Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kidist Hailu
Kidist Hailu
SUBMITTED.BY:-KIDIST HAILU………………………R/2858/07
DATE 0F SUBMISS:-10/06/2012
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INTERNSHIP RIPORT
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DECLARATION
Where by declare that, this report of qualified internship program held in Ethiopian Broadcasting
Corporate under the supervision of advisor …………….Ms.KIDIST
Name of student
1. KIDIST HAILU……………………….R/2858/07
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I would like to give in earnest and candid, heart-felt gratitude to the almighty GOD. Then
my appreciation extends to our families who supported me during the attachment with their
counsel and advices, In addition. I would like to thank everyone working in EBC (Ethiopian
Broadcasting Corporation), who sacrificed their time to teach and guide me during the attachment
period.
And, I would like to thank Mr.NAOL for his great advice & support by contact me & linkage the
first students to experience the new and improved system of internship.
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Executive summary
It is undeniable fact that the knowledge of Electrical and computer engineering cannot be up
graded without practical experience in each field of the subject matter. This paper is a written
report about the internship program which was planned to help intern’s students to grasp practical
know-how of electrical and computer engineering (communication stream) especially television
communication, their design, implementation, evaluation in general.
In this final report I have tried to write about the whole activities on the internship period of four
months, and it is divided into four chapter, the first chapter of the report mainly concerns on the
background of My hosting company EBC, which includes its brief history, main products or
services.
Main customers or the end users of its products and lastly the overall organization and work flow
of the company.
The second chapter of the report mainly describes My overall internship experience and it includes
how I get in to the company, in which section of the company that I have been working in, how
does the work flow in the section look like, the task that I have been executing, procedures that I
have been following while performing My work tasks, challenges that I have faced while I
performing My tasks, measures that I have taken to overcome the challenge and the like.
In the third chapter I have tried to explain the overall benefits that I have gained during the period
of the internship program by different point of view like in terms of improving practical skill,
upgrading theoretical knowledge, improving interpersonal communication skills, team playing
skills, leadership skills, understanding about work ethics, entrepreneurship skills and problem
solving capability.
In chapter four during the internship in the company I design project by selecting problems among
the company.
The last chapter contains conclusion and recommendation that I wrote to the company and
reference.
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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ ii
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
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2.5.3.2 Transmission ........................................................................................................................... 28
................................................................................................................................................................ 29
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 35
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4.10.2 Spine/Leaf Topology................................................................................................................ 39
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 47
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List of figure
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Acronyms
Frequency modulation……………………………………………………………………...FM
Amplitude modulation………………………………………………………………………AM
Television…………………………………………………………………………………….TV
Internet protocol...............................................................................................................…...IP
Outside Broadcasting……………………………………………………………………...…OB
Hearth………………………………………………………………………………...……….Hz
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
The Ethiopian broadcasting corporation is responsible for building up of image and national
consensus through an interactive broadcast media that provides timely, informative, educative and
entertaining programs utilizing state of the art media technology. The technology department,
which is part of this media house, is working on software development, graphics design, computer
and camera maintenance also adjusting satellites & networking. In particular, the network division
emphasizes on networking each office to communicate and integrate each other, to provide
Ethernet accesses to different office staffs, to secure of the network and documents of the
institution, to maintain and expand the existing network systems, and study the future plan of the
network.
Radio broadcasting is the transmission or signals distribution of sound using the electrical energy
Television is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving
images, either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. The
word Television is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots, meaning "far sight": Greek tele far
and Latin Visio sight (from video vest see or to view in the first person).
Color television broadcast began in 1982 in commemoration of the founding of Workers' Party of
Ethiopia (WPE). The current structure and goals of ETV were established 1987 with Proclamation
114/87. Ethiopian Radio launched its regular in 1935.
Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation EBC has three TV channels broadcasting to Ethiopia. The first
one is EBC 1 which is 24 hours broadcasting channel & it covers all regions in the country with a
content of politics, cultural, documentaries, news television dramas and also transmit regions
television like Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, Afar Somali, English and other programs. The second
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one is EBC2 and it alsoworks24 hour broadcasting transmission. It mainly focuses on the
socioeconomic movement of the capital city Addis Ababa. The 3rd one is EBC3and it is18 hours
broadcasting channels. This channel mainly focuses on Entertainment programs like TV shows,
music, films and other entertainment programs. EBC broadcasts its news and programs nationwide
and overseas via Radio, Television and Online streaming.
ETV had transmitted the first and historic assembly of the Organization of African Unity held in
1963, in Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Radio and ETV were merged in 1995 E.C forming the Ethiopian
Radio and Television Agency /ERTA/. Now it formed as EBC is directly accountable to the House
of People’s Representatives. EBC (Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation) is an Ethiopian government-
owned television channel. It's the only one in Ethiopia due to the government ban of private media.
ERTA/EBC has three main services the first is Information This include programs like; news in
different language, declaring current government policies, advertisement, informing current social,
political and economic status of the country and abroad. The second one is Education this includes
programs like; documentary films, talk shows. The 3rd one is Entertainment this includes films,
sport, music and other entertainment programs. Ethiopian was established in 1935 and for a longer
time it had only one channel called Ethiopian radio after time legedadi radio and fan radio become
part of it now it has more than 3 FM radio stations. Ethiopian Radio claims to have reached 50
percent of the landmass and 75 percent of the population with a good signal, making it the most
influential news source in the country with this fact in mind, the recent proclamation of a
Broadcasting Bill by the Ethiopian House of Representatives seems an interesting and perhaps
hopeful sign.
Part Three of this Proclamation sets out a legal basis on which private commercial radio and
television can be licensed. The Bill of Broadcasting may bring the introduction of FM radio closer
to reality. This will be an enormous challenge for the media development in Ethiopia. The main
product of the company is producing documentaries, educational programs, TV shows and some
other entertainment programs and their service is broadcasting these products for the people of the
country. The main customers & end users of the company are mainly commercial companies that
want to broadcast their products advertisement for the people. And also the people are end users
of the company. Now under EBC there are different FM radios like FM Addis (97.1MHz), FM
104.7MHz.
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1.2. The mission of EBC
The main products of Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation are to produces different kinds of
program listed below:
Preparing News
Entertainment
Renting Studio
Direct Transmitting information service
Script writers, documentary service
To develop the faithfulness with government.
To develop participation of customers by advertising their products.
To improve the benefit of budget.
To increase revenue of government on country.
To increase study and discovery
To develop and organize good experience.
To extend and use the democratic right of the community.
To increase management system and chain of human resource management.
To increase organization of all sector
To develop the ability of leaders and actors.
To increase using and presenting technology materials
To develop work culture of the community.
1.3. The vision of EBC
To digitization the broadcasting system by distributing decoder (set pox) for all Ethiopian people
by long years’ credit.
To build image and national consensus through an interactive broadcast media that provides
timely, informative, educative and entertaining programs utilizing state of the art media.
Also EBC have vision to open new channels it Have ability to open minimum of twenty
(20) channels TV& radio
To improving the quality of news and programs
To reaching 100% coverage across the country with both radio & TV
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To improving the capacity of journalists and technical staff
To improving internal working environment and developing efficient and effective system
To improving use of ICT to improving media technology
1.4. Product or service of organization
Since EBC is the big and governmental broadcasting company, there are many advertising services
of different products. EBC works on overall the country and it works for all the nation nationalities
exist in Ethiopia. This indicates that there is their own air time for every nation by their languages.
There is also recording services if news, music, entertainments, educational things and other issues
like political, social and cultural issues can be recorded in the organization. Training is also for the
workers of the organization. Encouraging and initiating the public to be productive, by showing
the experiences of developed nation.
EBC has four studios called studio A, studio B, studio C and studio D. Studio A and studio B are
the old studio which are the first studio of ETV. These studios are virtual studio. Studio C and
Studio D are the modern studios of EBC and they have digitalized instruments the best lighting
system technologies.
