St.

JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI-119

St.JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI-119
PREVIOUS YEAR UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPER WITH ANSWERS
MA6351 TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
APRIL / MAY 2015 (REGULATION 2013 )
PART-A
1. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a’ & ‘b’ from
log(az  1)  x  ay  b
Solution: Given log(az  1)  x  ay  b

Diff. partially w.r.t x and y

 1  z   1  z 
  a  1 and   a   a
 az  1  x   az  1  y 
 1   1 
i.e.  (ap ) 1 and  (aq)  a
 az  1   az  1 
az  1
p     (1) and q  az  1     (2)
a
q 1
From (2) a      (3)
z
q zq
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) weget, p   p  p (q  1)  zq
 q 1 q 1
 
 z 
2. Find the complete solution of q  2 px
Solution:
This is of the Type f1 ( x, p)  f 2 ( y, q)
Take q  a and 2 px  a
a
i.e. q  a and p 
2x
a
Substitute in dz  p dx  q dy we get, dz  dx  a dy
2x
a 1
Integrating on both sides we get, z 
2 x
dx  a dy  b 
a
The complete solution is z  log x  a y  b
2
3. The instantaneous current ‘i' at time t of analternating current wave is given by
i  I 1 sin (t   1 )  I 3 sin (3t   3 )  I 5 sin (5t   5 )  .... Find the effective value of the current ‘i'.

Solution: i  I 1 sin (t   1 )  I 3 sin (3t   3 )  I 5 sin (5t   5 )  ....  I n sin (nt   n )
n 1,3,5
  
i I n sin nt cos n  cos nt sin  n    I n sin  n cos nt  I n cos n sin nt
n 1,3,5 n 1,3,5 n 1.3.5

Here, a0  0, a n  I n sin  n , bn  I n cos  n

 a   

1 
2
a 1
By Parsevalstheorem, y  0   bn  I n sin 2  n  I n cos2  n
2 2 2 2 2
n
4 2 n 1
2 n 1,3,5
 1  2 1  2
  
2 n 1,3,5

I n sin 2  n  cos2  n   In
2 n 1,3,5

1  2
 Effective value, y   In
2 n 1,3,5
4. If the Fourier series of the function f ( x)  x,    x   with period 2 is given by
 sin 2 x sin 3x sin 4 x  1 1 1
f ( x)  2  sin x     ...  , then find the sum of the series 1     ....
 2 3 4  3 5 7

Solution:Put x  (continuouspoint )
2
 3 
   sin  sin sin 2 
f ( )  2  sin   2   ...
2  2 2 3 4 
 
 
  0 1 0 
 2 1     ... 
2  2 3 4 
1 1 1 
 1     ...
3 5 7 4

5. Classify the partial differential equation (1  x 2 ) z xx  2xy z xy  (1  y 2 ) z yy  x z x  3x 2 y z y  2z  0


Solution: Compare the given equation with Az xx  Bz xy  Cz yy  f x, y , z, z x , z y  0 
Where A  1  x , B  2 xy , c  1  y
2 2

  B2  4AC  (2xy) 2  4(1  x 2 )(1  y 2 )

 4x 2 y 2  4  4x 2  4y 2  4x 2 y 2  4x 2  4y 2  4
If   0  4 x  4 y  4  x  y  1
2 2 2 2

then the given PDE is parabolic on the circle x  y  1

2 2

If   0  4 x  4 y  4  x  y  1
2 2 2 2

then the given PDE is elliptic inside the circle x  y  1

2 2

If   0  4 x  4 y  4  x  y  1
2 2 2 2

then the given PDE is Hyperbolic outside the circle x  y  1

2 2

6. A rod 30cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20  C and 80  C respectively until steady state conditions
prevail. Find the steady state temperature in the rod.
d 2u
Solution:Steady state heatequation is 0
dx 2
The steady state temperature is u( x )  Ax  B        (1)
The boundary conditions are u (0)  20      (2) and u (30)  80      (3)
Applying (2) in (1)
u(0)  A(0)  B  20  B  20
Sub B in (1)  u( x)  Ax  20        (4)
Applying (3) in (4)
80  20
u (30)  30 A  20  80  A  2
30
Sub A in (4) we get, u ( x)  2 x  20 .
 If the Fourier transform of f (x) is F{ f ( x)}  F (s) , then show that F{ f ( x  a)}  e F ( s)
ias
7.
Solution
 
