better farming series 10

the farm .business

survey

F80D AND A&RICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 in ri
r i
In
d a or in
docu

1. The pla the I ing plant; e root

2. he plant: the ste e buds; el es
'
3. he plant: e fl r
The ii: ho e soil is ade up
5. he soil: how conse e e soil
The soil: h imp e ii
7. p ing
a! husband ing and care animals
al husband : animal di ases; ho ani als
p duce

1
11.
12. breeding
13.
ing po er
e als
oats and bers
17. Groundnu

a ga ening
pland rice
21. et paddy or swamp rice
22. ocoa
23. 0
24. he oil palm
25. The rubber e
26. he mode farm business
 1

Ill

1976
 Fi printing 1

ISBN 92-5-100153-7

© French edition, lnstitut africain pour

le developpement economique et social (INADES) 1971

©English edition, FAQ 1976

This manual is a translation and adaptation of "L,entreprise
agricore (enquete)," published the ri-Service-Afrique
of the lnstitut africain pour le developpement economique
et social (IN ES), and forms part of a series of book-
lets. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the publishers
making available this text, which it is hoped will find
widespread use at the intermediate level of agricultural
education and training in English-speaking countries.

The original texts w,ere prepared for an African environment

and this is naturally reflected in the English version.
However, it is expected that many of the manuals of the
series - a list of which wi II be found on the inside front
cover - will also be of value for training in many other parts
of the world. Adaptations can be made to the text where
necessary owing to different climatic and ecological conditions.

Applications for permission to issue this manual in other

languages are welcomed. Such applications should be ad-
dressed to: Director, Publications Division, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle
Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

The author of this English version is Mr. A.J. Henderson,

former Chief of the FAO Editorial Branch.
 1
Agriculture is a trade_
that must be learned ............................................ ,,.. 4
What did we learn
.m t h e f"1rst-year course i............................................ . 5
Why study
the Better Farming courses? ................................... .. 8
\!Vhy go on with
the Better Farming courses? ................................... .. 9
What shal I we learn
in the second-year course? ........................................ 10

ness su .............................................. 14
Why make a farm business survey? ............................ 15
How to make a farm business survey ........................ 16
A farmer should know the size of his fields .............. 18
How to reckon the length and width of a field ..... 19
How to reckon the area of a field ........................ .
How to measure the weight of a harvest .................... 21
How to reckon the yield per hectare ....................... ..
How to reckon receipts ............................................. 23
Explanations help in answering
the questionnaire ...................................................... 24

su questionnaire .............................. 31

1
 1

- r

I
r
 lture is the trade
farm the la and rai
The farmer's trade is a difficult one;
it is a trade that demands a great deal
It a
becaused nowadays there are many new techniques.
cultural extension workers
and agdcu ltural assistants
explain these new techniques
to farmers.
With the help of the Better Farming courses
you can also gain a better knowledge
of farming.

trade

It is the farmers who feed

al! a country's people.
1s chief wealth
""""""'"""' African countries.
For example:
Cotton is the chief resource of Chad;
Groundnuts are the chief resource
of Senegal;
Cocoa is the chief resource of Cameroon;
Coffee is the chief resource
of tvory Coast.

In almost air African countries

the products sotd to foreign countries
are agricu-lturaF products.

4
i - r

have just finished the first-year course.

• has a very important part to play

(see Booklet No. 1):
• it holds the plant to the soi I;
• above ail,.it takes from the soil
the plant's food - mineral salts.
If roots did not exist,
plants cou Id not feed themselves.
They would die.
• the stem (see Booklet No. 2):
• it carries the branches, leav~s, flowers and fruits;
• it moves the raw sap from the root to the leaves.

• the leaves {see Booklet No. 2}:

The action of the leaves is chiefly to change
the raw sap into elaborated sap.
The raVv'. sap is the mineral salts and water
which the roots have taken from the soil.
The raw sap cannot be used directly
to feed the plant.
The raw sap has to be changed.
It is the leaves which change the raw sap
into elaborated sap.
This is known as vegetable synthests.
The elaborated sap can feed the plant direcdy.
• the flowers (see Booktet No. 3}:
The job of the Howe rs is to produce fruits.
• the fruits (see Bookfet No. 3):
Usua fty we grow plants-
to harvest their fruits, sush as:
ttle grains of miflet, sorghum, maize,_
the berrieS-of coffee, the pods of-cocoa,
the fr:uits of oil patms and coconut palms, bananas,
pineapples,_ mangoes, papaws.
5
• u (see Booklet o. 4)
The soil is a mi re of sand, clay and silt.
Good soil contains humus.
umus makes many soi much better,
it helps air and water to circulate better,
and makes the soil richer.

