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General Chemistry 1.1 PDF
General Chemistry 1.1 PDF
Chemistry
The central science
Chemistry is the study of
matter including their
chemical and physical properties
chemical and physical changes it
undergoes
energy changes that accompany
GENERAL CHEMISTRY those processes
Rowel P. Catchillar, MS Phar
General Inorganic
Laws
Chemistry Chemistry
changes
Principles
Nuclear Geological
Chemistry Chemistry
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Laws Governing Matter & Energy Laws Governing Matter & Energy
Law of mass action Law of Mass Action
the rate of the reaction is proportional
to the product of the concentrate of
the reactants to the power of its
coefficient in a balanced equation
aA + bB cC + dD
Laws Governing Matter & Energy Laws Governing Matter & Energy
Law of Mass Action Law of Mass Action
Laws Governing Matter & Energy Laws Governing Matter & Energy
Result Analysis Law of Conservation of Energy
K >> 1, products favored energy can neither be created
K << 1, reactants favored nor destroyed, but it can be
transformed from one form to
another
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Laws Governing Matter & Energy Laws Governing Matter & Energy
Law of conservation of mass Law of Constant Composition
no change is observed in the Law of Definite Proportion
total mass of the substances Proust’s Law
involved in a chemical reaction States that: “in a pure
compound, the elements are
always present in the same
proportion by mass”
Example: H2O
IONS
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Discovery of Atoms & Atomic Models Discovery of Atoms & Atomic Models
John Dalton J.J. Thomson
Dalton proposed a modern atomic
model based on experimentation not Raisin Bread / Plum
on pure reason Pudding Model
All matter is made of atoms. (Negative electrons in
Atoms of an element are identical. a positive framework)
Each element has different atoms.
Atoms of different elements combine in found that atoms could
constant ratios to form compounds. sometimes eject a far
Atoms are rearranged in reactions. smaller negative
His ideas account for the law of conservation
of mass and the law of constant composition. particle which he called
Model: “Billiard Ball Model” an electron
Discovery of Atoms & Atomic Models Discovery of Atoms & Atomic Models
Ernest Rutherford Gold Film
Gold film experiment (99% Experiment
passed; <1% deflected) Most particles
passed through. So,
Proposal: atoms are mostly
Atom is mostly an empty empty.
space (99% passed) Some positive -
particles deflected or
Most of its and (+) particles bounced back!
are concentrated in the Thus, a “nucleus” is
nucleus (<1% deflected) positive & holds most
of an atom’s mass
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Discovery of Atoms & Atomic Models Discovery of Atoms & Atomic Models
James Chadwick Erwin
“Neutron” Schrodinger
discovery Quantum
Mechanical
Model
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Exercises Exercises
Determine the Determine the
Proton Proton
Atomic # Atomic #
Neutron Neutron
Electron Electron
Mass Number Mass Number
Nucleon # Nucleon #
Identify whether the following pairs Identify whether the following pairs
are: isotopes, isobars or isotones are: isotopes, isobars or isotones
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Electron Configuration
representation of the Long-hand Method
arrangement of electrons that Diagonal rule
Madelung’s rule
are distributed among the Klechkowski’s rule
orbitals. “An empirical rule for determining the
order in which atomic orbitals are
filled”
Short-hand notation
Nobel gas method
Orbital Notation
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(39.1) (40.1)
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Concentration-Dependent Solution
Factors affecting solubility Properties
Presence of Salts “Raoult’s law”
Salting-out – presence of salt …”when a solute is added to a
decreases solubility solvent, the vapor pressure of
Salting-in – Presence of salt the solvent decreases in
increases solubility proportion to the concentration of
the solute”
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Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
study of energy, work, and Thermodynamic System- part
heat and their inter-relation to of the universe isolated from
one another the rest by a boundary
“Surrounding” = Everything
outside
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END…
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