ISTANBUL KULTUR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

ARC 5024 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 2

Dr. H. Nur KIZILYAPRAK

HEATING - VENTILATING
HEATING SYSTEM HVAC

• A heating system is a mechanism for maintaining temperatures at an

acceptable level within a home, office, or other dwellings.

• When heat flow/loss occurs we need to give it back to the building.

HYPOCAUST

• A hypocaust is an ancient Roman

system of central heating. The word
literally means "heat from below“.

• Hypocausts were used for heating

public baths and private houses.
The floor was raised off the ground by pillars,
and spaces were left inside the walls so that the
hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass
through these enclosed areas and out of flues in
the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the
interior of the room.
THE IDEAL HEATING SYSTEM IS

• Simple to install
• Convenient to run
• Cheap to run
• Fast responding for both comfort and economy
• Quickly controllable to suit the immediate need
• Flexible, allowing separate room by room control
• Capable of delivering its heat in a comfortable way
HEATING SYSTEMS

A. LOCAL HEATING SYSTEM

B. CENTRALIZED HEATING SYSTEM
C. DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM
A. LOCAL HEATING SYSTEM
Local heating is the heating of a space, usually enclosed, such as a house or
room. A local heater keeps the air and surroundings at a comfortable
temperature for people.
Fuels
The most common method of heat generation involves the
combustion of fossil fuel, firewood, coal, natural gas or electricity in a
furnace.
LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS CONSISTS OF
• A heater
• A chimney
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
►Less initial costs
►Easy maintenance

Disadvantages
►Difficulty of fixing the comfort temperature
►Difficulty of homogeneous temperature disturbance
►Contamination of space air
B. CENTRALIZED HEATING SYSTEM

►A central-heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a

building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

►Central heating differs from local heating in that the heat generation
occurs in one place, such as a furnace room in a house or a
mechanical room in a large building.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
►Efficient system
►Ease of fixing the comfort temperature
►Ease of homogeneous temperature disturbance
►No contamination of space air
Disadvantages
►High initial costs
►High maintenance costs
Fuels

The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion

of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler.

►Coal

►Oil

►Gas

►Electricity
Distribution

The resultant heat then gets distributed by …

►forced air through ductwork,

►water circulating through pipes, or

►steam fed through pipes.

CENTRALIZED HEATING SYSTEMS CONSISTS OF

1. Boilers

2. Chimneys

3. Distributors (Pipes)

4. Emitters
1. BOILERS
►CAST-IRON SECTIONAL BOILERS
• These boilers consist essentially of serious of sections.
• The front and back sections differ from the intermediates.
• Heating surfaces of these boilers can be expanded by adding sections.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• Low cost production
• Simple transportation and installation
• Heating capacity can be increasing by additional sections
• Easy maintenance
• Long life
• Resistant to corrosion
Disadvantages
• Not suitable for high pressure
• It heats late
• Not available multi-storey buildings more than 8-storey
• Not frost resistant
1. BOILERS
►STEEL BOILERS
These boilers are constructed as mono block. For that reason it is impossible to
change their size after the installation.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
• Suitable for multi-storey buildings
• Easy maintenance
• Suitable for high-pressure
• Frost resistant
• It heats quickly
• Durable material
• Easy heating and cooling
Disadvantages
• Sizes are not changed afterwards because it is produced in the factory according to
the order.
• Difficult transportation and installation
• Not corrosion resistant
• Short life (it can rust in ten years)
DETERMINATION OF BOILER SIZES

Powers of boilers should be as follows.

► 1 boiler
Q’ = QT x 1,3 Q’
► 2 boilers
Q’ : boiler capacity , kcal/h or W
QT: heating load of building 1/3 Q’ + 2/3 Q’
► 3 boiler
1/3 Q’ + 1/3 Q’ + 1/3 Q’
PRINCIPLES OF BOILER ROOM DESIGN
(TS 2192) “Layout of Heating System”

►Boiler room should have a fire-resistant door.