1 1
 f ( x  a )e  f ( y )e
i(a y) s
F{ f (x - a)}  isx
dx = dy where x - a =y
2 
2 

1
 f ( y )eiys dy = e ias F(s)
ias
= e
2 

8.
1
Find the Fourier Sine transform of .
x
Solution :
 
1 2 sin sx 2 sin t 2   
Fs   
 x   x dx    t
dt   
 2 2
0 0

9. If Z  x  n   X  z  then find Z a n x  n 


Solution:Given, Z  x  n     x ( n) z
n 0
n
 X z .
 
 Z  a n x  n     a n x(n) z  n   x  n  a / z   X  z / a 
n

n 0 n 0
10. State the convolution theorem of Z-transforms.
Z  f  n  * g (n)   Z  f  n  Z  g  n 
PART – B
11. a) (i) Solve ( x  yz ) p  ( y  zx )q  z  xy .
2 2 2

dx dy dz
Solution:The subsidiary equations are  2  2
x  yz y  zx z  xy
2

dx  dy  dz xdx  ydy  zdz

each ratio = = 3
x  y  z  xy  yz  zx x  y 3  z 3  3xyz
2 2 2

dx  dy  dz xdx  ydy  zdz

 =
x  y  z  xy  yz  zx ( x  y  z ) x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx
2 2 2
 
dx  dy  dz xdx  ydy  zdz
 =
1 ( x  y  z)
( x  y  z ) d ( x  y  z ) = xdx  ydy  zdz
( x  y  z ) 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 c1
Integrating we get    
2 2 2 2 2
i.e. ( x  y  z )  x  y  z  c1
2 2 2 2

x 2  y 2  z 2  2 xy  2 yz  2 xz  x 2  y 2  z 2  c1
xy  yz  zx  C1
dx  dy dy  dz
Also, each ratio =  2
( x  yz )( y  zx ) ( y  zx )( x 2  yz )
2 2

d ( x  y) d ( y  z)

( x  y )( x  y  z ) ( y  z )( x  y  z )
d ( x  y) d ( y  z)

( x  y) ( y  z)
 Integrating we get log( x  y)  log( y  z )  log c2
x y
 c2
yz
 x y
 The solution is   xy  yz  zx, 0
 y  z 
11 a) (ii) 
2 2

Solve D  3DD '2 D' z  (2  4 x) e
x2 y

Solution :
The A.E is m 2  3m  2  0  m  1 or 2
C.F= f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x) .

( 2  4 x )e x  2 y
1
P.I=
D  3DD'2 D'
2 2

 e x2 y
1
(2  4 x)
( D  1)  3( D  1)( D'2)  2( D'2) 2
2

 e x2 y
1
(2  4 x)
( D  2 D  1)  3( DD '2 D  D'2)  2( D' 2 4 D'4)
2

 e x2 y
1
(2  4 x)
( D  2 D  1  3DD '6 D  3D'6  2 D' 2 8 D'8)
2

 e x2 y
1
(2  4 x)
( D  3DD '  4 D  5 D'2 D' 2 3)
2

 e x2 y
1
(2  4 x)
 D 2  3DD'  4 D  5D'2 D' 2  
3   1
 3  
1
e x  2 y    4 D  5 D' D 2  3DD '  2 D' 2 
 1    (2  4 x)
3   3 
e x2 y    4 D  5D' D 2  3DD'  2 D' 2 
 1    (2  4 x)
3   3 
e x2 y    4 D ( 2  4 x )  5 D' ( 2  4 x )  
 (2  4 x)   
3   3 
e x2 y    4(4)  e x2 y  16 
 (2  4 x)   3   (2  4 x)  3 
3    3  
e x2 y  16  e x2 y  (6  12x)  16  e x2 y  (22  12x) 
 (2  4 x)  3   
3   3  3 
 3  3 