(see Booklet o. 5)
by protecting the soil
against flowing water (erosion by water)
against wind (erosion by wind),
and against sun that is too hot.
To do this on sloping fields,
the ploughing should be along contour lines,
and the soil should be covered.

• I fertil must im (see Booklet No. 6)

by applying manure and compost,
by growing green manuring crops,
by the use of ferti Iizers.
Besides that, water can be brought in (irrigation)
if the ground is too dry;
and water can be taken away (drainage)
if the ground is too wet.

• The
as ce (see Booklet 1\Jo. 7).
All the jobs on the land must be well done,
and they must be done at the right time.

6
If you want to have ma fine animals,
you must:

• (s~e Booklet . 8):

If the animals do not get enough to eat,
they do not grow,
they do not gain weight.
They produce little milk.
They will yield little meat
when they are slaughtered.

• I (see Booklet o: 8):

Animals need a shelter in whi sleep
and rest protected from rain and sun.

• wounds must be treated,

. 9}:

parasites must be removed from anima

animals must be vaccinated.

• 1 breed (see Booklet o. 9):

If you choose males of good qua
and females good quality,
will have young ones of good qual
Selective breeding wi II quickly im r

7
 r

courses

With the Better Farming courses

you will learn more about agriculture.
They teach farmers what they must do
to get better crops and to raise better animals.
For extension workers,
agricultural assistants
and community leaders
the Better Farming courses provide a refresher course
on what they learned in their training.
Many students write to ask:
"What are Better Farming courses for?
Cou Id I get a job as an extension worker
or agricu ltura I assistant?
Could I get a government job with your certificate? "

We always reply:
the aim the Better Farming courses
is not give a government job.
In every country
there are examinations for government jobs.
But our purpose
is not to get people into government service.

r aim is give a better knowledge their trade

to farmers,
agricultural extension workers
agricultural assistants.

8
 know that the Better Farming courses
are not recognized by the government
and administration of my country
as an official certificate.
Doing a Better Farming course
will not help me to get a government job.
That is not its purpose.

I do the course
simply in to learn J better.

If I'm a farmer,
or working with father or uncle,
I sha 11 learn how to farm we!!.
l shall use modern methods,
I shal I get good yields
and I sha 11 earn more money.
So I sha 11 have extra money
to feed my family well,
make a better house,
and improve the village along with the other farmers.

If I am an extension worker
or an agricultural assistant
I shall learn how to give simple advice to farmers.
I shall become a good community leader
and be useful to the farmers and to my country.

9
 I
i r
ring the first year we studied:
plants,
the soil and the too for working the soil,
animals.

Why?
farmer uses plants, the earth,
tools and animals to produce.
The and with him,
the the , the s, and the imals,
are all part of a whole
which is called

Each farmer in savanna country,

each planter in forest country,
uses different means to produce and to earn money,
These means are:
• his labour and the labour of those with him,
• animals,
• land - his fields or his plantations 1

• plants,
• tools.

The farmer uses all these means of production produce:

• vegetable products,
such as millet, maize, yams, cassava,
coffee, cocoa, ~ii palm fruits, cotton,
groundnuts, okra, pimentoes, tomatoes, beans.
• animal products,
such as beef, mutton,
milk, butter1

eggs.

10
In

• and shou Id be studied by everyone.

These are the first,
on the farm business,
and the last,
on modern farming_

• The are
Each student shou Id choose
out of the booklets prepared
seven booklets on crops and animal husband
He must choose at least
two booklets on animal husbandry.

There are now four booklets on animal husband

Cattle breeding
• Sheep and goat breedina
• Kee ing chickens
Farming with animal power.
There are now 11 booklets on crops:
• Groundnuts
• Wet paddy or swamp· ric~
• pland rice
• Cerea Is ( mi I let, maize sorghum)
• Roots and tubers
(cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, tan ia, taro)
Market gardening
• Coffee
Cocoa
• The oil palm
Bananas
• The rubber tree

11
If a dent chooses booklets animal husband
he has to choose 1ve booklets on crops.

If a student chooses three booklets on animal husbandry,

he has to choose four booklets on crops.
If a student chooses four booklets on animal husbandry,
he has to choose three booklets on crops.

For example:
Mamadou is a farmer in savanna country;
he has cattle and sheep;
he uses animal power for tilling.
Mamadou chooses:
three booklets on animal husbandry:
cattle,
sheep and goats,
farming with animal power;
four booklets on crops:
cereals,
roots and tubers,
groundnuts,
market gardening.

