Derivatives

1. Definition & Notation

if y =f ( x ) then the derivative is defind ¿ be
f ( x +h )−f ( x )
f ' ( x )=lim
h→ 0 h

if y =f ( x ) then all of the following are equivalent notation for thederivative

df dy d
f ' ( x )= y ' = = = ( f ( x ) )=Df ( x )
dx dx dx
if y =f ( x ) then all of the following are equivalent notations for the derivative
evaluated at x=a .

f ' ( x )= y ' ¿x=a= ( dfdx ) =( dydx )

x=a x=a
=Df ( a )

2. Interpretation of Derivative
if y =f ( x ) then
 m=f ' ( a ) is the slope of thetangent line ¿ y=f ( x ) at
x=a∧the equation of thetangent line at x=ais givenby
y=f ( a ) + f ' ( a )( x−a )
 f ' ( x ) is theinstantaneous rate of change of f ( x ) at x=a .
 if f ( x ) isthe position of an object at time x then f ' ( a ) isthe velocity
of the object at x=a.

3. Basic Properties/Formulas/Rules
d c∗d
( c∗f ( x ) )= f (x) c=constant
dx dx

d n
( x )=n∗x n−1 n=any number
dx

d d d
[ f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ]= f ( x ) ± g ( x )
dx dx dx

d g ( x) d d
e = g ( x )∗e g ( x ) ( c )=0
dx dx dx

4 Derivatives
 d
g ( x )∗e g (x )
d dx
ln ( g ( x ) )=
dx g(x)

 Product Rule
d ( x )∗d ( x )∗d
[ f ( x )∗g ( x ) ] =f g ( x )+ g f (x)
dx dx dx

 Quotient Rule
( x )∗d ( x )∗d
g f ( x )−f g(x)
d f (x) dx dx
( )
dx g ( x )
=
[ g ( x )]
2

 Chain Rule
d d ( g ( x ) )∗d
f ( g ( x ) )= f g(x)
dx d [g ( x )] dx

4. Common Derivative
 Polynomials

y d
( y)
dx
c 0
x 1
cx c
xn n∗x n−1
cxn c∗n∗x n−1

 Trigonometric Functions

y d
( y)
dx
sin x cos x
cos x −sin x
tan x sec 2 x
cosec x −cosec x cot x
sec x sec x tan x
cot x −cosec 2 x

4 Derivatives
  Inverse Trigonometric Functions

y d
( y)
dx
sin−1 x 1
√1−x2
cos−1 x −1
√1−x2
tan−1 x 1
1+ x2
cot−1 x −1
1+ x2
sec−1 x 1
|x|√ x 2−1
cosec −1 x −1
|x|√ x 2−1


y d
( y)
dx

ax a x log ( a )
log ( x ) 1
, x >0
x

log |x| 1
,x ≠0
x

log a x 1
, x >0
x log a

ex ex
Exponential /Logarithm Functions

4 Derivatives
  Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions

y d
( y)
dx

sinh x cosh x

cosh x −sinh x
tanh x sech2 x
cosech x −cosech x coth x

sech x sech x tanh x

coth x −cosech 2 x

5. Higher Order Derivatives

 The second derivative is the derivative of the 1 st derivative, f ' ( x ) and is defined as
d '
f '' ( x) = ( f ( x ))
dx

And the equivalent notations are

4 Derivatives
 '' 2 d2
f ( x ) =f ( x )= 2 f ( x )
dx

 The nth derivative is the derivative of the ( n−1 )st derivative, f n−1 ( x ) is defined as
n d n n−1 ( )
f x = n (f
( ) x)
dx

And the equivalent notation are

n dn
f ( x )= n f ( x )
dx

6. Condition for Increasing /Decreasing

 Critical Points
x=c is a critical point of f ( x ) if
 f ' ( c )=0 or
' '
 f ( c ) doe s t exist .

 Increasing/Decreasing
 If f ' ( x ) >0 for all x in the interval I, Then the f ( x ) is increasing
on the interval I.
 If f ' ( x ) <0 for all x in the interval I, Then the f ( x ) is decreasing
on the interval I.
 If f ' ( x )=0 for all x in the interval I, Then the f ( x ) is constant
on the interval I.

7. Conditions – Concave Up/Concave Down

 Inflection Points
x=c is an Inflection Point of f ( x ) if
 f ' ' ( c )=0 or
'' '
 f ( x ) does n t exist .

4 Derivatives
  Concave Up/Concave Down
 If f ' ' ( x ) > 0 for all x in the interval I, then f ( x ) is Concave Up on the interval I.
 If f ' ' ( x ) < 0 for all x in the interval I, then f ( x ) is Concave Down on the interval I.

4 Derivatives