22 e x  2 y 4 xe x  2 y
 
9 3
22 e x  2 y 4 xe x  2 y
The General Solution is y = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x) + 
9 3
 Obtain the complete solution of p  x y q  x z
2 2 2 2 2 2
11 b) (i)
Solution: Given : p  x y q  x z
2 2 2 2 2 2

 by x 2 ,
p2
x 2
 2

 y 2 q 2  z 2 , i.e x 1 p   yq 2  z 2 -----------------(1)

This is of the form F ( x m p, y n q, z )  0 with m  1 and n  1

z z X
Put X  x1( 1)  x 2 and Y  log y We have p 
  2 xP
x X x
p z z z Y 1
 P where  P and q    Q
2x X y Y y y
z
 Q  qy where Q
Y
(1)  2P  Q  z 2 ---------------- (2)
2 2

This is of the form F ( z, p, q)  0

z z
let u  X  aY   P and a Q
u u
2 2
 z   z 
(2)   2   a   z
2

 u   u 

 
2
 z 
  4a  z
2 2

 u
 z  z
 
 u  4  a2
z u

z 4  a2
u
Integrating we get, log z  b
4  a2
X  aY x 2  a log y
=  b=  b which is the complete solution.
4  a2 4  a2
11 b) (ii) Solve z  px  qy  p q and obtain its singular solution.
2 2

Solution: Given, z  px  qy  p q . This is clairaut’s form.

2 2

Put p = a and q = b.
The complete solution is z  ax  by  a b ------------------(1)
2 2

singular solution:
Diff(1) p. w.r.t a &b we get
0  x  2ab 2 and 0  y  2ba 2
 x  2ab 2 and y  2ba 2 ----------------- (2)

  2ab  say 
x y 1

b a k
i.e a  ky, b  kx ----------------- (3)
 1
(2)  x  2(ky)( kx)  2k yx  k 3 =
2 3 2
---------------- (4)
2 xy
sub. (3) in (1) we get, z  kxy  kxy  k x y  2 xy  kx y (k )
4 2 2 2 2 3

 1  kxy 3
= 2kxy  kx2 y 2     2kxy  = kxy
 2 xy  2 2
27 3 3 3 27   1  3 3
 z3  k x y =  x y
8 8  2 xy 
27 2 2
=  x y .
16
 16 z  27 x y  0 is a singular solution.
3 2 2

 x, 0  x  2
12 a) (i) Find the Fourier sine series expansion of f (x)   . Hence deduce
  x,  2 x 

1
the sum of the series  (2n  1)
n 1
2


nx
Solution: Fourier sine series of f (x) is given by f ( x)   bn sin ---------(*)
n 1 l

Here, l   .  f ( x)   bn sin n x ---------- (1)
n 1

2
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0

22 


   x sin nx dx   (  x) sin nx dx 
  0 
2


2    cos nx    sin nx   
 
  sin nx      cos nx 
2

  x   1      (  x)   (1)   
   n   n
2
 0   n   n
2
  2 

2  n  1  n    n  1  n  
    cos   2  sin    cos   2  sin 
  2n  2  n  2  2n  2  n  2  
22 n 
 sin
  n 2
2 
4 n
bn  sin , n 1,2,3,...
n
2
2
Substituting bnin (1) we get, f ( x)   42 sin n sin nx --------(2)


n 1 n 2
Deduction: put x =/2 (continuous point) in (2)