12
 y programme
for the second-year course
is called:

We shall I more particularly with the farm business

m is first booklet
the second-year course
last et the course.
In the
we shall deal wi the animal a vegetable production
a farm.

In
a
rvey"?

• are there?
• farmed?
these fie ?
?
•
in the fiei
?
ii n are the

1
Ma students of the Better rmmg
are who·work on a farm.
Sometimes this business belongs m,
and sometimes it belongs their father,
or brother uncle.
Each Better Farming student
shou Id have a good knowledge
of the farm on which he works.
If he knows it well,
he will be able to improve it,
for he will have a good knowledge
of the means of production
used by this farm business.

Many students of the Better Farming courses

are ltu
or agricultural assistants
or commun leaders.
Their aim is to teach farmers
to farm the land better,
to breed better animals.
For them too it is necessary
to have a good knowledge of some farm.
They will learn
how to look carefully at a farm business.
They wi 11 see better
al I the farmers' difficu !ties.
They will be able to advise them bett_er,
and hetp them better in their everyday work.

15
1.

Read the survey questionnaire.

At each question,
note things are
on the farm where you

In answering the question,

do invent an answer
ich will please the enumerator or supervi
exactly what happens
on the farm.

For mple:
are asked if you put manure on fields.
if on your farm
the animals are not shut in,
you cannot make manure.
So shou Id not say
that you manure on the fields.

For example:
are asked if apply fertilizer
to your plantation.
if you do n apply fertilizer,
you must not say that do.

The farm must be bed

exactly as it is.
Answers be invented,

'16
2.

If you are an agricultural extension worker

agricultural assistant,
choose a farm which regularly visit
to advise the farmer.
Ask the farmer to give you the necessa information.
Make a note on paper of all th information
and then fi II in the questionnaire of the su

If have some other job,

such as that schooltea,:~er.
l for a farmer or planter
in r neighbourhood
who will give you the information need.
can a choose a farm in your native village,
r old father's farm,
or that your uncle
one r cousms.
them questions,
ma a note of the answers to these q

Go and look at the fields yourse

Measure the area each field.
Weigh the traditional measures,
as a cask and a calabash (gourd)
out how ma kilogrammes mil
a or a calabash contains.
 These two corners are not square. A square corner.
They do not make right angles. It makes a right angle.

corner of r booklet
1s a square corner
because forms a right angle.
should nowadays make all r fie
with square corners. Width

modern fields

let is a rectangle,
because it has 4 sides and 4 square corners.
The 2 bigger sides
are called the
A rectangle
The smal si
are called the
When the length and the width are the same,
the rectangle is cal led a square.
gcod farmer shou Id know
the length and width his fields.
know the length and width of a field
the field must
Measuring the ngth or width of a field
means owmg
how ma metres there are in this length or width.

18
 E LE F FIE

measure the !en or a

metre is a un
shops can buy a wooden i rule,
or a tape which measures exactly one metre.
But you can ma a metre measure
Take a sti that is quite straight,
or a piece of string or rope.
Take five times the length of r booklet
'(the bigger side of the booklet)
and you wi 11 have a length of about one metre
(1.05 metres exact ),
because your booklet is 21 centimetres long,
that is O 1 metre (.0.21 5 = 1.05 m).
To get just one metre,
take off the stick, or string or rope,
the length of r thumb.

As these distances are often very long,

the length or width of fields is often measured
with a n 10
(This rope or chain is called a ).
If you have a rope long enough,
you can yourself make a decametre.
Take the metre that you made first
and put it along the rope ten times.
That will give you a decametre.
It will enable you to measur~ much more easily
the length and width of your field.

The extension workers or agricultural assistants

sometimes have decametres.
You can ask them to measure your fields.

19
 E E F FIE

The area a field is measured

m ( ).
reckon area of a field
that has the shape of a rectangle,
multiply the length in metres by. width in metres.

mple: I have a field which is metres long

and metres wide,:
the area of the field is
54m m= 1
I have another field which m long
and 84 m wide,-
the area of 1s
m x m = 15
I have a garden which 1 m long
and m wide,:
the area of
1m m=

to measure the area of a field,

we use another unit of measurement
ich is more usefu i than m2.
This is the (
hectare equals 10 m2.
it is the area of a square field,
r sides of which are each 1 ion

a
You simply put in a nt four places
 t
Often when ask a rmer
how much he has ha
the farmer says:
" I harvested cas . "
nee,
II
or I rvested 18 baskets
0
or " I rvested 5 sacks of coffee.
Usual farmers do not use
the same units of measurement
to measure the a mou they have harvested.
So it I difficu to compare the harvest one fa
with harvest of another farmer.

m
can measure rvest in kilogrammes
a I
The dealers or trading companies
who buy agricultural produce
have scales
to weigh the harvest of each farmer,
But sometimes the dealers
cheat the farmers
ing their produce.