►Boiler room should have a direct connection with outdoor.

►A “fresh air chimney” and an “exhaust air chimney” should be provided in boiler room.

►The connection to the chimney should be directly or through a swept bend.

►Boiler room should have maximum profit from daylight.

►Boiler room should have an artificial lighting installation which will not allow any glare in
the space.
PRINCIPLES OF BOILER ROOM DESIGN
(TS 2192) “Layout of Heating System”

►Boiler room height should be 2.20m to 2.50m.

►Every boiler should be connected to a chimney flue. More than one connection
to a chimney is not allowed.

►Floor of boiler room should be constructed as reinforced concrete.

►Boilers should be located on a 20 cm firebrick bases.

BOILER ROOM
ORGANISATION
BOILER
LOCATION
BOILER
LOCATION
2. CHIMNEYS

• A chimney is a system for venting hot flue

gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace
or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.

• Chimneys are almost vertical and tall to

increase their draw of air for combustion and
to disperse pollutants in the flue gases over a
greater area.
PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY ARRANGEMENT
(TS 2165)

• The thickness of the chimney wall should be at least 1 brick thickness.

• Perforated brick usage and infiltration on chimney walls is not

allowed.

• Necessary cleaning covers should be proposed (min. 30cm/30cm).

• Circular and square cross-section is preferred in chimney

construction.
PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY ARRANGEMENT
(TS 2165)
• Chimney height should reach 0,80 m over the roof top.
X ✓
X
PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY ARRANGEMENT
(TS 2165)
• Chimneys should be arranged as straight as possible, in case of any deflection,
the angle to the horizon should be at least 60o .
PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY ARRANGEMENT
(TS 2165)
• The minimum distance from the closest building should be at least 6 m.

Obstacle effect on chimney

PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY ARRANGEMENT
(TS 2165)

• The connection to the chimney

should be directly or through a
swept bend.
• Deflection with 90o is not allowed.
• Vertical channels will connect to
the chimney by an increasing slope
of %10.
PRINCIPLES OF CHIMNEY ARRANGEMENT
(TS 2165)
X ✓ • Internal surface areas should
be smooth and sharp to allow
the hot gases flow smoothly.

Cleaning chimney
3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

►Hot Water Heating Systems

►Steam Heating Systems
►Warm Air Heating Systems (Furnaces)
CLASIFICATIONS OF HOT-WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

Hot-water heating systems can be classified by temperature and

pressure.
►Gravity Circulating Heating System
►Forced Circulation Heating System
 Gravity Circulating Heating System

►In gravity circulating heating system,

the circulation of water is a result of the
difference in density between the hot
water in the supply line and the cold
water in the return line.
►The hot water tends to flow upwards
and cold water tends to flow
downwards.
Forced Circulation Heating System

►In a forced system a pump

will produce the circulation .

►Water is circulated regardless

of the temperature
differences between hot and
cold water.
Advantages and Disadvantages for Gravity Circulation
Heating Systems

►The larger the pipes, the faster the water will flow.

►Increased pipes and valves dimensions cause high initial costs.

►The gravity system is simple but limited to smaller hot water heating systems.

►A three-story house is the practical limit for gravity hot-water heating.

►The length of the supply and return pipes for the heating elements are more or
less the same. This makes it easier to select proper piping dimension for
balancing the flow.
Advantages and Disadvantages for Forced Circulation
Heating Systems

►Forced circulation is in general the only practical alternative in bigger systems.

►Pipe sizes are smaller which cause low initial costs.

►Flexibility on the installation of pipes

►Heat can be used after a short time of heat production thus energy consumption is
smaller than gravity circulation system.

►The pump is running by the electricity thus an electricity cut-off will effect the system
performance.