4 n n
f ( / 2)   sin sin
n 1 n 2
2 2
 4 
1 n
2


n n 1
2
sin 2
2
4 1 2  1 1 3 
  2 sin  2 sin 2   2 sin 2  ... 
 1 2 2 3 2 
  4 1 1 
  2  2  ... 
2  1 3 
1 1 2 
1 2
  ...  . i.e.)  
12 32 8 n 1 (2n  1) 2 8

x
12 a)(ii) Find the complex form of the Fourier series of f ( x)  e in  1  x  1 .
 in x
Solution: Complex form of the Fourier series is f  x   
n 
Cn e l      (*)

Here  1

f  x  C
n 
n e i n x      (1)

 (1 i n ) x
1 1 1
1  in x 1  x in x 1
Cn   f ( x)e dx   e e dx   e dx
2 1 2 1 2 1
1
1 𝑒 −(1+𝑖𝑛𝜋)𝑥 𝑒 1+𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑒 −(1+𝑖𝑛𝜋) 𝑒 1 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑒 −1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋
= [ ] = =
2 −(1 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) −1 2(1 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 2(1 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋)

𝑒(cos 𝑛𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜋) − 𝑒 −1 (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜋) 𝑒(−1)𝑛 − 𝑒 −1 (−1)𝑛

= =
2(1 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋) 2(1 + 𝑖𝑛𝜋)
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 )(−1)𝑛 1 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋 (−1)𝑛 (1 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋)
𝑐𝑛 = ( ) = sinh 1
2 1 + 𝑛2 𝜋 2 1 + 𝑛2 𝜋 2
∞
(−1)𝑛 (1 − 𝑖𝑛𝜋)
Substitute in (1)𝑒−𝑥 = ∑ sinh 1 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 + 𝑛2 𝜋 2
𝑛=−

12 b)(i) Find the Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙| in π< 𝒙 < 𝝅 of periodicity 2.
 sin x,    x  0
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = |sin 𝑥|= 
sin x , 0  x  
Clearly𝑓(𝑥) is an even function then 𝑏𝑛 = 0
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 … … … . . (1)
2
𝑛=1
1 π 1 π 2 π
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ |sin 𝑥|𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π −𝜋 π −𝜋 π 0

2 2 2 4
= [− cos 𝑥]π0 = − [cos π − cos 0] = [−1 − 1] =
π π π π
1 π
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π −𝜋
1 π 2 π
= ∫ |sin 𝑥| cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π −𝜋 π 0
π
21 1 π
= ∫ [sin(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 + sin(1 − 𝑛)𝑥]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥
π2 0 π 0
 π
1 cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥
= [– + ]
π 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
1 cos(𝑛 + 1)π cos(𝑛 − 1)π 1 1
= [– + + − ]
π 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1

1 (−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛−1 1 1
= [– + + − ]
π 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1

1 (−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛 1 1 1 (−1)𝑛 + 1 (−1)𝑛 + 1

= [ − + − ] = [ − ]
π 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 π 𝑛+1 𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛 + 1 1 1
= [ − ]
π 𝑛+1 𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛 + 1 𝑛 − 1 − 𝑛 − 1 (−1)𝑛 + 1 −2
= [ ] = [ 2 ]
π 𝑛2 − 1 π 𝑛 −1
−2[(−1)𝑛 + 1]
= 𝑖𝑓𝑛 ≠ 1
(𝑛2 − 1)π

 4
=
, n is even
 (n  1)
2

 0 , n isodd ,n 1

1 π 1 π 2 π
𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ |sin 𝑥| cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π −𝜋 π −𝜋 π 0
π
21 1 − cos 2𝑥 π 1 1 1
= ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = [− + ] = 0
π2 π 2 0 π 2 2
0

4

2
Substitute in equation (1) we get f ( x)   cos nx
 n2, 4, 6
(n  1)
2

12 b)(ii) Compute up to the first three harmonicsof the Fourier series of f(x) given by the following
table:
x 0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2
y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