Then each farmer can know

exactly h much he has harvested
from each field of cotton or millet or cocoa.
he selis he cannot be cheated by the dealer,
because he knows the ght
the cotton, millet or cocoa
that he is selling ..
If have not got a pair of scales 1

Cdn get meone weigh

the rice ined in one cask, let us say 8 kg.
Thenf have harvested casks makes about
1

8 = 1 kg.

21
 of thus:
an area of 1 188 m2 I harvested
1 m 2 I would have harvested 94 kg
1188
1 ha (or 000 m 2 ) I would have harvested
10
1
1188
Another example:
I a field
which is 165 metres long and metres wide.
Its area is 1 m m= 1 m2.
I harvested 924 kg of maize on this field.
What is the vieldper hectare?
I use the rule of three:
On an area of 10 m2 I harvested
On 1 m 2 I would have harvested

On 10 000 m 2 for 1 ha) I would have harvested

924X 10000
kg
10
 nuts

He weighs all his harvests.

He has kg cotton
kg of groundnuts
kg of millet
kg of rice
He keeps, to feed his family:
1 kg groundnuts
kg millet
kg of rice
e kg of cotton at F: 28 = 17 F
350 kg of groundnuts at 17 F: 17 350 = 5 950 F
kg .of millet 15 F: 15 F
210kgofrice F: F
the rmerfs receipts are:
cotton 17
grou nu 5
millet
nee 4
9 francs

I
Perhaps he has sold an ox or a calf,

or eggs.
id , pi mentoes or tomatoes.
added
pts.
The questionnaire for this survey is long.
There are five parts.
Each of these parts deals with
one of the means of production of the farm business:

• Farm labour (page 2 of questionnaire}

• Farm ani (page 3 of questionnaire)
• Farm land and products: garden, plantations, fields,
pasture (pages 4 and 5 of questionnaire)
• Farm buitdings {page 6 of questionnaire)
• Farm installations and tools (page 7 of questionnaire)

In the following pages

we give some explanations
so that you can- answer the questions better..
Read these pages severar times,
so that you wi II understand better
what you are asked.

Think well before answering.

Take good note of what is done on the farm.
Do not invent answers.
Say exactfy what there ts on the farm.

24
 2 re

1.

First of all it is important to say

to whom the farm belongs,
who is head of the business®

You must also say

if you work on the farm.

Then it is important to know

how many people work
all the year round on the farm.
Include only those who
remain in the villaµe aH the year,
and who
work on the farm all the year.

In the following question

you can- say
if some people come from time to time to work,
for example, students dudng their hotidays,
brothers, or cousins, or friends.

25
 3 re

2,

There are animals

on almost all farms.

First of all you are asked to say

am Is I on the

If there are cattle (cows, oxen)

you answer "yes" after "Cattle,"
and then you say
how many males, females and calves there are.
if there are no cattle
you write "no" after "Cattle."

You do the same thing

with the other animals:
sheep, goats, pigs, chickens.
If there are other animals
which are not listed in the questionnaire,
such as donkeys, horses, camels, rabbits, guinea fowl,
write the name of the animal
under the other names of animals,
then say how many are
males, females, young ones.

Next you must say

what an i are u
Are they raised
for meat, or milk or eggs?
Are they raised
for sale to earn money?
Are they raised
for farm work such as ploughing, and r tran ?
 4 5

The two pages on land

are divided into four parts:
1. Garden
2. Tree plantations
3. Fields
4. Pasture

1.
On the farm there is perhaps a place
where, for example, pi mentoes, or tomatoes,
or okra or onions are grown.
Name all the plants grown in this garden.
Sav also if the farmer sells vegetables
grown in the garden.
If there is no garden, answer "no"
and go on to the next question.

p
Plantations are land where trees are grown.
In the questionnaire
each rectangle represents one plantation.
Fill in as many rectangles
as there are plantations.
In the forest regions,
the plantations are chiefly of coffee trees, cocoa trees,
oil palms, coconut palms, bananas.
In savanna country
the plantations are chiefly of fruit trees
such as mango, orange, lemon or papaw trees.
If the plantation is very small,
for example, it has three or four mango trees,
give only the number of trees,
do not give the area.
If the plantation is ve big,
example? coffee trees,
ive on !y area plantation
a n the number

7
 F
In the questionnaire
each rectangle represents one fieid.
Fill in as many rectangles
as there are fields.

example, Yeo has a field of cotton,

a field of mil let,
a field of groundnuts.
Yeo has only three fields,
so he fills in only three rectangles.