►The pump noise may cause a discomfort therefore a sound insulation is necessary.
ELEMENTS OF HOT-WATER HEATING SYSTEMS

►Collectors and Distributors

►Expansion tank

►Distribution Pipes

-Supply pipes

-Return pipes
COLLECTORS AND DISTRIBUTORS
EXPENSION TANK

►Expansion tanks are designed to compensate for changes in hot

water volume in heating systems and changes in water flow rate and
to maintain the static pressure produced by the pump at the
utilisation level in sanitary hot water systems.

►The expansion of water (4.7% from 0oC to 100oC) can be collected in

an open expansion tank above the system.
DISTRIBUTION PIPES
Supply pipes: Pipes system which distribute the hot water produced in
boiler to radiators
Return pipes: Pipes systems which collect the cold water from radiators
and carry it to the boiler
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

►Up-feed System
►Drop System
UP-FEED SYSTEM

►The water fed up from the

bottom (the boiler) to the
top (the highest radiator).
Advantages and Disadvantages

Up-feed systems

►A lot of pipe work on basement

►Short installation pipes thus less heat loss

►Heat loss from the pipes heats again the basement or the building
itself.
DROP SYSTEM

►The water is sent from the

bottom (the boiler) to the
highest point of the system and
then fed down all radiators.
Advantages and Disadvantages

Drop system

►Efficient pressure and fast heating.

►Long pipes installation cause high initial and high maintenance cost.

►Long pipes installation cause high heat loss which heats again the
building itself.
EMITTERS

Heat emitters are the apparatus fixed into the rooms to be heated.
►Pipes
►Convectors
►Radiators
►Panel Heating
►Under floor heating
PIPES
►This is an old form of heating surface and was much used in
factories for economy in the past.
►The downward radiation from overhead piping may be increased by
the fitting of flat plates attached to the pipes.
CONVECTORS

►A convector heater is a heater which operates by air convection currents circulating

through the body of the appliance, and across its heating element.

►This heats up the air, causing it to rise and being replaced by colder air, and thereby
creating a natural ventilation, warming the surrounding area.
CONVECTORS
RADIATORS

• Radiators and convectors are types of heat exchangers designed to

transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose
of cooling and heating.

• The term “radiator” is misused, since the heat is only about 20

percent radiant, the rest being convective.
RADIATORS

• Radiators should be full of water for maximum heat output; air in a

radiator obstructs the water flow.

• If the radiator is warm at the bottom and cool at the top, or warm at the
inlet side and cool at the outlet side, there may be air in the radiator.

• Keep radiators free of air by bleeding them when needed and adding
water as required, according to manufacturer’s instructions.
RADIATORS

Cast-iron radiator Steel radiator Aluminium radiator

RADIATOR LAYOUT
 RADIATOR LOCATION

►The location of radiators under windows is recommended to reduce cold down

drafts.

►It is important to leave adequate clearances for heat circulation and valve installation.

►The recommended height from the floor to the base of the radiator is 70mm.

►The recommended distance from the wall to the back of the radiator is 40mm.

►The internal facade of the external wall where the radiator is placed on should be
isolated.
PANEL HEATING

Continuous coils of pipe can be embedded in the construction of a

building

• Ceiling Heating

• Wall Panels

• Floor Heating
CEILING HEATING

The use of the ceiling in which

pipes are embedded in the
structural slab and plastered
over.
WALL PANELS

Pipes may be embedded in walls and covered

with plaster, as in the case of ceilings, or
with marble or some other similar finish.

Where pipes are in external walls, insulation

is desirable.
FLOOR HEATING

►The basic principle of Floor Heating is that heated water is circulated

through pipes, these are usually plastic, that are buried in the floor
structure.

