai rcraft on tioM in grad e up to R percent are not dist in-
the gro und. guishable .
(8) Tl/Pe III field force Mews are those (3) The sit e should pennit the decoy.-
representative of bla<:kout breaches of supply be ori ented in the same compass bearing as
.
points, convoys, quarters , and shelters. tar get.
••
.,
(1) F",t"bli..h locati on o( a ll devices, pay-
1II1( partirul"I' attention to servke ronds and
pl'ilvisions (or llervicing the equipment.
matic...lly on and off certain devices . ueh .
the open d",,1' light. thus introducinll "Ii,-
wit hout ... prohibit ive outlay in e...ble for sep-
( 2 ) It..mo\'e tr<.'<'S or brush whi~ h may arate cireu itll.
constitute a ftre hazar<!, lakinl( care not to ,.;,ar (4) SlIInrla rd ization I...youts for construe-
the l" nd>;("lIl'e, tion of decn,V~ ll.re not Pl"MTlisaible because no
(3) Cut wred" to minimi.e the spread of two decoya sho uld contain any familiar pattern
the fire, estab!i..hing an 8_foot band o( bare or re/(ulari t y. Rather, the d.....i/(Tler ,,~Il have
earth, 20 to 30 reet in diameter, aro und ea.:h to employ whatever oornrtruction th e immed iate
tiremakin/( unit. problem requires. Night decoys should be
checked and rec hecked from the air by an
~. Mnt..r;" la, The type a nd amount o( equip- experi enced o:>!>se....-er. Visibility conditions
m... nt u~ in lIillht decoys wi ll depend upon the identi~al to th""", under wh i~h the enemy will
nature a nd sra le of the targ"t to be lloimulated, observf! the dewy sho:>utd be chosen. T he layout,
materiala avai lable, and the deslgnerl!l ingenu_ background, d ummy construction, and adjust-
ity. In all lnstanees the ch_pest, least critical, mentll of light intensiti es should be checked
anil most readily obtaillllble ma.terials that will unde r a n umbe r of· different Il.tm05pheric eon_
nerve the pUl"jlO8e should be used. dltlona and . t different aititud"" .
/. Opel'<ltWn. fl. Rill", to Empha!ize.
(1) I n the operation of nlilrt decoY'!, pro- (1) Do:> not t urn on the decoy liSl:ht!< while
vi!!oion mullt be made (o r territorial ~entral under enemy obBe rv ati on.
control and fol' local control. The central con-
(2 ) Be sure 1;0 switch olf primary tight..
I
trol, whi~h receives immediate informal ion
when the enemy a pproach ea.
(rom ... 11 00"""'" d nrin/( nn att.u:k on Ihe a rea.
determines whieh decoy aite should be fired and (3) Do not switch tightll 011 and nff
Kives the order to the loeai controller con - attract attenti on.
rern"", ".-ho pMSO!'S it on to the detachment!< (4) If enemy fails b.! bomb, do not swit<:
in charJl"e of the eites. In the event of a break- primary ll/(hts back on until the enemy is well
down in communicati o,,-" , the l<X'al controller out of ranI(".
munt have authori ty to ad on his own initia-
(5) Do not light large fires until . ure t hai
t ive.
the attae k is a rai d in force : do not set oil
(2) The n umber of men req uired to oper_ decoy fo:> r a u uiu nee raider .
ate a ni/(ht docoy varies with the size of the
(6) Do nnt liJl,"ht fires later than I ho:>ur
dl'Coy. The amaller aites req uire 3 men and the
larKer dial,la,Vs about 20 men. before dawn.