Field of cotton Field of millet Field of groundnuts

measuring 0.7 ha measuring 0.8 ha measuring 0.5 ha
Harvest 560kg Harvest 640 kg Harvest 400 kg
Sold 560 kg Sold ....... kg Sold 300 kg
Receipts 16 800 f Receipts .... .. f
~
I Receipts 7 500 f I
I

Field of . ' ......... ....... ' ..

~ Field of ..................... Field of ...........................
measuring ............. ha measuring ......... " . ha ~ measuring ............. ,. ... ha
Harvest ................. kg Harvest." ............... kg Harvest ....................... kg
Sold ...................... kg Sold ...................... kg Sold ............................ kg
Receipts ................ Receipts ............... Receipts ....................

When a farmer has not sold a product,

for example, millet,
fill in only the first three lines
of each rectangle;
do not fill in the Jast two lines.

Pasture
Are there places
where fodder crops for ani ma Is are grown,
for example, a seeded fallow?

28
 6

A modern farm
should have special buildings.

There may be three kinds of buildings:

1. Buildings to house the animals:

• a cow shed for cattle (cows, oxen);
• a shed for sheep or goats;
• a pigsty for pigs;
• a hen house for poultry (chickens, guinea fowl);
• a stable for donkeys or horses.

2. Buildings for tools:

• a shed for implements, such as: hoe, machete, sickle,
plough, mechanical cultivator, seed drill,
rice thresher, coffee pulping machine;
• a store for ferti I izers and pecticides.

3. ildings for the

• a granary for storing millet, rice, groundnuts;
• a hut for storing cassava or yams;
• a shelter for drying coffee or cocoa.

Take note
whether there are such buildings on the farm.
Do not invent your answers.
If there are no buiidings of these kinds,
answer "no" to the questions.

29
 7

First of all, say

whether the farmer has made any on his farm,
such as digging a pit for making compost,
or arranging a place for making manure,
or digging a well to get water,
or digging channels to make an irrigated rice field.

not invent answers

if there are no such installations.

Answer "no" to the questions.

that belong the farmer.

List first the

such as: hoe, machete, knife, sickie,
spade, dibbe rake.

Then Iist the

(if the farmer wo
such as: plough, ca
cultivator, groundn

Finally, list the

such as: rice threshing machine 1

coffee pulping machine,

pesticide applicators,
millet grinder,
scales for weighing produce.
i
This. questionnaire
is different from the question papers
of the first-year courses.
You are not asked to answer questions
about what you have learned in the course.
are asked to get a good of a
If you are a farmer yourself,
you work in the fields;
you have animals
and perhaps buildings for them;
you have tools.
The farm workers, the animals, the fields,
the buildings, the tools make up
what is called a farm business.
The course has explained this.
Read carefully;
You are now going to make us familiar with your farm.
If you do not have a farm yourself,
take your father's farm,
or your brother's,
or the farm of someone else.
ln answering the questionnaire,
take only one farm.

HOW E E OUESTIONNAI E
• Be sure you understand each question.
This booklet explains how to answer the quest~ons.
Reread pages 24 to 30.
• Ne-xt, take good note
of what there reaUy is on the- farm.
As asked, you must count and measure.
Then write your answer.
lt the quest-ion speaks
of something which does not exist on the farm,.
answer 11
no,r.
 R

he farm consists in the first place of those who work on it.

There is whoever has the land and the animals; he gives work and food
to the family and he keeps the harvest.

There are also those who work for him on the farm.

nswer the following questions:

e In what village does the farm lie?

• Who does the farm belong to?

Is it you rse If? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1s it someone in you r fam ii y? ---------------------------------------------------------

1s it some other person?

• Do you work on the farm yourself?

• Count how many people work all the time on the farm.

How many men?

How many women?

How many unmarried youngsters?

How many pald workers?

Total number of workers

Are there other workers who come at certain times?

All these workers make the success of the busine.ss.

They bring labour to the business.
The farm business also includ~s the animals.
Take a good !ook and count them.

There are livestock (cattle, goats, sh~ep, pigs,

donkeys, horses, camels, etc.).
There are farmyard animals
(chickens, ducks, guinea fowl, rabbits).

On the farm of Mr. ---------------------------------- there are:

animals? How many males? How many females? How many y011.mg?

Catt Ie -------------
Sheep -------------
Goats -------------
Pigs ----------------
Chickens--------

• Are these animals raised for food for people (meat, milk, eggs)? If so, which?

• Are these animals raised for sale, to earn money?

This year, was any money earned from the animals? ------------------------------------------------
How much? Reckon as follows:

Sale of animals + sale of milk + sale of eggs total

+ ----------------- + ----------------- =
• Are some animals used for farm work?

