Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AW Dudley
AW Dudley
Volume 83 | Issue 4
1985
Recommended Citation
Michigan Law Review, Cannibalism and the Common Law: The Story of the Tragic Last Voyage of the Mignonette and the Strange Legal
Proceedings to Which it Gave Rise, 83 Mich. L. Rev. 702 (1985).
Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol83/iss4/6
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CANNIBALISM AND THE COMMON LAW: THE STORY OF THE
TRAGIC LAST VOYAGE OF THE MIGNONETTE AND THE STRANGE
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS TO WHICH IT GAVE RISE. By A. Brian w.
Simpson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1984. Pp. xiii, 353.
$25.
deal was struck with Brooks, who was chosen because of his lower
rank and his apparently passive participation in the killing (although
he was admittedly an avid diner). Another curiosity illustrating the
court's difficulty in dealing with the defendants was the release of the
two men on their own recognizance, something virtually unheard of in
a capital case. Professor Simpson finds little hostility toward them,
even in Richard Parker's home town. He pulls together a variety of
sources of information, including letters to the editors of newspapers,
ballads sold on street corners, even the personal correspondence of
family members, all of which bolster his conclusion that public opin-
ion did not hold Dudley and Stephens out to be criminals. At least
among the seafaring population of southwestern England, the attitude
was that "[i]f properly conducted, cannibalism was legitimated by a
custom of the sea; . . . survivors who had followed the custom could
have a certain professional pride in a job well done; there was nothing
to hide" (pp. 144-45).
Before going into his analysis of the trial of Dudley and Stephens,
the author makes a rather lengthy diversion through a series of legal
cases involving first cannibalism, and then the necessity defense. In
the former, he focuses on the well-known Donner party and on the
legendary Alferd Packer, the "Colorado man-eater,'' who set out as a
guide for a party of prospectors in Colorado and showed up some
eight weeks later, alone, with a full belly and a full wallet. He then
examines the necessity defense as it arose in the American case of the
William Brown 2 and the wreck of the English ship Euxine. The neces-
sity defense was put forth on behalf of Alexander Holmes, a sailor on
the William Brown who threw some of the passengers overboard to
lighten the load in the life boat. Eventually he was tried on one count
of manslaughter and convicted, although the jury recommended
mercy. The case is noteworthy because it accepted in principle the de-
fense of necessity, holding that under such circumstances the proper
selection of victims should be at random by drawing lots. In the case
of the Euxine, three long boats set out from the burning ship; two
safely reached a nearby island, but the third, with eight crew members
aboard, was separated. When it was finally sighted by a passing ship,
only five of the eight were left - two had drowned when the boat
capsized, and a third had been killed and eaten. No prosecution of the
survivors was ever commenced.
Professor Simpson then returns to analyzing the legal proceedings
against Dudley and Stephens, having provided the background for the
cases that would be cited in the opinion of the court. He discusses the
management of the trial by Baron Huddleston, and looks in depth at
the reasoning behind the initial decision to seek a special verdict from
the jury in order to preserve the issue for consideration by a higher
2. United States v. Holmes, 26 F. Cas. 360 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1842) (No. 15,383).
706 Michigan Law Review [Vol. 83:702
court. The special verdict had not been used in England in ninety-nine
years; however, Huddleston feared that a decision by a single judge
sitting alone in assize would not carry sufficient weight to overturn the
custom of the sea and the proposed defense of necessity. In fact, the
special verdict was ultimately written by Huddleston himself and
adopted by the jury as their own.
Professor Simpson also delves into the reasoning of the defense
counsel in seeking total exoneration of his clients rather than a convic-
tion of the lesser charge of manslaughter, which would probably have
brought a sentence of no more than three months. It was assumed
from the beginning of the trial that upon conviction, the defendants
would be granted clemency and would not have to serve a jail sen-
tence, let alone suffer the death penalty. That they ultimately spent six
months in jail was a surprise to all, although again there is every indi-
cation that the authorities took a schizophrenic approach to the pair,
refusing them a pardon yet granting them a waiver of prison rules
restricting visitors, outside communication, and meals other than stan-
dard prison fare.
In the final chapter of the book, the author traces the fate of the
three seamen following the trial, including Dudley's death from the
plague in Sydney in 1900. He adopts a position clearly sympathetic to
Dudley: "I can only hope that this fuller explanation of the historical
background to the tragedy of the Mignonette may at least help to make
brave Tom Riley Dudley a more understandable human being" (p.
299). His treatment of Stephens is less sympathetic, and he is surpris-
ingly neutral toward the antihero Brooks.
Having sung the praises of Professor Simpson's book, it is never-
theless appropriate to point out its shortcomings (of which there are
but few). In spite of the captivating style, the reader must put up with
mountains of ponderous detail, made more difficult to digest by the
way it is pieced together. Not infrequently, a paragraph of detailed
references to related facts and events will run on for a full page or
more without relief, and at times one finds a paragraph more than two
pages long. Stylistically, the writing is at times hard to follow, as in
chapter 5 where the author jumps rather abruptly from a discussion of
shipping disasters to a study of publicly acknowledged acts of canni-
balism. Here he throws in brief mentions of a variety of studies of
cannibalism, even managing to link the practice to remote ancestors of
President John Kennedy. It is this extreme fascination with detail,
coupled with a failure to provide linking sentences and transitional
paragraphs, that causes the reader some consternation. While grant-
ing the author his decision not to use footnotes, one wonders if that
might not be a better way to treat such minutiae.
One thing Professor Simpson does not do is to go beyond the his-
torical evidence to relate it to a theory of criminal punishment. If, as
February 1985) Legal History 707