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MEDIA TECHNOLOGYS
DIPARTEMET
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CHAPTER TWO
THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. The way of getting in to the company
There are different ways to make an agreement but for this report the attachment was made through
the agreement between the company and university. Before the beginning of the entire attachment
activities at first intern of the organization the company will give the overall introduction of the
company. And the department of communication in the company arranges in different group and
the arrangement has four different departments with same time schedule. The aim of this internship
was to upgrade knowledge and introduce to the working environment and expects to identify
problems in the working area and solve it. This has two phases First phase is Problem identifying
and Second phase is problem solving.
Generally, Stay on practice in the company for four months. In these four months’ work in four
departments and stay on each department for one-month time interval. Those departments are.
Studio system
OB Van (outside broadcast van)
DSNG (Digital Satellite NEWS Gathering)
Engineering (Archive) department
Also as mentioned above practice wait is both on TV broadcasting system and Radio broadcasting
system. Now first let look the work flow and system of TV broadcasting system.
The television section of the media technologies department has its own sections and sets of
responsibilities too. The television section is consisted of the studio system, VTR, OB van, DSNG
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and Engineering sections. The television system section has a responsibility of preparing live and
recorded programs and news in the studios OB vans and field trips and selection of the appropriate
output service. The system section also performs maintenance of system equipment’s when it’s
needed.
The television section of the EBC is one of the 3 main sections of the agency. It has four studios
which are fully equipped with every device necessary for a program production and transmission.
It’s a complex procedure involving so many sophisticated personnel and equipment. Through the
period of the internship I’ve seen all the studios and based on that I’ve tried to briefly describe the
complex task of the production and transmission of a television program. Now let look one by one
the section of EBC and their instrumental application.
Television studios.
Production control room
master control room
VTR and storage room.
Recording room
Network control room
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Presentati
on room
Reference signal
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Figure.1. 3. Studio floor
transmission is taking place in one of the studios the program/news follows the following path.
Control
Camera Wall box
Room
Cameras
A camera is a device that converts an optical image in to an electronic or film rendition of that
optical image. A camera uses an objective lens to create an image of an object. If position an
imaging sensor at the location where this optical image is formed, we can capture a likeness of this
image. Every electronic camera contains a sensor to convert an optical image into an electronic
signal. Cameras are the main components of a television system they represent what’s taking place
in the studio as a separate audio and motion picture signals using some additional wired or wireless
microphones. The signals are then sent to the wall boxes located at either side of the studio through
a fiber optic cable which also carries control signal from the production director in the control
room to the camera man.
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Types of video cameras
Studio cameras
ENG cameras
EFP cameras
Studio cameras function with integration to additional devices such as Camera Control Units
(CCUs) and Remote Control Units/Panels (RCUs /RCPs). ENG Cameras Electronic News
Gathering camera includes Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) or CD burners. EFP Cameras
Electronic Field Production includes Video Audio Mixers, Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) and
other facilities. In big Studios the Camera Control System consists of Master Setup Unit, Central
Network Unit, Camera Control Unit, and Remote Control Panel.
Studio A
It is full of kid’s materials and used for preparing program only for kids, and it holds only two
studio cameras two CCU, and edited in the same production room with studio B. both of the studios
have a composite output of SD data type,
Studio B
This studio is in the same place with the studio A and it holds three studio cameras, three CCU,
autocue. Most of the time this studio is used for pre-cast recorded productions.
Studio C
It is the latest studio found in the corporation, it can provide HD composite data and it have
background screen, we can change the background pictures simply in the computer connected with
it, and it have the best ventilation and lighting system with it.
Studio D
It holds almost similar components found in the studio C except the background screen, it also
generates composite HD signal and it holds three studio cameras.
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Studio Light
Lighting is a method that allows the camera to make a picture. A good lighting makes the picture
interesting.
Key lights
Fill lights
Back lights
Background lights
The combination effect of these four lights (put in exactly the right place, at exactly the right
intensity and with the right quality/coherence), creates an optimum over-all effect.
Key Lights: The key light is the main light. It highlights the form, dimension and surface detail
of subject matter.