• Is food bought for the animals?

• Are medicines bought for the animals?

Animals are wealth: they are

the animal capital of the business
The farm business also includes the cultivated land.
Let us see:

Mr. --------------------------------------- and his wife may have a garden.

They may have tree plantations.
They grow crops for the family food, and other crops to sell.
They may also have pasture for feed111g animals.

1. The garden

• Has Mr. ------------------------------------------------ a garden?

(If not, do not answer this question. Go on ·to the following question
about tree plantations.)

• What is grown in the garden?

• Are any vegetables sold? Which?

• If yes, how much was earned in a year?

Tree plantations
Are there any plantations or fruit trees?
Each rectangle below represents one plantation or a group of trees. Write in
the rectangle the answers to the following questions:
• What sort of plantation? (Coffee ------ oil palms ______ mangoes ______ etc.)
• What is the area of the plantation?
• How many trees are there?
• How many kilogrammes were harvested in a year?
• If anything was sold, how much was earned? ("Receipts ........... ")

Plantation of ................. 1 Plantation of ............. .. Plantation of ................... .

measuring ................. ha measuring .................. ha measuring .................... ha
No. of trees .................... No. of trees .................. .. No. of trees .................... ..
Harvest ...................... kg Harvest ...................... kg Harvest ........................ kg
Receipts.......................... -Receipts ....................... .. Receipts ......................... ..

E].
 F

• How many fields are there in the farm?

• Look at each field. Each rectangle below represents one field. Write· in the
rectangles and say:
• What crop is grown in !he field: "Field of ........... "
• What is the area of th1s field: "measuring ............ "
• How many kilogrammes were harvested in this field: "Harvest .......... "
• If the harvest was sold, or part of the harvest, how much was earned?
{"Receipts ............... ")

Field of ......................... . Field of .......................... .. Field of ..................... ..

measuring .................. ha measuring ................... ha measuring ............... ha
Harvest ......................... . Harvest ............................ . Harvest ...................... ..
Sold .............................. . Sold ................................. , Sold ..... ., .................... ..
Receipts ........................ . Receipts ........ ., .................: Receipts ...................... .

Field of ......................... . Field of ........................... .. Field of ...................... ..

measuring .................. ha measuring ..................... ha measuring ................ ha
Harvest .......................... . Harvest ............................ . Harvest ....................... .
Sold ............................... . Sold ................................ .. Sold ........................... ..
Receipts .......................... Receipts............................ Receipts ...................... .

Which of the products harvested in the fields and plantations were used for human
food? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Which were used for animsl food?

Which were so Id to earn money? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Fodder crops for animals: pasture

Are fodder crops for animals grown?
Are there places kept for pasture?

The garden, plantations and fields contribute to production:

they are the hmd capital of the business.
The farm business also includes buildings. They are used for housing animals, for
storing tools. Perhaps there are barns or paddocks.
Look carefully and do not forget anything.

• At the animals Include the livestock and the farmyard

animals.

In the farm house? ------------------------ Which animals?

In a shelter? ---------------------------------- Which?

In the bush? --------------------------------·- Which?

!n housing made for them?

• many buildings are there the animals? Which?

• are the walls of buildings And the roof?

• What is to be seen inside these buildings?

Is there a paddock animals in the daytime? For which animals?

• is the paddock made? is to it?

• Is a special place for storing materials such as tools, fertilizers,

pesticides? What place is there?

many granaries are there for storing the harvest?

Buildings contribute to production.

They are also part of the
To produce more, Mr. -------------------------------- has maybe made some
to his land ditches or making little channels, or
other things.

and tools are of the

Take a good look.

Installations: is there:

a pit for compost? ------------------------ a place for manure? ---------------------------

a pit for silage? ----------------------------- a store of hay or oil cake?-----------------------

a well near the house and garden? --------------------------------------------------------------

What is there for storing water?

What arrangements have been made to bring water to the fields or garden? _____

What installations, such as a dryer or oven, etc., are there for drying or treating
harvest products? -----------------------------------------------------------------------

What tools are used in production?

Hand tools Animal-drawn too-ls Modern machines

Pesticides and fertilizers: does the farmer buy fertilizers?

For what crops?

