1. The following passage is for questions number 1-5!

Greenhouse gases arise from a wide range of sources and their increasing concentration is largely
related to the compound effects of increased population, improved living standards and changes in
lifestyle. From a current base of 5 billion, the United Nations predicts that the global population may go
upward in the twenty-first century between 8 and 14 billion population, with more than 90 per cent of
the projected increase taking place in the world’s developing nations. The associated activities to
support that growth, particularly to produce the required energy and food, will cause further increases
in greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge, therefore, is to attain a sustainable balance between
population, economic growth and the environment. The major greenhouse gas emissions from human
activities are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the only
major contributor to the greenhouse effect that does not occur naturally, coming from such sources as
refrigeration, plastics and manufacture. Coal’s total contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is thought
to be about 18 per cent, with about half of this coming from electricity generation.

The world-wide coal industry allocates extensive resources to researching and developing new
technologies and ways of capturing greenhouse gases. Efficiencies are likely to be improved
dramatically, and hence CO2 emissions reduced, through combustion and gasification techniques which
are now at pilot and demonstration stages. Clean coal is another avenue for improving fuel conversion
efficiency. Investigations are underway into superclean coal (3-5 per cent ash) and ultraclean coal (less
than 1 per cent ash). Superclean coal has the potential to enhance the combustion efficiency of
conventional pulverised fuel power plants. Ultraclean coal will enable coal to be used in advanced
power systems such as coal-fired gas turbines which, when operated in a combined cycle, have the
potential to achieve much greater efficiencies.

Defendants of mining point out that, environmentally, coal mining has two important factors in its
favour. It makes only temporary use of the land and produces no toxic chemical wastes. By carefully pre-
planning projects, implementing pollution control measures, monitoring the effects of mining and
rehabilitating mined areas, the coal industry minimises the impact on the neighbouring community, the
immediate environment and long-term land capability.

What the first paragraph mainly talks about…

A. industrial pollution in developing countries

B. trends in population and lifestyle
C. reduced rainfall in many parts of the world
D. some factors contributing to the rise of greenhouse gases
E. the rise of greenhouse gases.

2. The following statements are implicitly stated in the first paragraph EXCEPT …

A. 3 to 6 billion increase in global population are predicted.

B. The vast majority of population increase are in the developed countries
C. The increase in population will further increase the greenhouse effect.
 D. a sustainable balance between population, economic growth and the environment are needed.
E. The use of refrigeration, plastics and manufacture are also contributing to greenhouse emission.

3. From the following options, the true statement based on the second paragraph is…

A. Ultraclean coal can be used in wide variety of activities

B. developing new gasification techniques is tough according to experts
C. extracting CO2 from coal is in pilot stage
D. The development of gasification techniques is still in its trial stage.
E. None of the above

4. The word enhance has the same meaning as…

A. improve
B. Delete
C. Detach
D. diminish
E. intensify

5. Defendants of mining point out that, environmentally, coal mining has two important factors in its
favour” The word “its” refers to …

A. Defendants
B. Environmentally
C. Coal mining
D. Important factors
E. favour

6. The following passage is for questions number 6-10!

One of the great impetus to tea drinking tradition resulted from the end of the East India Company's
monopoly on trade with China, in 1834. Before that date, China was the country of origin of the vast
majority of the tea imported to Britain, but the end of its monopoly stimulated the East India Company
to consider growing tea in India. India had always been the centre of the Company's operations, where it
also played a leading role in the government. This led to the increased cultivation of tea in India,
beginning in Assam. There were a few false starts, including the destruction by cattle of one of the
earliest tea nurseries, but by 1839 there was sufficient cultivation of tea of 'marketable quality' for the
first auction of Assam tea in Britain. In 1858 the British government took over direct control of India
from the East India Company, but the new administration was equally keen to promote the tea industry
and cultivation increased and spread to regions beyond Assam. It was a great success, production was
expanded, and by 1888 British tea imports from India were for the first time greater than those from
China.
The end of the East India Company's monopoly on trade with China also had another result, which was
more dramatic though less important in the long term: it ushered in the era of the tea clippers. While
the Company had had the monopoly on trade, there was no rush to bring the tea from China to Britain,
but after 1834 the tea trade became a virtual free for all. Individual merchants and sea captains with
their own ships raced to bring home the tea and make the most money, using fast new clippers which
had sleek lines, tall masts and huge sails. In particular there was competition between British and
American merchants, leading to the famous clipper races of the 1860s. The race began in China where
the clippers would leave the Canton River, race down the China Sea, across the Indian Ocean, around
the Cape of Good Hope, up the Atlantic, past the Azores and into the English Channel. The clippers
would then be towed up the River Thames by tugs and the race would be won by the first ship to hurl
ashore its cargo at the docks. But these races soon came to an end with the opening of the Suez canal,
which made the trade routes to China viable for steamships for the first time.

In 1851, when virtually all tea in Britain had come from China, annual consumption per head was less
than 200 grams. But 1901, fuelled by cheaper imports from India and Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon),
another British colony, this had rocketed to over 600 grams per head. Tea had become firmly
established as part of the British way of life. This was officially recognised during the First World War,
when the government took over the importation of tea to Britain in order to ensure that this essential
morale-boosting beverage continued to be available at an affordable price. The government took control
again during the Second World War, and tea was rationed from 1940 until 1952. 1952 also saw the re-
establishment of the London Tea Auction, a regular auction that had been taking place since 1706. The
auction was at the centre of the world's tea industry, but improved worldwide communications and the
growth of auctions in tea producing nations meant that it gradually declined in importance during the
latter half of the twentieth century. The final London Tea Auction was held on 29 June 1998. (source: UK
Tea infusion Association)

The passage mainly talks about…

A. The history of tea drinking in China

B. Tea trading and consumption
C. The reason of importing tea in Britain
D. The history of tea cultivating in India
E. The success of tea production

7. The information about the competition between traders can be found in which paragraph?

A. First paragraph
B. Second paragraph
C. Third paragraph
D. Each paragraph
E. Not mentioned in the passage

8. What triggers the stop of competition between tea sellers?

 A. There were enough tall masts and huge sails in the clippers
B. The sellers were unable to race fast in the sea
C. The sellers used other means to transport tea to many parts of the world
D. There were many individual merchants that sold tea
E. There was newly built canal to transport the tea

9. “…in order to ensure that this essential morale-boosting beverage continued to be available at an
affordable price.“

The word essential is the same meaning as the following EXCEPT

A. vital
B. Crucial
C. Fundamental
D. Core
E. absolute

10. “ … in order to ensure that this essential morale-boosting beverage continued to be available at an
affordable price. “

The phrase this essential morale-boosting refers to…

A. tea
B. government
C. Britain
D. First World War
E. An affordable price