Solution. Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first , only the first six values will
be us
x 0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2
y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

Here 2  Upper Limit  Lower Limit  2  0  2  

3


a0
f ( x)    an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
a
f  x   0   a1 cos x  b1 sin x    a2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x    a3 cos3x  b3 sin 3x 
2
 where

a0  2    a1  2 
 y  y cos x  
, b1  2 
 y sin x 
 N   N   N 

a2  2    a3  2    y sin 3x 
 y cos 2 x   y sin 2 x   y cos3x  
 , b2  2    , b3  2 
 N   N   N   N 
and N= 6 (number of data’s are given)

𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝐱 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙

0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

1.4 0.70 1.21 -0.70 1.21 -1.40 0

/3
1.9 -0.95 1.64 -0.95 -1.65 1.90 0
2/3
1.7 -1.70 0 1.70 0 -1.70 0

1.5 -0.75 -1.30 -0.75 1.30 1.50 0
4/3
1.2 0.60 -1.04 -0.60 -1.04 -1.20 0
5/3

 8.7 -1.10 0.52 -0.30 -0.18 0.10 0

2 2 2
a0  (8.7)  2.9 a1  (1.10)   0.37 b1  (0.52)  0.17
6 6 6
2 2
a2  (0.3)  0.1 b2  (0.18)  0.06
6 6
2 2
a3  (0.10)  0.03 b3  (0)  0
6 6
𝑓(𝑥) = 1.45 + (−0.373 cos 𝑥 − 0.17𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (−0.1𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 0.06𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
+(0.03𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 0𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)
u  u
2
13 a) Solve  a 2 2 subject to the conditions: u (0, t )  0 = u (l , t ) , t  0
t x
x , 0  x  l 2
u ( x,0)  
l  x , l 2  x  l
u 2  u
2
Solution:One dimensional heat equation  .
t x 2
The conditions are
(i ) u (0, t )  0 , t  0
(ii) u (l , t )  0 , t  0
x , 0  x  l 2
(iii) u ( x,0)  
l  x , l 2  x  l
u ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px) C e
2 p2t
The correct solution is ---------------(1)

Apply condition (i) in (1) by replacing x =0

 u (0, t )  ( A)C e
2 p2t
0
A  0
Substitute in (1) we get u ( x, t )  ( B sin px )Ce p t
2 2
------------------(2)

Apply condition (ii) in (2) by replacing x = l

u(l , t )  ( B sin pl ) Ce 0

2
p 2t

sin pl  0 =sin n  pl  n  p  n , n =1,2,3,...

l
 2n2 2 t  2n2 2 t
Substitute in (2) we get u ( x, t )  ( B sin
n x  n x 
)Ce l2  Bn sin e l2 where BC=Bn
l l
By the super position principle, the most general solution is
 2n2 2 t

n x 
u ( x, t )   Bn sin e l2 --------------- (3)
n1 l

n x
Apply condition (iii) in (3) we get, u ( x,0)   Bn sin .1  f ( x)
n 1 l

nx
By Half range Fourier sine series f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin
l
On comparing Bn  bn .
2l n x
bn   f ( x)sin dx
l0 l
2 n x n x 
l
2 l

   x sin dx   (l  x)sin dx 
l 0 l ll
2
  
l l
n x   n x     n x   n x  
2

 cos  sin  cos  sin

2   l   1  l     (l  x)  l   (1)  l  

  x         
l   n n 2 2    n n 2 2   
    
  l   l2
 
 0   l   l2 
 
 
l
2
l

2  l2 n l2 n l2 n l2 n 
  cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin 
l  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
4l n
 sin  Bn
n
2 2
2
 2n2 2 t
n n x  
4l
 The equation (3) becomes u ( x, t )   2 2 sin sin e l2
n1 n  2 l
13 b) A string is stretched and fastened to two points that are distant 'l ' apart. Motion is started by
displacing the string into the form y  k (lx  x2 ) from which it is released at time t  0 . Find the
displacement at any point of the string at a distance x from one end at any time t .
2 y 2  y
2
Solution: One dimensional wave equation  a
t 2 x 2
The conditions are
(i) y (0, t )  0
(ii) y(l , t )  0
y
(iii) ( x,0)  0
t
(iv) y( x,0)  k (lx  x2 )
The correct solution is
y ( x, t )  ( A cos px  B sin px)(C cos pat  D sin pat ) ----------(1)