Installations and tools contribute to production:

they are the technical of the business.
 D

Argentina Editorial Hemisferio Sur S.R.L., Librerfa Agropecuaria, Pasteur 743, Buenos Aires.
Australia Hunter Publications, 58A Gipps Street, Collingwood, Vic. 3066; The Assistant Director,
Sales and Distribution, Australian Government Publishing Service, P.O. Box 84,
Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, and Australian Government Publications and Inquiry Centres
in Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney, Perth, Adelaide and Hobart.
Austria Gerold & Co., Buchhandlung und Verlag. Graben 31, 1011 Vienna.
Bangladesh Association of Voluntary Agencies in Bangladesh, 549F Road 14, Dhammandi, P.O. Box
5045, Dacca 5.
Belgique Service des publications de la FAQ, M. J. De Lannoy, rue du Trone 112. 1050 Bruxelles.
CCP 000-0808993-13.
Bolivia Los Amigos del Libra, Peru 3712. Casilla 450, Cochabamba; Mercado 1315, La Paz;
Rene Moreno 26. Santa Cruz; Junfn esq. 6 de Octubre, Oruro.
Brazil Livraria Me.stre Jou, Rua Guaipa 518, Sao Paulo 10; Rua Senador Dantas 19-S205/206,
Rio de Janeiro.
Brunei MPH Distributors Sdn. Bhd., 71 /77 Stamford Road, Singapore 6, Singapore.
Canada Information Canada, Ottawa.
Chile Biblioteca, FAO Oficina Regional para America Latina, Av. Providencia 871, Casilla
10095, Santiago.
Chi11a China National Publications Import Corporation, P.O. Box 88, Peking.
Colombia Litexsa Colombiana Ltda., Carrera 15. N' 51-79, Apartado Aereo 51340, Bogota.
Costa Rica Libreria, lmprenta y Litografia Lehmann S.A., Apartado 10011, San Jose.
Cuba Institute del Libra, Calle 19 y 10. N' 1002. Vedado.
Cyprus MAM, P.O. Box 1722, Nicosia.
Denmark Ejnar Munksgaard, Norregade 6, Copenhagen S.
!Ecuador Su Librerfa Cfa. Ltda., Garcia Moreno 1172, Apartado 2556, Quito.
!Egypt Al Ahram, El Galaa St., Cairo.
El Salvador Librerfa Cultural Salvadoreiia S.A .. Avenida Morazan 113. Apartado Postal 2296, San
Salvador.
IEspaiia Libreria Mundi Prensa, Castello 37, Madrid; Libreria Agricola, Fernando VI, 2, Madrid . 4.
Finland Akateeminen Kirjakauppa, 1 Keskuskatu, Helsinki.
France Editions A. Pedone. 13 rue Soufflot. 75005 Paris.
Germany, f. R. Alexander Horn Internationale Buchhandlung, Spiegelgasse 9, Postfach 3340. Wiesbaden.
Ghana Ghana Publishing Corporation. P.O. Box 3632, Accra.
Grece "Eleftheroudakis ", 4 Nikis Street, Athenes.
Guatemala Distribuciones Culturales y Tecnicas "Artemis·", Quinta Avenida 12-11. Zona 1,
Guatemala.
Haiti Max Bouchereau, Librairie "A la Caravel le". B.P. 111 B. Port-au-Prince.
Honduras Editorial Nuevo Continente S. de R.L., Avenida Cervantes 1230-A, Apartado Postal 380,
Tegucigalpa.
Hong Kong Swindon Book Co., 13-15 Lock Road. Kowloon.
keland Snaebji:irn Jonsson and Co. h.f .. Hafnarstraeti 9, P.O. Box 1131, Reykjavik.
India Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House. New Delhi; 17 Park Street, Calcutta.
Indonesia P.T. Gunung Agung, 6 Kwitang. Djakarta.
Iran Iran Book Co. Ltd., 127 Nadershah Avenue, P.O. Box 14-1532, Tehran; Economist Tehran,
99 Sevom Esfand Avenue, Tehran (sub-agent).
Iraq National House for Publishing, Distributing and Advertising, Rashid Street, Baghdad.
Ireland The Controller. Stationery Office. Dublin.
Israel Emanuel Brown, P.O. Box 4101. 35 Allenby Road and Nachlat Benyamin Street, Tel Aviv;
9 Shlomzion Hamalka Street, Jerusalem.
ltalie Distribution and Sales Section, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome: Libreria Scientifica Dott. L. De Biasio
"Aeiou ". Via Meravigli 16, 20123 Milan: Libreria Commissionaria Sansoni "Licosa"
Via Lamarmora 45, C.P. 552. 50121 Florence.
Jamaica Teachers Book Centre Ltd., 96 Church Street. Kingston.
Japan Maruzen Company Ltd., P.O. Box 5050. Tokyo Central 100-31.
Kenya The E.S.A. Bookshop, P.O. Box 30167, Nairobi.
 V