(~) Sucr"""ful operation of a niJl"ht doc,(l,V
(7) R«nove firing plugll duri nll the <lay_
will req uire on the part of the operator an ti me to prevent lil(htninJl," (rom stal1.inJl" the
ft~.
undel"lltand;nJl" of the problem and con.iderable
inJl,"enuity. Variety and "life" fire essential. (8 ) If electricity faila use the stand-by
Th....., a re obtained by varyinj( the w...tt&l(es Jl,"enerator.
of the I&ll1 Jll1 uned, particularly in "bad black· h. Mainl""" ''',.-e, On tI niJl"ht decoy mainte-
out" effecta. "" thai as a h""tile ... ireraft ap- nance will consillt o:>f the following:
pl'OfICh"" closer to a aite. the lower powered
( I) Reb uilding an d reruelinK fire devices
lillhti nll co mi'!< within his range ur vision. ~'ur
after s ra id. S ufficient material should always
u'ennore, screens may be erected to obaeure
be on hand to operate the dewy for three con-
obller..,...t ion from oertain directions, and .ky-
secutive nights.
lights may be tilted at variillla angl"" so \h&t
a.s an aircrnft drd ...... a sue the l'l<twrn of the (2) Repairing damage after ra ids and
decoy ill. alwaY'! ch&nging in a life-like manner. erad io:a.ti nll" bomb bla.~tmark.s.
t
..
Time switches may alao be used to switch auto- (3) Cleaning and check ing generator.
(4 ) Check lnJi" ...11 wire a nd contact.-. J~ri i~ we ll ad"l'l<ffi to river N"O~"inlf p r..p.. r" ti on,
• ca ll}'. h<o....h ..... " " It conc..n trAtion, lind fi5 . .. mloly
l r.) Lifti nJl,' a nd ~layinll" wtree if required "olntlO. Th.. ......... ",:onomy . a nd 'I~ with
by t h., u.... of thot Am. " 'h irh t hia Iype or v i~uar d""oy c. n I~ Imp;"
.......ted u. IIMqU&l1ed by otht't vi.U&l method..
i . C""'()fI.fldf/'. In d- r t or a rctie wrrain, FllrtM"""~' i f il ill !>"'I...rty .......t a nd ita
or in "P"11 ('OlInby ...h...... n ildll deeoys ins talllo· n ur ch.a.....trriati.... . ... ~ured. th'" IYI~
lion 1nIIJ' be d ;""em ible d,"iq the day, the of y is alrnnot.l imJ>O""i ..... to ....... t ity. 1'11..
ra.......lhon of t ...... dootor. tw-omes important IIlIO' n r lOHiou. limilaUon.. Si ron..
un'-' the ....,. is ....... day.......,.. In an, or ....pidl,. d umlrin.. wind.o ""'. .. III.. II '" of
"'""t. u..........,. lilf\lti"" and ti.... ~ _ ill
ha..... to beo ~... . Simp le do/YXel ilia,
be
........e d ift'lrlllt, in ~ "r the <>peBti... ......._
...n nel . MI 0....""", nl " f ....ner.au n.. <'<lui r"
c.,•.-fl'l"d 'rith ... lIa tlop .... d ~ Mt. ~ m~ meonl requ;nd. For ~ \a of """"'e ...noe<ti n..
dah<>ra~ ~ may bf. rowrftl ... ith dummy o.........UoM. _ n.r ~ .
buildinr;!' or the hutall&tioto may be INl<H into
... day aftd nill'h t ~ """Y. in wl\irh ...... ttrtai ll 74 , o-c.y Do Il'109"
lill'htinll" 8IuiJl"'en t may remain n P<>Nd. Sornoo
sim olat<>r ~ n iPt deooyl in open Wr'ain e. Simu1&ted danu. ~ i . lUI ....1'.".;allY valu.
...1"" h/I'"" th. Il<Iv.nl~ of ~ur n i!1ht time abl.. and "ractieal m""," of Mr"""" <>n for in•
~OII. I:>«A~ Mc Oy li re in ... fl at IU"Nl m ay stalJati ..... whkh . ... im J>1'1lI.1k. 1 to rollC'Ml.
prod u,,", ..nmllrh lilflll to N'\'H.1 th# 'MI" na ture Simulated da m8.6t' th"'- ."~",, ......1 may In.