►Floor Heating warms the floor which then warms the room space.
(UNDER)FLOOR HEATING
• Since warm air naturally rises,
Floor Heating is very effective
in creating a comfortable
environment.
COMPARISON OF EMITTERS

Temperature gradients in a heated room

COMBI BOILER

►A combi (or combination boiler) is a compact and highly efficient unit which
provides a means of generating hot water instantly for the taps and combines
this with central heating with significant savings on running and installation
costs.
STEAM HEATING SYSTEM

►High powered heating

►Fast heating and fast cooling

►Hospital, Factory, Concert hall, Conference room, cinema, theater…

DISTRICT SYSTEM

►District heating is a system for

distributing heat generated in a
centralized location for residential
and commercial heating
requirements such as space heating
and water heating.

►District heating systems distribute

steam or hot water to multiple
buildings.
VENTILATION HVAC

• Ventilation is the process of "changing" or replacing of air in any

space to remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust and airborne
bacteria.

• It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable

indoor air quality in buildings.
Mechanical/Forced Ventilation
Mechanical/Forced Ventilation
What we expect from a mechanical ventilation?

• Minimum noise level

• Air blower shouldn’t cause any overflow discomfort for users

• Air blower shouldn’t cause any dust flow

• Air distribution should be homogeneous

Exhaust ventilation systems
• Exhaust ventilation systems work by depressurizing
the building.
• By reducing the inside air pressure below the outdoor
air pressure, they extract indoor air from a house
while make-up air infiltrates through leaks in the
building shell and through intentional, passive vents.
• Exhaust ventilation systems are most applicable in
cold climates.
• Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and
inexpensive to install.
Supply ventilation systems
• Supply ventilation systems work by pressurizing
the building.
• They use a fan to force outside air into the
building while air leaks out of the building through
holes in the shell, bath- and range-fan ducts, and
intentional vents.
Balanced ventilation systems
• Balanced ventilation systems neither pressurize
nor depressurize a house.
• They introduce and exhaust approximately equal
quantities of fresh outside air and polluted inside
air, respectively.
• A balanced ventilation system usually has two
fans and two duct systems.
• It facilitates good distribution of fresh air by
placing supply and exhaust vents in appropriate
places.
Conventional overhead air distribution system
Under floor air distribution system
Air conditioning HVAC

►Air Conditioning is provided through the removal of heat.

►The definition of cold is the absence of heat and all air conditioning systems
work on this basic principle.
►Heat can be removed through the process of radiation, convection, and
conduction using mediums such as water, air, ice, and chemicals referred to as
refrigerants.
►In order to remove heat from something, you simply need to provide a medium
that is colder.
A complete air-conditioning system has seven functions

• Heating H
• Ventilation V
• Cooling
• Humidification
A
• Dehumidification
• Air cleaning and
C
• Circulation
HVAC System Components

• Boiler
• Chiller
• Cooling Tower
• Air handlers
• Fans
• Air ducts
• Diffusers
Major Components of HVAC
DELIVERY SYSTEMS THAT USE ONLY AIR
Single-zone air distribution
Multi-zone air distribution
DELIVERY SYSTEMS THAT USE BOTH AIR
AND WATER
Fan-coil System
Fan-coil Unit
Fan-coil Unit
DIFFUSERS

Ducts discharging air through vertical and horizontal rectangular diffusers

Diffuser layout
Ducts discharging air through linear diffusers
AIR CONTIONING OF SMALL BUILDINGS

► Packaged Systems

► Split Systems
PACKAGED SYSTEMS
• Packaged systems are self-
contained units.

• Their mechanical equipment is

assembled at the factory.

• Usually small buildings are

served by one package while
larger single-story buildings get
several.
Packaged unit designed for crawl spaces construction Packaged unit designed for placement above suspended ceiling

Packaged units are sometimes also used on the ground or above suspended
ceiling when there is enough space below the roof
SPLIT SYSTEMS

The general rule is to

split the hot side
from the cold side of
the system.
SPLIT SYSTEMS

• Most homes and some other

buildings find the split system to be
most appropriate.

• In the split system, the compressor

and condenser coils are outdoors
while the air handling unit with the
evaporator coil is indoors.
Each zone has its own split system controlled by a separate thermostat