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    Multi-core processors contain multiple processor cores on a single chip which can execute programs in parallel, improving overall performance compared to a single-core processor. While individual cores may run at lower frequencies than high-performance single-cores, multicores can handle more tasks simultaneously. They can be implemented with identical homogeneous cores that divide tasks, or with specialized heterogeneous cores tailored for different applications. Major chip manufacturers are developing multicore processors as power consumption increases with higher single-core speeds.

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    Multi-core processors contain multiple processor cores on a single chip which can execute programs in parallel, improving overall performance compared to a single-core processor. While individual cores may run at lower frequencies than high-performance single-cores, multicores can handle more tasks simultaneously. They can be implemented with identical homogeneous cores that divide tasks, or with specialized heterogeneous cores tailored for different applications. Major chip manufacturers are developing multicore processors as power consumption increases with higher single-core speeds.

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    Multi-core processors contain multiple processor cores on a single chip which can execute programs in parallel, improving overall performance compared to a single-core processor. While individual cores may run at lower frequencies than high-performance single-cores, multicores can handle more tasks simultaneously. They can be implemented with identical homogeneous cores that divide tasks, or with specialized heterogeneous cores tailored for different applications. Major chip manufacturers are developing multicore processors as power consumption increases with higher single-core speeds.

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    Multi-core processors

    A Multi-core processor is typically a single processor which contains several cores on a chip”. The
    cores are functional units made up of computation units and caches. These multiple cores on a single
    chip combine to replicate the performance of a single faster processor. The individual cores on a
    multi-core processor don’t necessarily run as fast as the highest performing single-core processors,
    but they improve overall performance by handling more tasks in parallel. The performance boost
    can be seen by understanding the manner in which single core and multi-core processors execute
    programs. Single core processors running multiple programs would assign time slice to work on one
    program and then assign different time slices for the remaining programs. If one of the processes is
    taking longer time to complete then all the rest of the processes start lagging behind. However, In
    the case of multi-core processors if you have multiple tasks that can be run in parallel at the same
    time, each of them will be executed by a separate core in parallel thus boosting the performance

    The multiple cores inside the chip are not clocked at a higher frequency, but instead their capability
    to execute programs in parallel is what ultimately contributes to the overall performance making
    them more energy efficient and low power cores as shown in the figure below. Multi-core
    processors are generally designed partitioned so that the unused cores can be powered down or
    powered up as and when needed by the application contributing to overall power dissipation
    savings.
    Multi-core processors could be implemented in many ways based on the application requirement. It
    could be implemented either as a group of heterogeneous cores or as a group of homogenous cores
    or a combination of both. In homogeneous core architecture, all the cores in the CPU are identical
    and they apply divide and conquer approach to improve the overall processor performance by
    breaking up a high computationally intensive application into less computationally intensive
    applications and execute them in parallel. Other major benefits of using a homogenous multi-core
    processor are reduced design complexity, reusability, reduced verification effort and hence easier to
    meet time to market criterion. On the other hand, heterogeneous cores consist of dedicated
    application specific processor cores that would target the issue of running variety of applications to
    be executed on a computer. An example could be a DSP core addressing multimedia applications
    that require heavy mathematical calculations, a complex core addressing computationally intensive
    application and a remedial core which addresses less computationally intensive applications.

    Multi-core processors could also be implemented as a combination of both homogeneous and


    heterogeneous cores to improve performance taking advantages of both implementations. CELL
    multi-core processor from IBM follows this approach and contains a single general-purpose
    microprocessor and eight similar area and power efficient accelerators targeting for specific
    applications has proven to be performance efficient. “Another major multi-core benefit comes from
    individual applications optimized for multi-core processors. These applications when properly
    programmed, can split a task into multiple smaller tasks and run them in parallel”. Due to the
    multiple advantages that multi-core processors come along with, most of the processor
    manufactures started developing them. Intel announced that all its future processors will be
    multicore when they realized that this technology can get past the power wall to improve
    performance. Other popular processor manufactures namely AMD, IBM and TENSILICA all have
    started developing multi-core processors. The number of cores in a processor is expected to increase
    and some even predict it to follow Moore’s law. TENSILICA’s CEO has expressed his view on this
    technology stating that “System on a Chip will become a sea of processors. You will have ten to
    maybe a thousand processors on a chip”.

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