Apply condition (i) in (1) by replacing x =0

y(0, t )  A(C cos pat  D sin pat )  0

A0
Substitute in (1) we get,
y ( x, t )  B sin px(C cos pat  D sin pat ) ---------------(2)
Apply condition (ii) in (2) by replacing x = l
y (l , t )  B sin pl (C cos pat  D sin pat )  0
sin pl  0 = sinn  pl  n
n
p , n =1,2,3,...
l
Substitute in (2) we get,
n x  n at n at  ------------ (3)
y ( x, t )  B sin  C cos  D sin 
l  l l 
Differentiate Partially (3) w.r.to t
y
( x, t )  B sin n x  C n a sin n at  D n a cos n at 
t l  l l l l 
Apply condition (iii) by replacing t = 0
y n x n a
( x,0)  B sin D 0
t l l
D0

Substitute in (3) we get, y ( x, t )  B sin n x  C cos n at   B sin n x cos n at , where BC  B

  n
l  l 
n
l l
By the superposition principle, the most general solution is

n x n at -------------------(4)
y( x, t )   Bn sin cos
n1 l l
Apply condition (iv) in (4) by replacing t = 0

n x
y( x,0)   Bn sin .1  f ( x)
n1 l

nx
By half range Fourier sine series f ( x)  b
n 1
n sin
l
 On comparing (6) and (7), we get bn  Bn
2l n x
bn 
l0
f ( x)sin
l
dx

2l n x
  kx(l  x)sin dx
l0 l
l
  n x   n x   n x  
  
l 
 cos  sin   cos
l   l  2x 
 lx  x  
2k
 2

n  
l
    2   
 n 2  n 3
2 2 3 3
l     
  l   l   l   0
2k  l3 l3 
 0  0  2. cos n  0  0  2. .1
l  n3 3 n3 3 
2k 2l 3
 1  (1) n 
3 3 
l n
4kl 2
 3 3 1  (1) n 
n
0 if n is even
 2
  8kl
 n3 3 if n is odd
 Bn
8kl 2 nx
nat
 The equation (4) becomes y( x, t )   3 3 sin cos
n 1, 3, 5 n  l l
1 , x  a 
sin x
14 (a) Find the Fourier transforms of f ( x )   and hence evaluate  dx. Using Parseval’s
0 , x  a 0 x

sin 2 t 
identity, prove that  2
dt  .
0 t 2
Solution: Given f ( x)  1 in  a  x  a and 0 otherwise.