Fill Lights: The purpose of Fill light is partially (but not entirely) filling in the shadows created
by the key light.
Background Lights: Background lights are used to illuminate the back ground area and add depth
and separation between scene elements. A back light is designed to light up the back of subjects
and a background light is designed to light up the front of backgrounds.
Wall boxes
The wall boxes are located at one of the walls of the studio. Their job is to change the incoming
optical signal to an electrical one so it can be further processed in the control room. The separate
audio and video signals are sent to the control room using a coaxial cable with a bandwidth of
11GHz.
Frame synchronizers
Frame synchronizers embed/de-embed the incoming signals together they also convert signals
from analog to digital and SDI to HD and vice versa.
Are devices or software which generate the back ground looks, graphics and writings for programs,
they also generate the EBC logo, news and some other announcements which run while the
programs are also running.
Multi-Image
The multi-image effects include dividing the screen in to various section (split screen), or into
many repetitions of the same image (echo).
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Audio mixers
Audio mixers are the main elements of the audio processing section. They are used for further
processing of the audio signal which may be coming from the wall boxes, the wireless mics or a
prerecorded sound from a CD or a flash drive.
The audio processing section also contains devices like CD Players, Flash Memory Players,
monitoring Speakers in the older studios.
Vision mixers are devices which mix the audio and video signals with the outputs of the character
generator. The vision mixing section also contains some devices like video monitors, character
generators, and digital video effects.
It is the main control unit of all the cameras inside the studio. It allows the control of up to 12
cameras. The camera control unit controls the amount of light that enters the camera by adjusting
the shutter and iris; this allows the camera operator to concentrate on other things, like framing the
shot or keeping in focus. The camera/lighting control unit also consists of, Light Control
(Dimmer), Waveform Monitor, Vector Scope, and Video Color Monitors.
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2.2.4. Sound Control Room
Sound control room is part of a production studio where music or vocal sound will be controlled,
Mixed and other sound effects added. This room consists of; Audio mixer, Audio Tape/Cassette
R/P, CD Players, Flash Memory Players, Monitoring Speakers.
Master control is the final point before a signal is transmitted to the transmitter section through a
fiber link or satellite provider for broadcast through the earth station. Television master control
rooms include banks of Video monitors and
After it leaves the master control room of the system section, the further processing of the program
signal will take place in the DSNG section. The DSNG (digital satellite news gathering) section is
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concerned with the satellite transmission of the final program or news. The satellites EBC uses for
the broadcasting are the AMOS, NSS, NILESAT, EUTELSAT, HOTBIRD and GALAXY. In the
system section the audio and video components of a program will be processed independently. The
production of the program/news starts in the studios, the video signal from the cameras and the
outputs of the microphones in the studio will be sent to the production control room (PCR) after
passing through one of the wall boxes attached to either side of the studio.
Then the video signal will be further modified inside the camera control unit and then it will be
passed on to the production switcher which mixes and adds some special effects to it like cut, fade,
wipe etc.…. the switcher can also select another video signal from other video signal sources like
a VTR. Then the signal goes into a distribution amplifier to get multiple copies of it for play back
and other purposes. The complete program will leave the master control room of the television
system section usually in a SDI (serial data interface) and goes through all the processes required
before transmission. The complete list of equipment’s used to perform the above mentioned
processes in the DSNG system are given below.
Figure.1. 8. DSNG
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satellite TV receiver using relatively cheap coaxial cable; if the signal remained at its original
microwave frequency it would require an expensive and impractical waveguide line.
Satellite dish
A satellite dish is a parabolic antenna designed to receive electromagnetic signals from satellites,
which transmit data transmission or broadcast, such as satellite television. The parabolic shape of
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a dish reflects the signal to the dishes focal point, mounted on a brackets at the dishes focal point
is a device called a feed horn, this feed horn is essentially the front end of a waveguide that gathers
the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to the low noise block down converter
(LNB); the LNB converts the signal from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and
shifts the signals from the down linked C band or Ku band to the L band range. Satellite dish is
used for transmission and reception purpose.