of th.. Me. It the d«oy Lt !lOt ... dual pu~ d uce th.. e nemy to st<>" (>I" I_ n th.. nllmbe r
day ;I.Ild Ililril! dKG Y, it w ill boo neusMry to u d fon:.. or hb at:UIcko on wlLat hot i. led to
refill and corw:""l bomb en.ten or dama~ in bel i..... ill a cri p pled iIll'ltAllatio n. De<-oy dllma....
th e an'll of th O' nl lf\lt d« o)", Ind~ti "" of i ~_ ma,. be II - t effectively on t>il ~II"""' ...., n.l l-
"Cable attach up"n innocent COIInt,.,., evi dent I'OIld .ld inJlll, han ll"anl, l"'..'.. r "I. nlll . " rldll""l.
with nil("ht dl'roY. wh the vi. ibility . nd lil("ht until after the attack. Dllrinll" th .. a u...r k. ""'"
ronditioruo .... aueh to n~ ~ decoy. In pared eh.al'1n!li . nd amoke pymtech n..... may be
this s ituation, ..... ite .moke mal' be u"'<l to ....... and t1...... ill'll ited. After a n a tta.<k, th..
P~l""red dama~ ill revuled . If dee.ptlon or
. imllla.te It"round hue or 1hi8t.
thili k inel ill to he .. If..... t".... . ~ ;11 _ ntial.
e. Smoke may I» UHd to -';: rH'!I the .ite of Penonnel Mould be tn.iJ><'<! a n d o rplliPl! to
all," act,.iYi ly, Smok. rnay .1100 be WIed to aim u- f otlnw a ..·..11 rHl.... ......cI d rill in 0... ...·..nt thai
!at. ..,ti\·it y . ithoat the aid of aimulated ron- the natu of the lIu ......... ftdin__ ""'" is _ h that
strudion. The nature of ~ dflroy_ ,uMd ac1ua1 bml b c",1en . ..'a)' f rom the i ....tai·
adivity may be d i...IOMd , apparently u nin_ Iation may com promi.<t' the dec-elotioll.. !".ome
tmt>onally, by ",,&tin.. it to ......... oI.her _tirny proriaioa may be l"e'qu ind to COIK'SI 0 - real
or d is play. This method of efferli" de.eepl,ioa cno,..... Clip. ~I .nd ll;.!) .
,
..
,..,..... ... v.-, _ _ . ... . - ...
'"
APPENDIX
REfERENCES
DA Pam 8 1O-Mrw.
-,_....
ladn of Arm:r Motio: PletIlN&. FfIm StriPS. Slidfl'. T_ and Phono-
...... .....,
3. fieW Mo_I•
ChemieaJ. BioioPW. and Radiological (CB R) Oper. tio....
.... .....
FM s-es
ED£i:eer ()per. tioDi and Or.-ni...tiONl.
Eqineoer Field D. ta.
Eqineer ~femlee and Lofiatleal Data.
FM 21...50 Military T rainlnll.
FM 21_16 P.trollinj".
FM SD-I 0 Terrain Inte1li~noe.
4. Technical Manual
TM 5--200 C.moufla ll"e Materi..1•.
.,
INDEX
... _~ .. ~.
, . . ....... -,,
Adi,... Infr. ...... ,IP,..ninR d• • i.... . . . _
Airfi. ld.,
{''''..... . I..... t
._ •••••••• _• • •_ Ch 7
7e
A.rial I,hol"l't," phy •. ••.,• • •• • •• • • •• 10. 9 b / 21
Ai",r.n •• .
4, 15
F",,"'r.. or ""'OJ(fIi' ioo _. _...
Fa< ior....T<'<! ,lo-t..ninK d.....
Fiold rort iftc.lion• • • _._
I'ilo... .__
i"".
_.. . • • • •• •
.~I lo>," foe LI""k ..01 whi 'a film • • • •7o ( ~ )( 0 )
Ch~
70(41
g
le
,,
at
Simulation
• • •• •• _••• _•• __• • •
••••• ••• - • • ••• • - •• •
P&<k;ng
P ..... iv. I"f d.t«tl"" dovl..... •
_. . . btl
7. ,
ea
'"
P.,,~", p.ln llnt '
Ai.... n _
*" ..