By Fourier transform, F  f ( x) 
1
 f ( x)e dx .
isx

2 
a
1
 1.e
isx
dx
2 a
a
1

2 a
 (cossx  i sin sx ) dx
a
1
 2  cos sx dx
2 0
a
2  sin sx 

  s  0
2  sin sa 
  0
  s 
2 sin sa
  F ( s )        (1)
 s
 
1
 F (s)e
isx
(i) By inverse Fourier transform, f ( x)  ds
2 

1

 2 sin sa  isx

2
 

 s
e ds



1 sin sa
 
  s
(cossx  i sin sx )ds

1  sin sa 

  cos sx ds 
  s 

2 sin sa
 0 s
 cos sxds

sin sa 
 0
s
cossxds  f ( x)        (2)
2
(ii) Put x  0 and a = 1 in (2) we get

sin s 

s0
cos0 ds  f (0)
2

sin s  
0 s ds  2 (1)  2

sin x 
i.e)  dx 
0 x 2
 

 F (s) dx    f ( x) ds
2
(iii) By Parseval’s identity, 2

 
2

 2 sin sa  a

   ds   1 dx
2

   s  a

2
2 
 sin sa 
  s  ds   x  a
a

 
2
2   sin sa 
ds   a  (a ) 
   s 
2
2 sin sa 


2  ds  2a
 0  s 
a
2
 sin sa 


0  s  ds  2

sin 2 t 
Put a =1 we get,  2 dt  .
0
t 2
x2

14 (b)(i) Show that the function e 2
is self-reciprocal under Fourier transform by finding the Fourier
a2 x2
transform of e , a>0.

Solution: The Fourier transform of the function f (x) is F  f ( x) 
1
 f ( x)e dx .
isx

2 
 
1 1
F e a x   e
 a 2 x2 isx
e dx  e
 ( a 2 x2 isx )
2 2
dx
  2 2
 
 2 2 
  is   is  
2
  is 
2
 is 
2
s2
But (a x  isx)  (ax)  2(ax)            ax    2
2


  2a   2a    2a   2a  4a
 is 
2
s2  2
   ax    2  s2   is 
1  4 a2  ax  
 F e a x  1
e 
  2 a  a 
dx 
2 2 4  2a 
e e dx
  2 2
 

is du x    u  
Put ax   u , then dx  also
2a a xu 
s2  s2  s2
1  4 a2  u 2 du 1  2 1  2

 a a 2  
u2
 e e  e 4a
e du  e 4a

2 a 2
s2
1 
F e  a2 x2  e 4 a2
  a 2
s2

 
2 2
 1  2  1 
1   x 4 
Put a  , then F e  2  1 e  2

2   1
  2
2
 x  x2
2 2
s
 
i.e. F e 2 e .2
e 2
is self-reciprocal with respect to Fourier transform.
 
14 (b)(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of x n  1
Solution: We know that e ax x n1dx  (n)


 n
0 a

Put a  is , e  isx x n 1dx ( n)
 0

 is 
n


 ( n)
i.e.  cos sx  i sin sx  x n 1dx 
0 in sn
 
 ( n)
 x cos sxdx   x i sin sxdx 
n 1 n 1

0 0 in sn
 
 ( n)
 x cos sxdx  i  x sin sxdx 
n 1 n 1
n
      n
 cos    i sin    s
0 0

 2  2 
n
     
   cos    i sin    (n)
  
2  2 
0 x cos sxdx  i 0 x sin sxdx 
n 1 n 1
n
s
  n   n  
   cos    i sin     ( n)
  2   2 
x cos sxdx  i  x n 1 sin sxdx 
n 1

0 0 sn
  n     n  
  cos 
    ( n) i  sin     ( n)
  2    2 
0 x cos sxdx  i 0 x sin sxdx 
n 1 n 1

sn sn
Equating Real part, we get
   n  
  cos  2   (n)
 
cos sxdx  
n 1
0 x s n

  n  
  cos     ( n)
2 n 1 2   2 
 0
x cos sxdx 
 sn
  n  
 cos     ( n)
 n 1  2   2 
FC x 
   sn

 
 2 
15 (a)(i) Find Z (r n cos n ) and Z 1  1  az 1 
 
  2 1
a a  a
n
Solution: (i) Z a    a z
n n n a
  n  1    
z z
 1   
 z
z
za
.
n 0 n 0 z
i
Put a  re
z
Z (rei )n 
z  rei
z z
Z (r n ein )  
z  r (cos   i sin  ) (( z  r cos  )  ir sin  )
z  ( z  r cos  )  ir sin   z ( z  r cos  )  izr sin 
Z (r n (cos n  i sin n ))  
( z  r cos  )  r sin  2 2 2
( z  2 zr cos  )  r 2 cos 2   r 2 sin 2 
2

z ( z  r cos  )  izr sin 

Z (r n cos n  ir n sin n ) 
z 2  2 zr cos   r 2
z ( z  r cos  )
Equating the real part, Z (r n cos n )  2
z  2 zr cos   r 2
1 
 a 
2