Encoder
An encoder is used to compress and convert the signal to the suitable audio and video signal
formats. There are two types of encoders in the EBC
Encoder systems that have a separate encoder and modulator modules and
An encoder with a modulator embedded inside it.
Decoder
In the process of transmission, the transmitted signal is often received and played back in order to
monitor and check the progress of the signal so. The signal is first received using an LNB cable
and a decoder is the device which is then used to determine the appropriate signal parameters so
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that I find the one I am looking for. The transmission and reception parameters of a signal are the
same except in reception frequency and polarization.
Spectrum Analyzer
Before transmission is to be started on some channel and specific frequency and channel
parameters are set a proper testing has to be done. A spectrum analyzer is one of the devices used
on such occasions it has a built in decoder and monitor so the transmitted signal can be seen and
tested before transmission.
One Earth Station ends a transmission to the satellite. This is called an Uplink. The satellite
Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth Station. This is
called a Downlink. Uplink frequency is always higher than downlink frequency; Fu>FD.
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2.3.2. Uplink room
Up-link room is the place where up-link and down-link process of program is directed. When the
program that delivered from the studio is up-linked to satellite other data or program is received
from satellite by means of down-link.
Up-link: its definition is that the link from a ground station up to a satellite by parabolic satellite
dish.
Down-link: similarly it is also the link from satellite down to one or more ground station or
receivers by satellite dish. When an up link is being received by spacecraft at the same time a down
link is being received by earth. In uplink room they use a device known as spectrum analyzer.
Uplink frequency: Is the link frequency from a ground station up to the satellite.
Uplink frequency= downlink frequency + local oscillator of the satellite frequency. For example,
downlink frequency of EBC is 3626MHz and local oscillator frequency (2225MHz) is constant.
The maximum frequencies for the uplink and downlink are 6GHz and 4GHz respectively in c band.
For the following reasons, uplink frequency is greater than down link frequency.
On the earth station I have to penetrate the atmosphere to reach the satellite station. Sow
needs a lot of power to be generated. Hence uplink is at higher frequency with higher
power.
As the frequency is increased the amount of interference caused by the atmosphere reduces,
as higher frequency signal has more signal energy in it. So it can penetrate the atmosphere
more easily.
Unwanted distortion like rain, fog, other frequency in neighborhood, etc. cause distortion.
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`
The VTR section is responsible for the proper storage of all the programs news and music ever
transmitted or yet to be transmitted. Since the programs or some part of might be needed for rerun
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or usage in another program or news and also for recording purposes the programs are stored
properly after their transmission. This section basically focused on recording machines and
materials.
Tape recording materials are mostly grouped with analog recording materials sometimes we call
them magnetic tape materials works under the principle of magnetic ordering.
One inch
Two inch
VHS
VHS-C
S-VHS
disc materials work by forming a spots on the disc the reader material generates some kind of
infrared light, there is also photo transistor material to receive the bounce back signal then the
entire system starts to calculate the time of echoed signal then the time signal changes to frequency
through this process we can read the data stored in the storage.
U-matic
Beta cam
XD-cam
Hard disc
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3. Memory card recording materials
memory storage devise it is composed of the tiny components called laches and flip flops, and it
stores the data in the form of ones and zero values it has entire architecture how to allocate and
access a data. Memory recording machines Simple computer
Radio broadcasting is the transmission or signals distribution of sound using the electrical energy.
The first task of radio broadcasting systems is to change sound into electrical energy. This
electrical energy is called Audio signals. The equipment that changes this energy is called
transducers. The second jobs of radio broadcasting system are to process or change audio signal.
So that can broadcast them. The pieces of equipment that change one or more aspect of an audio
signal are called signal processors. The other part, transmitter and antenna that processed audio
signal are carried to receiver as receiver signals. The process of joining the audio signal and
receiver signal is done through modulation.
Sound: -Is a physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing. In humans, hearing takes
place whenever vibrations of frequencies between about 15 and 20,000 hertz reach the inner ear.
