Chapters 1 – 10

Vocab

Compulsive Obsessive
Constraints Hold down/ force
Itineraries Plan of travel
Recollection Memory
Hefty big
Buffeted Hit repeatedly
Extenuating Serving as an excuse
Invigorating stimulating
Succumb Die or surrunder
Lore Myths / traditional wisdom
Obsolete No longer in use / in vogue
Render Contribute / deliver
Rage Extreme anger
Bliss Happiness
Incredulity Surprise
Dejection Sadness
Sorrow Sadness
Terror Fear
Revulsion Disgust – hatred
Loathing Disgust
Tedium/apathy Boredom
Dread Fear
Inexhaustible Unlimited
Unassertive Simple/humble
Assertive Aggressive/confident
Instantaneous Immediate / rapid
Dispose Deal with
Unceasingly On and on
Riots Disorder / disturbance
Likelihood Possibility
Jeopardized endanger
Unstinting generous
Endearing lovable
Penultimate final
Savour Taste / flavour / enjoy (verb)
Devour Swallow / consume
Relish Admire / appreciate
Implements Tools
Inventory List
Effeminacy Female like behaviour : used to show
disapproval
Fastidious Extra careful
Transgression Sin
Proliferate Spread
In vouge Fashionable
Perpetuate Maintain
Verge Extremity / limit
Deemed Constantly
Perpetually Constantly
Bound Obligated ( has to be)
Put forward Introduce / announce / recommend
Brought out Expose / highlight
Devised Come up with ( bedacht)
Converge gather
Rally Reorganize / unite
Sequel Conclusion / follow-up
Upshot End result
Equated Balance / associate
Austere Streng
Inflation Increase / swelling
Sceptical / scepticism Doubt / doubtful , disbelieving
Aspiration Goal / hope
Meanness The quality of being mean
Composed Calm
Comprised Consist of
Flung Dump / throw with abandon
Trickled Slow movement of water
Crept Crawl along
Wade Splash / paddle
Teemed Overrun / full
Outwardly To all appearances
Embellish Make beautiful / decorate
Implausible Not likely / impossible
Aptitudes Tendency / vaardigheden
Obscure Not easily understood / ambiguous
Speculate Think about deeply and theorize
Forgone Predestined
Providing As long as
Lucid Obvious / easily understood
In all likelihood Chance of something happening
Hither To this place
Hitherto Previously / up to this time / until now
Intuition Insight / ability of having such direct
perception or quick insight
Merited Earned
Mundane Ordinary
Disincentive Obstacle
Fatuous Stupid
Florid Very elaborate
Glaring Unconcealed
Pivotal Important
Ubiquitous Ever -present
Banal Stupid
Contempt Disrespect
Dismissive Lack of interest
Inscrutable Hidden / mysterious
Temperament Personality
Adequate Enough
Veracity Truth
Endure Go through
Integrity Honor
Fiddling Mess with
Consensus General agreement
Grim Hopeless
Recession Bankruptcy
Controvert Appose / argue
Conventional Normal / common
Absorption intake
Foster Support
Trepidation Anxiety
Decisively Absolutely
Ostentatious Classy / showy
Deceit Cheat / fraud / bluffing
Morbid person Person or their interest in something
as morbid, you mean that they are very
interested in unpleasant things, especially
death
Pompous person arrogant or conceited. He'll walk into a party
with an inflated ego, ready to tell anyone
who will listen that "I'm kind of a big deal."
Today we associate the
adjective pompous with self-important jerks

Meticulous showing great attention to detail; very

careful and precise.

Unobtrusive not conspicuous or attracting attention.

Complacent is happy with one's self and unconcerned.

An example of complacent is
a person working in their office and not
worried about the dangerous weather
conditions outside.