. Silinl"'
Al..... rt
""illo., .._
,
••
'I.
......" .•".
ArUlloorr •• •
".
Ilft_ . .•_ F l..-till........
-,.. .•.
Ai. .. _. _.. _. .. . __ .. _ hi of • . ._
V.to....... •• •• __ •• __ . _. _
n
._._.__...._
Y. ~ "'"
SIlio _. • • • __
W. ._
" " ' - _ i -..l
as"', __
• __ ._ . •
. ~ . .
• _
.
_ ~.
~
s- _
._--
_. _-------_. __
nou.; ... _•• ..
n
-.. •".• - -
P' 1
• "
.•
Pil . . __ . . S- __ io, _. _•••
P;.... i . •• • __
I.·• •r -.. ..... __ . __ "
•
'M
~
.. ..... _._.
-
~ '_ . r ~ v .to , •••• _ n.(4I .
Prinri of • _
•
QIoanrri
Radar _
!\.o il• • d . :
"
•
• _ _•• _ ••
_
. "• _... -- ----_._
t3oo ll) SOP ,., ...-lIap
Sooad _ ..... dioocipli..
u
""
"
c....cu lmon, . __•• •• _
ee SIo_ ph.otoenpn, _
"•
S;", ~ la l; OIl
Ro1\n. ri • •
R. v..",.nl.
. _• •
,
. _. _••.
•
•
•
.,
_
_
....'" .",
u
S~ppl , polnta '
COn...l....nl
SImulation
• •
.
ToO )
:IT
.. ".
C,
se
••
~Ili on footon _.
Rel.li•• fIO'Iltlo,., • f. ctor of ....
op;u"n . • ._ __
_
• "
..
T.nk to"" . lm" l. li on
Tonk olmut. tion
.. .
.
U
••
.•
T... ral. 1'0110..... _•• • l'o( ~ .
t_
.
RNpo...l'ollltlH for ....... 11. • Tni'll.., • 01 .........itiOll _
a - __. . __________ to
a
Too<o ...~ ._ . • __
""
80.
Rolli.t _ k
Ilu.ral "". .......
•
.... ..(lH. 1
•
11
•.
•rr
Tradl
T
lFd 1101
Io,d,ll... __ ••
...... . 1%
n _ n __ n _ n __
._ •• _ ._. _. _ M i ll.
- "",
-,
~.
. ..
T"'" . . . . . __
..
~I
--- •
A r_ of .........1.... ••• _ T _ oiorooloUo. _. ._ ••• _ _
Aiftntl _ _• . _ T .._ "
8ooild'" _ 1
....to.... _ .....,
_
_
.••
t' _ _ ...--
c_ ,",""" ,..1_
_
.•"
-.
"(ll l . 1
_.i.. . . _._._.
. _
...
V........ •__ •. •_._ ___ :I2-:U
S
~
S......... . ,...- 0' V_ inl I I 1 a l.pInt ... n ;. 0 1
•
•••
SIoi..: •__• • • . W.Ior, poIoU _. __ • • •• :Ill
"'.11 W.. • ._ 1.
Ai ...... f1 _ 1 _
.
D
~U ( : )
Wlft llM..hlolt I......k ..... "I . IMHo
WMrIod • U
V. ~ l<lo ...........\....nl _. D'
" Wood<;! ..rrain p.l... rn . iI<> ( ~ ) «) •
Fly Ord8l" of the Secretary of the Anny:
" "
HAROLD K. JOll~ SO!\.
G• • • ""I. U Nil«1 Sf"v. A.....r.
0tIIei&1: Chi. ! o! St"6 .
KEN:"l ETH G. WICKHAM.
N . j o. G",<trd. U",W S ti lt . A .....
Till A dj ...... t cnllt'l'llL
DiotribuUon :
To be distributed in ~ ..ith DA . 'onn 12- 11
Princi ples and Field Camoulla.aw.