Sound loudness is commonly measured in decibels.
Tuner
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Let see the term in diagram above one by one
Input Transducer: -is the equipment that changes one form of energy to the others. There are many
types of equipment that convert energy in broadcasting systems like a microphone.
Microphones: -Microphone, device used to transform sound energy into electrical energy
(Microphones are important in many kinds of communications systems and in instruments that
measure sound and noise.
Signal processor: -is the equipment that changes one or more aspects of an audio signals size.
There are several equipment’s in broadcasting that produces signal processors, such as pre
amplifier, mixer, power amplifier, audio amplifier, effect of unit and so on. This equipment is
called source equipment.
RF Amplifier: -is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a low power radio frequency signal
into a larger. It also used to increase the power of the signal and the range of radio wave.
Workstations
Studios
Control station
Transmitting station
1. Work stations
The work stations are where the programs, news and advertisements get recorded and edited. The
recording and editing of the programs is done using programs called radio assist and adobe
audition.
2. Studio room
The studios are the places where the live and prerecorded programs and news will be transmitted
to the control station after they go through the proper modifications though the audio mixer. The
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main components of the studios are the microphones, the audio mixer and the different types of
audio players. So whenever a program to be running the technician inside the control room selects
the proper file from the available inputs the microphones in the studio the CD players or the reel
tape player and modifies and mixes them according to the program and sends to the main control
station.
Audio mixer
An audio mixer is an electronic device that channels incoming audio signals while maintaining
control over such effects as volume level, tonality, placement, and other dynamics for music
production. In professional sound mixing an audio mixer is sometimes called soundboard, mixing
console, or mixer. Each channel on a mixer is dedicated to a separate track.
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Various sources of audio must be carefully controlled and blended during a production. You will
recall I said if analog audio levels are allowed to run at too high a level, distortion will result, and
if levels are too low, noise can be introduced when levels are later brought into the normal range.
The control of audio signals is normally done in a TV and Radio studio or production facility with
an audio mixers or audio console.
Allow for switching and volume level adjustments for a variety of audio sources
Allow for creatively mixing together and balancing multiple audio sources to achieve an
optimum.
blend Route the combined effect to a transmission or recording device
Audio amplifier
An audio amplifier is an electronics amplifier that amplifies low power audio signal to a level
suitable driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain.
3. Control station
The control station is where the audio signal leaves the EBC for transmission. It is the final
destination of the audio signal in the EBC. The final version of the programs or news to be
transmitted leaves the EBC through the control station towards the transmitters in furi and dawi.
The basic components of a control station are:
STL transmitter.
Audio processor
Routing switcher
AM/FM stereo tuner
Recorders
S.T.L transmitter
A studio transmitter link STL is a device used sends a radio station’s signal to the transmitter.
Since an antenna needs to be in a place with higher altitude like a top of mountain and that’s an
impractical place for a studio and the center of stations coverage may not be near the studio a STL
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is needed to link the studio with the transmitter in a remote place. The STL transmitter takes the
input audio signal and perform everything a typical transmitter should do like modulation,
encoding and matching the impedance of the transmitter with that of the antenna. STL transmitter
then transmits the modulated signal through a wireless link using a radio frequency different from
the station’s frequency to the transmitting stations in furi and dawi. Frequencies 231MHZ,
232.6MHZand 230.6MHZ are used by the STL to send the programs from the FM 97.1, 104.7, the
external and the national services respectively.
Audio processor
The audio processor performs the rest of the modifications on the program or news to be
transmitted and Records back what’s currently being broadcasted to be stored in the audio library.
The routing switcher is the device that is used to set the studio and the output STL links at a time.
It can also be used to transmit the same audio signal in all the output links. Equipment’s like the
distribution amplifier and analog to digital and digital to analog converters are used in between
these devices to have multiple copies of the signal and convert in between its formats. The
transmitted signal will be received and played back by a AM/FM stereo tuner so that the
technicians will know if there is a transmission error. the received program will also be recorded
by the solid state recorder.