Boastful showing excessive pride and self-

satisfaction in one's achievements,
possessions, or abilities.
"he always seemed to be rather boastful
and above himself"

Acquisitive you do not approve of them because you

think they are too concerned with getting
new possessions. / hoard things
Vivacious person A vivacious person is lively and spirited

Opt for something , or opt to do something, you choose it or

decide to do it in preference to anything
else. Depending on your circumstances you
may wish to opt for one method or the
other. [ VERB + for] Our students can
also opt to stay in residence.

steer clear of sb/sth. to avoid someone or something that seems

unpleasant, dangerous, or likely to cause
problems: Her speech steered clear of
controversial issues. They warned their
children to steer clear of drugs

occur to dawn on
pester Painful
Including Down to
Whim impulse / sudden idea
Evaluate Weigh up
Extent Scope / amount / degree
contention claim / argument
essentially Inherently
Philosophical Calm
Domesticity
Kinship Family relationship
Fibrous Hairy
Exquisite Beautiful
Pulpy Soft
Foregone conclusion Pretty certain
Approximation Is used for a piece of guesswork
acquaintance is for a person who you only know slightly
link can be used with between but in the sense
of two things having something in common
Issue , stamp, spring The idea of come from
An idea can stem from or spring from
A declaration is issued
expand a language may expand
enlarge you can enlarge a photograph
Phrases with COME

Come around / come round you eventually change your mind and
accept it or agree with it. It looks like they're
coming around to our way of thinking.
To come in sympathy 1. to move towards a specified person
or place. ...
2. to arrive by movement or by making
progress.
3. to become perceptible. ...
4. to occur in the course of time. ...
5. to exist or occur at a specific point in
a series. ...
6. to happen as a result.

Come up with good do what is expected or required of one.

It’s funny how my look came about to happen or to start to happen

they’d soon come apart to be separated from something’
Come to terms with come to accept (a new and painful or
difficult event or situation); reconcile oneself
to.

Come in for receive or be the object of (a reaction),

typically a negative one.
"he has come in for a lot of criticism"

Phrases with RIGHT

By rights By rights you should be in bed at 9

As right as rain I’ve had a cold but it’ll be as right as rain
when I’ve had a holiday
In its own right (by itself) pricewise will become a
programme in its own right
In the right I refused to apologise because I knew I was
in the right
The films rights His book has been very successful and it
looks like he’s all set to sell the film rights
too.
To be within your rights You’de be well within your rights to take
that dress back to the shop
Make all the right noises Dace makes all the right choices so I
expect he’ll be promoted ahead of me.
Serve you right It’ll serve Michelle right if no one ever
speaks to her again
Phrases with TAKE
-Alicia took great exception to the fact that her name had been left off the guest list.

-Don’t take any notice of what Sue says , she is in a bad mood

-The seminar will take place in the new lecture room

Phrases with TURN

Well there’s a surprise – I never thought Well that’s a turn up for the books – I never
he’d get a girlfriend thought …
He expresses himself well He has a nice turn of phrase
He went scarlet when she asked him to He turned as red as a beetroot when …
dance
From 1900 we see a change in attitudes From the turn of the last century , we see..
towards the countryside
I didn’t know what to do when the airline I didn’t know which way to turn when the
told me they’d lost my luggage airline …
I couldn’t sleep last night for worrying I tossed and turned all last night
My dad was ill in hospital but he’s suddenly But he’s suddenly taken a turn for the
improved so he’ll be home at the weekend better and …
Muriel wasn’t the least bit put out when we Muriel didn’t turn a hair when…
told her the awful news
Now , everyone must wait to have a go with Now , everyone must take it in turns to
the new computer game have a go
Prepositional phrases

To be on the verge of to say when something good or bad is

about to happen ( Tom was on the verge of
downloading a file when he realised it might
have a virus attached
To be on the brink of to say when something good or bad is
about to happen ( The journalist reported
that the city was on the brink of a crisis)

In the region of about (The staff pay rise was in the region
of 3%)

In conjunction with altogether (The book was released in

conjunction with a TV special and a DVD)

In vain  without success (Tom looked in vain for the

photos he had put away in the attic)

On the ground that because ( the judge closed the club on the
ground that there was too much noise being
made)

PREFIX

Self conscious Conscious of themselves

Misheard Wrongly heard
Counter – productive Going against something , not productive
Pro – government For something, in favor
Overworked Too much of something
Sub-zero Under / below
Super human More than
Anti-smoking Against smoking
Pre-arranged before
Outdo To do more in sense of competition here
Undervalue less
Idioms ( words have to do with music)

Being of note Someone or something that is of note is important,

worth mentioning, or well-known. ... politicians
of note

In tune with / out of tune with If you are in tune with a group of people, you are in
agreement or sympathy with them. If you are out
of tune with them, you are not in agreement or
sympathy with them. Today, his change of direction
seems more in tune with the times.