1  z  a 
2
  z 2 
1 
1 
  
2
1
(ii ) Z 1  az  Z  1     Z     Z   
 
 z    z    z  a  
 z z 
 Z 1  
 za za
 z  1  z 
 Z 1  *Z  
 za   za 
  a   (a)n
n

n
By Convolution, f (n) * g ( n)   f ( m) g ( n  m)
m 0
n
  (a) m (a) n  m
m 0
n
 (a)n  1
m 0

 (a ) (1  1 
n
 (n  1)times )
 (a ) (n  1)n
  z2 
15 (a)(ii) Using convolution theorem find Z 1  
 ( z  1/ 2)( z  1/ 4) 
 z2  1  z z 
Z 1    Z  ( z  1 ) . ( z  1 ) 
 ( z  1/ 2)( z  1/ 4)   2 4 

  1  z   1   1 
n n
1 z
 Z    Z        
 ( z  12 )   ( z  14)   2   4 
n
By Convolution, f (n) * g (n)   f ( m) g ( n  m)
m 0
m nm
1 1
n


    
m 0    
2 4
m nm nm
1 1 1
n


      
m 0     2
2 2
n nm
1 1
n
 
2
  
m 0  
2

1
n
 1  n  1  n 1 1 
             1
2  2   2   2  
1
n
 1   12 n 1 
   
2  1  1  
 2 

 
n
1
   2  1   1 2 
n 1

2
 1   1  1  
n n

 2  1  
 2   2  2  
n n
1 1
 2    
2 4
15 b)(i) Using Z-transforms, solve the difference equation x(n  2)  3x(n  1)  2 x(n)  0 given that
x(0)  0 , x(1)  1 .
Solution:Given, x(n  2)  3x(n  1)  2 x(n)  0
Taking Z – transform on both sides ,
Z ( x(n  2))  3Z ( x(n  1))  2 Z ( x(n))  0
z 2

X ( z )  z 2 x(0)  zx (1)  3  z X ( z )  zx (0)   2 X ( z )  0

z 2

X ( z )  z 2 (0)  z .1  3  z X ( z )  z.1  2 X ( z )  0
X ( z )  z 2  3z  2   z  0
By partial fractions, A  1 , B  1
X ( z ) 1 1
 
z z 1  z  2
 z z
X ( z)  
z 1  z  2
Apply Z1 on both sides
 z   z 
X ( z )  Z ( x(n))  Z 1  1
  Z  
 z 1    z  2 
 1  2n  2n  1

 z 
15 b(ii) Using residue method find Z 1  
 z  2z  2 
2

z
Solution:TakeF (z) =
z  2z  2
2

n 1 zn
z F ( z) 
z 2  2z  2

Poles are given by z 2  2 z  2 = 0  z 1  i .

Take 1  i   and 1  i   .

Res of z n1F ( z)  z   Lt
z 
(z   )
zn
 Lt
z 2  2 z  2 z 
( z   )
zn

n
( z   )( z   ) (   )
(1  i ) n
R1 
2i

Res of z n1F ( z)  z   Lt
z 
(z   )
zn
 Lt
z 2  2 z  2 z 
( z   )
zn

n
( z   )( z   ) (    )
(1  i ) n
R2 
 2i
By residue theorem
 z  (1  i ) n (1  i ) n
Z 1  2  =sum of the residues of Z n1
F ( z ) = R  R  –
 z  2z  2 
1 2
2i 2i

1 
n n
    
   
2 (cos i sin )   2 (cos i sin )  
2i  4 4   4 4 


1  n n n   n n n 
   i sin )    2 (cos  i sin )
2i  4 
2 (cos
4 4   4 

n
2  n  n n
=  2i sin )  =  2 sin

2i  4  4