Kế Toán Quốc Tế 1: Nguyễn Đình Hoàng Uyên
Kế Toán Quốc Tế 1: Nguyễn Đình Hoàng Uyên
Kế Toán Quốc Tế 1: Nguyễn Đình Hoàng Uyên
IASC- International
Accounting Standards
Committee
1989 – The Framework for the preparation and presentation of the Financial Statements
2010 – Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements
2015 - Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting – Exposure draft
2018 - Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial
statements
Accounting IFRS/IAS
theory
(Conceptual Framework)
10 Role of the Conceptual Framework
➢ to set standards
✓ enhances consistency across standards
✓ enhances consistency over time as Board members
change
✓ provides benchmark for judgments
to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and
potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing
resources to the entity
Risk ?
Premium ?
Liquidity
Current liability
Current
asset Non current liability
Equity
Non current asset Economic rescources & claims
Strengths & weaknesses
Liquidity & solvency
16 Useful financial information: Where?
Balance as at 1/1/X6
Retrospective application
Issuance of new share
Dividend
Transfers between equity components Changes in Resources & claims
Balance as at 31/12/X6 NOT from financial performance
debt or equity instruments
18 Useful financial information: Where?
?
° Accounting policy
° Contingency liability
° Subsequent event
° Related parties and transactions
20
Financial statements
Relevance
Fundamental
qualitative & ➢ must be both
characteristics
Faithful representation
Revenue
What information should be reported ? Segment revenue
Gains, surplus
Materiality:
➢ Aspect of relevance
➢ Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions of users
➢ Based on the nature or magnitude, or both.
Fundamental qualitative characteristics-Faithful representation
25
Identify an economic
Investment Property
phenomenon
Identify the type of information Investment properties should be measured under fair value other
than historical cost, despite of measurement uncertainty
most relevant
Comparability
➢ Information is more useful if it can be compared with similar information
about other entities and with similar information about the same entity
for another period or another date.
➢ Consistency help to achieve comparability
Verifiability
Timeliness
➢ In time to be capable of influencing their decisions
Understandability
➢ Clearly and concisely.
➢ Complex phenomena and difficult to understand would be reported
➢ For users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic
activities
29 The cost constraint on useful financial reporting
Asset Income
Liability
Equity
Expenses
34 Asset
Asset ➢ is a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events.
➢ An economic resource is a right that has the potential to produce economic benefits.
potential to ➢ is the present right, present potential to produce future economic benefits; not
produce
economic
the future economic benefits.
benefits ➢ is a right that has potential to produce economic benefit, not need to be
certain.
Asset
35
Asset ➢ is a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events.
➢ An economic resource is a right that has the potential to produce economic benefits.
Asset ➢ is a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events.
➢ An economic resource is a right that has the potential to produce economic benefits.
Liability
37
Equity ➢ is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its
liabilities.
➔ Asset = Liability + Equity
(a) shares of various types, issued by the entity; and
(b) some obligations of the entity to issue another
equity claim.
Equity claims
✓ dividends
✓ the proceeds from satisfying the equity claims
✓ other equity claims.
39 Income & Expenses
When?
when
➢ Historical cost. Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the
consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition.
➢ Current cost. Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if
the same or an equivalent asset was acquired currently.
➢ Realizable (settlement) value. Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that
could currently be obtained by selling the asset in an orderly disposal.
➢ Present value. Assets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the
item is expected to generate in the normal course of business.
46 Example
Coâng ty Tieàn Phong mua moät loâ haøng vaøo ngaøy 12.1.20X0 vôùi giaù mua 36 trieäu ñoàng (chöa thueá
GTGT 10%, thueá ñöôïc khaáu tröø), chi phí vaän chuyeån boác dôõ veà kho laø 600.000 ñoàng. Loâ haøng naøy
coøn toàn kho vaøo ngaøy 31.12.20X0. Giaù phaûi traû ñeå mua loâ haøng naøy vaøo thôøi ñieåm 31.12.20X0 laø 45
trieäu ñoàng (chöa thueá 10%) vôùi chi phí vaän chuyeån boác dôõ khoaûng 800.000 ñoàng. Tuy nhieân, do loâ
haøng bò giaûm chaát löôïng veà toàn kho laâu neân giaù coù theå baùn ñöôïc chæ vaøo khoaûng 18 trieäu ñoàng (chöa
thueá GTGT 10%), chi phí lieân quan ñeán tieâu thuï öôùc tính 600.000 ñoàng. Haõy tính giaù trò cuûa loâ haøng
treân vaøo thôøi ñieåm 31.12.20X0 xaùc ñònh theo caùc phöông phaùp khaùc nhau laø:
Giaù goác
Giaù trò thuaàn coù theå thöïc hieän
Giaù hieän haønh
47 6. Measurement
CF 2018
➢ Measurement bases
➢ Factors to consider when selecting a measurement basis
48 Measurement bases
CF 2018
➢ Benefits of the information must be sufficient to justify the cost of providing that information
50 7. Concepts of capital and capital
maintenance
Concepts of capital
Concepts of capital maintenance and the determination of profit
51 Concepts of capital
On 1 Jan X0, an inventory was purchased with the price of 100 CU. On 31 Dec
X0, the purchasing power increase by 10%. The current value of the inventory
was 130 CU. The inventory was sold on 1/1/ X1 at the price of 150 CU.
Required: Calculate the carrying amount of inventory, P/L and OCI under
different capital maintenance views.
56 Relationship
Measurement bases Historical cost General price level accounting Current cost Current value