Go for a song To be sold for a very (and perhaps surprisingly) low

price.

have a second string to your bow To have another way to accomplish something.

This is a metaphor from archery; related
expressions include have several strings to your
bow and add another string to your bow. Second
string can also be used on its own to mean simply
'an alternative resource or course of action'. Have a
safe journey!

To settle the score Take revenge on someone for something

damaging that they have done in the past.

strike the right note Say or do what is especially appropriate, as in

She struck the right note when she complimented
the new parents on their baby. This expression
alludes to playing the correct note on an
instrument.

If something strikes a chord It causes people to approve of it or agree with it:

Their policy on childcare has struck a
responsive chord with women voters. Her
speech struck a sympathetic chord among
business leaders.

cut (someone or something) short To interrupt someone so that they stop talking. I

was sick of listening to her story so I
finally cut her short. 2. To end something
unexpectedly or abruptly before its planned
conclusion. No one was disappointed when the
principal's microphone came unplugged, cutting his
speech short.
Idioms ( words have to do with food)

The icing on the cake an attractive but inessential addition or

enhancement.
"more goals would have been the icing on
the cake"

Have a lot on your plate Have a great deal (or too much) to cope
with
Put all your eggs in one basket Don't Put All your Eggs in One
Basket. Meaning: This is a piece of advice
which means that one should not
concentrate all efforts and resources
in one area as one could lose everything.
Have bigger fish to fry Having bigger fish to fry means that you
had better turn your attention to something
that is more important.
Sweeten the pill make an unpleasant or painful necessity
more palatable.
Take sth with a pinch of salt to not completely believe something that
you are told, because you think it is unlikely
to be true
Sell like hot cakes be sold quickly and in large quantities.
"the tickets are selling like hot cakes"

Get eggs on your face to be embarrassed or appear stupid

because something that you tried to do has
gone wrong. 
Eat humble pie make a humble apology and accept
humiliation.
"he will have to eat humble pie at training
after being sent off for punching"
Random idioms

To get hold of the wrong end of the stick to misunderstand something.

Get up someone’s nose irritate or annoy someone.

"I bet it really gets up your nose that I've
been so successful"

Goes downhill Something become gradually worse

On the cards Something is likely to happen

The rest is history You are sure that people know what
happened next

Idioms with BURN

Burn a hole in your pocket Have money that you want to spend

Burn the midnight oil Work late into the night

Get your fingers burnt Have something go wrong

Fiddling while rome burns Focusing on something trivial during a crisis

Have money to burn Have lots of money

Burn your bridges Take action which you cannot reverse

Phrases with EYE

Catch someone’s eye To be attractive or different enough to be
noticed by people

Look someone in the eye To look at someone in a direct way without

showing fear or shame

Have an eye for To bee good at noticing a particular type of

thing

See eye to eye Two people agree with each other

Be in the public eye To be famous

Phrasal verbs

Break up
Catch up with
Cheer sb up
Come up with
Cut back on
End up
Get in with
Hang around
Help out
Jump at ( the chance)
Pay off
Run out
Settle in
Take on
Track down
Turn up

Phrases

To shoulder the burden  To take on a responsibility.

To foot the bill pay the bill for something, typically when
the amount is considered large or
unreasonable.
To face the music be confronted with the unpleasant
consequences of one's actions
Toed the line accept the authority, policies, or principles
of a particular group, especially unwillingly.
Stomach / face the idea to be able to accept an unpleasant idea or
watch something unpleasant
Sense of colour a feeling for how colours work together
Magnum Opus major work of art for example
no leaning towards without any interest in
the perfect substitute the ideal replacement
serious set back a problem that affects your ability to do
 something
Ubiquitous invention an invention that is in use everywhere
Burst of applause An outburst of clapping among a group or
audience
Stoke of luck a fortunate occurrence that could not have
been predicted or expected.
"it was a stroke of luck that he hadn't left
yet"

To take exception object strongly to.