Korea1, Rep. of The Eul-Yoo Publishing Co. Ltd .. 5 2-Ka. Chong-ro, Seoul.
liba11 Dar AI-Maaref Liban SAL.. place Riad EI-Solh, B.P. 2320. Beyrouth.
luxembo<1r!lJ Service des publications de la FAQ, M. J. De Lannoy, rue du Trone 112. 1050 Bruxelles
(Belgique).
M111laysi&1 MPH Distributors Sdn. Bhd., 71 /77 Stamford Road, Singapore 6, Singapore.
Maroc Librairie "Aux Belles Images", 281 avenue Mohammed V, Rabat.
Mauritius Nalanda Company Limited. 30 -Bourbon Street, Port-Louis.
Meilico Dilitsa, Puebla 182-D, Apartado 24-448. Mexico 7, D.F.
Netherl1111ds N.V. Martinus Nijhoff, Lange Voorhout 9, The Hague.
New Zealand Government Printing Office: Government Bookshops at Rutland Street, P.O. Box 5344,
Auckland; Mulgrave Street, Private Bag, Wellington; 130 Oxford Terrace, P.O. Box
1721, Christchurch; Princes Street. P.O. Box 1104, Dunedin; Alma Street, P.O.
Box 857, Hamilton.
Nicara!lJul!I Culturama. Camino de Oriente, Apartado 4741, Managua.
Nigeria University Bookshop Nigeria Ltd., University of Ibadan.
Norway Johan Grundt Tanum Bokhandel, Karl Johansgt. GT 41-43, Oslo 1.
Pakistan Mirza Book Agency, 65 The Mall, Lahore 3.
Panl!lma Distribuidora Lewis SA, Edificio Dorasol, Calle 25 y Avenida Balboa, Apartado 1634,
Panama 1.
Peru t:ibreria Juan Mejia Baca, Azangaro 722, Lima.
Philippines The Modern Book Company, 928 Rizal Avenue, Manila.
Poland Ars Polona-Ruch, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 7, Warsaw.
Uvraria Bertrand, S.A.R.l., Apartado 37, Amadora; Livraria Portugal. Dias y Andrade
Ltda., Apartado 2681, Rua do Carmo 70-74, Lisbon - 2.
Rep. Dominicana Fundaci6n Dominicana de Desarrollo, Casa de las Gargolas, Mercedes 4, Santo Domingo.
Roumanie llexim, Cal ea Grivitei No. 64-66, P.O. Box. 2001, Bucharest.
Arabia Khazindar Establishment, King Faysal Street, Riyadh.
Sin!lJapore MPH Distributors Sdn. Bhd., 71 /77 Stamford Road, Singapore 6.
Somalia "Samater's ", P.O. Box 936, Mogadishu.
Sri Lanka M.D. Gunasena and Co. Ltd., 217 Norris Road, Colombo 11.
Suisse Librairie Payot S.A., Lausanne et Geneve; Hans Raunhardt, Kirchgasse 17, Zurich 1.
Sweden C.E. Fritzes Kung!. Hovbokhandel, Fredsgatan 2, 103 27 Stockholm 16.
Ttmzimia Dar es Salaam Bookshop, P.O. Box 9030, Dar es Salaam.
Thaihmd Suksapan Panit, Mansion 9, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok.
TO!lJO Librairie du Bon Pasteur, B.P. 1164, Lome.
Turkey Guven Kitabevi Mudafaa Cad., Guven Building 12/5, Ankara.
1Ll11ited Ki11gdom Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, London, W.C.1; P.O. Box 569, London,
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Street, Manchester M60 8AS; 258 Broad Street, Birmingham 1; Southey House.
Wine Street, Bristol BS1 280.
United States UNIPUB, 650 First Avenue, P.O. Box 433, Murray Hill Station, New York, N.Y. 10016.
of Americlll
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Venezuellll ,Blume Distribuidora S.A., Calle 3, N° 508, Quinta Palmera Sola, Campo Alegre, Chacao,
Caracas.
Jugoslovenska Knjiga, Terazije 27 /11, Belgrade; Cankarjeva Zalozba, P.O. Box 201-IV,
Ljubljana.
Requests from countries where sales agents have not yet been appointed may be
sent to: Distribution and Sales Section, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Les commandes ou les demandes de renseignements emanant de pays pour lesquels
des agents ou des depositaires n'ont pas encore ete designes peuvent etre adressees
a: Section distribution et ventes, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation
et !'agriculture, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, ltalie.
Los pedidos procedentes de paises en donde a(m no han sido designados agentes
distribuidores, pueden hacerse directamente a la Secci6n de Distribuci6n y Venta,
FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Roma, Italia.

P-69
ISBN 92-5-100153-7