"many viewers took great exception to the
programme's content"

To take the view  to have an opinion (about something) :

Be someone of note Someone or something that is of note is
important, worth mentioning, or well-known.
... politicians of note.
A widespread belief
To set off begin a journey.
"they set off together in the small car"

To take great pride in To take satisfaction in, be proud of, or

highly value something one owns, has
done, or is renowned for.
Word formation Part 3

Three main categories tested:

-Suffixes and prefixes
-compound ( come  outcome , road  roadworthy )
-Grammatical changes

Do you need to make the word plural ?

Is a prefix needed?
Does any prefix need to be negative?
Suffixes:
-al
-able
-ive
-ous
-ful
-less

Noun to adjective - Flaw to flawless

Noun to negative adverb – effect to ineffectively
Adjective to negative adverb - definite to indefinitely
verb to noun – act to interaction
verb to plural noun – apply to applicants
Adjective to verb – deep to deepend

Compounds

Frame + work
Up + date / Up + turn
Out + fall / out + break
Wind + fall / wind + break / wind+ proof
Rain + fall / Rain + proof
Credit + worthy
Down + fall / down + turn
Collocations with traveller
-Frequent traveller
-Independent traveller
-Seasoned traveller ( to describe a person who has a lot of experience of something)
-Intrepid travellers (Travelling with Intrepid means exploring the world with a small group of
like-minded travellers)
-Weary traveller (Having the strength exhausted by toil or exertion; tired; fatigued. A weary
traveller knocked at the door.)
-discerning traveller (If you describe someone as discerning, you mean that they are able to
judge which things of a particular kind are good and which are bad)
- an armchair traveller(someone who finds out what a place or location is like by
watching travel programs on television, looking at internet websites about travel or reading
books about travel.)
- inveterate traveller(always doing something or enjoying something, and unlikely to stop.
an inveterate liar. He was an inveterate traveller)
- unwary traveller(Not cautious of possible dangers or problems. 'accidents can happen to
the unwary traveller)

Other collocations
-consume + equivalent , quantity , time
- devour + books , news
-Relish + challenge , thought
- swallow + pill , pride , news
-finely + grained
- incredibly + strong
- strongly + worded
- singularly + successful
- keenly + prices
- widely + believed
- staggeringly + expensive

EXTRA

Modifiers grammar folder p184

-fairly  moderately ( a little/quite/slightly)
-rather  can be used before negative adjective to mean ‘’moderately’’. It can also be used
before positive adjective to mean ‘’more than expected’’.
A gradable adjective can be combined with an adverb like reasonably or extremely to
quantify the adjective. So for example you can be fairly happy or very happy. This cannot
happen with an ungradable adjective, as the adjective itself already holds some notion of
quantity or degree. These adjectives can be combined with adverbs like absolutely or totally
to add emphasis.

We all feel slightly frustrated by the lack of communication on this project

Charlotte was absolutely furious when she heard the decision
 Adverbs gradable adjectives
deeply angry
extremely cheerful
fairly happy
immensely hurt
rather irritable
very upset

Adverbs Ungradable adjectives

absolutely awful
completely broken hearted
entirely impossible
totally terrible
utterly wonderful

-Pretty cab be combined with both gradable and ungradable adjectives in informal English.
Eg:
Tom finds it pretty quiet around here in the evening, so he often shoots off to town on his
motorbike.
It’s pretty amazing that someone who was at death’s door three months ago has just run the
London marathon!

-Really can also be combined with both types of adjective.

For a really comfortable night’s sleep, choose Maxton’s mattresses.
I’ve just had a really awful run-in with Duncan over his marketing plan

-Quite can be combined with both adjectives as well, but there is a change of meaning
I’m quite busy at work at the moment, but I’ve known it much worse ( = fairly)
You’re quite impossible at times – sweet wrappers go in the bin not on the floor ( =
completely )

Some adjectives can be both gradable and ungradable and this is often accompanied by a
change in meaning from literal to more figurative use

Jake has been blind since an accident in childhood

Our consumer society is fairly blind to the issue of poverty
Conditional clauses 179-180
IMPORTANT FOR PART 4 KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION , THE TASK WITH
REWRITING THE SENTENCES WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING !!!!!!!!
Zero conditional to express real situations
If I eat too much in the evening I can't sleep at night

First conditional to express real situations

If you don't apologise you'll regret it later
2nd conditional to express unreal situations
if I had some money I would live somewhere warmer
if I were you I'd go now before it rains
3rd conditional to express unreal situations
if she hadn't had the chocolate chip ice cream she would have been in a worse mood
Mixed conditionals for situations in the present which affected the past
if I weren't so untidy I wouldn't have lost your keys

for situations in the past which affect the present

if I had moved to California I would be much richer today

Inversion and conditionals

sentences with inversion are more formal than those with ‘’if’’

First conditional this often express is a tentative idea

if you should require more assistance please telephone
should you require more assistance please telephone
2nd conditional
If you went out in this weather you'd be thoroughly soaked
Were you to go out in this weather you would be thoroughly soaked
3rd conditional
If I had known there was going to be a storm I would have stayed indoors
had I known there was going to be a storm I would have stayed indoors
-The fixed expression had it not been for uses the past perfect to talk about the reasons for
changed results:
Had it not been for Ben we would have got totally lost in Madrid.

-Inversion is also commonly used after a time adverbial, like the next 2 examples :
No sooner had we left the building then it started to pour with rain .
Barely had Jane recovered from her operation when she was promoted.

-Sometimes a full time clause precedes the inversion

only after a rigorous security check where we allowed to enter the building
After prepositional phrases with no
On no account should children be left unsupervised in this play area
in no way can a goalless draw be seen as a good result for united
under no circumstances was Sally going to admit defeat
No sooner had Phoebe arrived then she helped herself to a drink without asking

never and nowhere are used in a similar way

never had I left more relaxed than that first week on Corsica
nowhere could we find fresh vegetables and some dairy products were in short supply too

after not
not only did the team win the country Cup they also came top of their League
not one grain of encouragement did did she show him throughout the course
not a single word of thanks did they hear from her

after little
little did I think then that I would miss the bright lights in years to come
little was she expecting Sam to walk through the door

with so or such … that

so popular has the system become that it now carries nearly 2 million passengers each day
such was the outcry that the advertisement had to be withdrawn
So loud was the music that we couldn't attempt to chat
so consistent has Jones performance been that he has earned the nickname strongman

the broad negative adverbs barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom can be used like this:
barely worry into our costumes when it was time to go on stage
seldom does a day go by without someone ringing up to complain about the product

with neither or nor

Yasmin doesn't really release living in a high rise apartment and neither do I
Jenny hasn't been asked to work overtime and nor should you be
Other conditional clauses
If + would / will : If you would take a seat the doctor will see you shortly
If + will / will : I'll clean the house if you mow the lawn
Words and phrases can be used to introduce conditional clauses :
-providing, provided that, as long as are similar to if
They're all emphatic forms emphasising a condition
-Even if introduces an extreme condition
well it's true even if you refuse to believe me
-Unless can be replaced by if … not or providing .. not but sometimes works better with
expect when.
I won't give away through a tip except when / unless I get excellent service
-Supposing Should be used at the beginning of the sentence and is often not used as a
linking word, but rather in the sentence setting up the condition
Supposing / suppose it rains tomorrow. What will we do?
-Given that Is used when some factors already known
Given that this area is liable to flood, it would be unwise in the extreme to consider buying a
house here
-But for and without are often used with third conditional sentences
But for this help, I would never have managed to survive the ferry crossing
Expressing wishes and preferences

-wish and if only

To talk about the present a past tense is used
I wish I could speak Spanish

To talk about the past the past perfect is used

If only they had listened to the teacher

To express irritation or criticism of something happening now would is used

I wish you would stop answering the in English when I want to practise French

-would rather it's time

Are followed by past tense to express a present idea with an object :

it's time the government invested in language training

I'd rather you learn Spanish at school

Are followed by an infinitive when making a general statement :

it's time to leave

I'd rather learn Chinese than Russian

Part 2 Open cloze

This part tests on the following areas:
- fixed phrases : as a rules , to all extent and purposes
- relative pronouns : who , which
-linkers : moreover , let alone
-prepositional phrases : out of order
- phrasal verbs : to turn up , to take over
-prepositions : result in , regardless
-collocations : seriously interesting , widely read
-reflexive pronouns : myself, himself
- articles : the , a
- comparison : fewer , any