The transmitting station is where the audio signal from the radio link gets amplified so that it can
travel through the whole range and retransmitted using the appropriate frequency. The main
transmitting stations are located in furi and dawi and they are joined with the control stations inside
the EBC by a radio link
Transmitter
Receiver
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Antenna
antenna support structure (guys wire)
Cabling
interface equipment
Mixer & etc.
Electromagnetic Recording
In audio tape recording, sound waves are amplified and recorded on a magnetized plastic or paper
tape. The information is first converted into electrical impulses, which are then impressed in the
magnetized tape by an electromagnetic record head. A playback head, which is also An
electromagnetic device, converts the magnetic fields on the tape into electrical impulses that are
then amplified and reconverted into audible sound waves.
FM Transmitter
Information being transferred, i.e. the modulating signals a signal from some low frequency
source. It is being amplified in low frequency amplifier and then led into the high frequency
oscillator, where the carrier signal is being created. The carrier is a high frequency voltage of
constant amplitude, whose frequency is, in the absence of modulating signal, equal to the
transmitter's carrier frequency FS. In the oscillatory circuit of the high frequency oscillator a
capacitive diode is located. It is a diode whose capacitance depends upon the voltage between its
ends, so when being exposed to low frequency voltage, its capacitance is changing in accordance
with this voltage.
Due to that frequency of the oscillator is also changing, i.e. the frequency modulation is being
obtained. The FM signal from the high frequency oscillator is being preceded to the power
amplifier that provides the necessary output power of the transmission signal. The carrier
frequencies of the radio diffusion FM transmitters (that emit the program for "broad audience")
are placed in the waveband from 88 MHz to 108 MHz, the maximum frequency shift of the
transmitter (during the modulation) being ±75 kHz. Because of that the FM signal should be drawn
much "thicker", but it would result in a black-square-shaped picture.
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AM Transmitter
Operation AM radio technology is simpler than FM radio, DAB, Satellite Radio and HD Radio.
An AM receiver detects amplitude variations in the radio waves at a particular frequency. It then
amplifies changes in the signal voltage to drive a loudspeaker or earphones. The earliest crystal
radio receivers used a crystal diode detector with no amplification. Medium-wave and short-wave
radio signals act differently during day time and night time. During the day, AM signals travel by
ground wave, diffracting around the curve of the earth over a distance up to a few hundred miles
(or kilometers) from the signal transmitter.
However, after sunset, changes in the ionosphere cause AM signals to travel by sky wave,
enabling AM radio stations to be heard much farther from their point of origin that is normal during
the day. This phenomenon can be easily observed by scanning an AM radio dial at night. As a
result, many broadcast stations are required as a condition of license to reduce their broadcasting
power significantly (or use directional antennas) after sunset, or even to suspend broadcasting
entirely during night time hours. Such stations are commonly referred to as day timers.
2.5.3.1 Origination
When a sound is first played, it is picked up by a microphone and translated into a sine wave that
represents the sound. The carrier waves start out with no information inscribed in them until they
are modified by the information from the electrical information from the microphone. These
electromagnetic waves are more effective than mechanical waves, because electrical waves can
travel in a vacuum while mechanical waves need a medium to travel in. Electromagnetic waves
travel at the speed of light, which is faster than the mechanical waves that travel at the speed of
sound.
2.5.3.2 Transmission
Radio transmission occurs when intelligence sound is transformed into sine waves and transmitted.
Transmission can occur with amplitude modification (AM) or frequency modification (FM).
Amplitude modification changes the size of the sine waves to represent the information and is most
commonly used for transmitting AM radio stations and the image for televisions. Frequency
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modification alters the length of the sine waves to transfer information and is often used for FM
radio stations and the sound of television stations.
In this department it focuses more on tapeless work flow (digital archive) system. This department
is also called archive or digital library. This archive/digital library technology is new for EBC
before this technology they use caste technology to store any data by using tape and tapes this is
not good for protection of data because when the data stored for long period of time the data quality
become poor because of different things like temperature dust etc.
as well as the data may be lost. But by using this new technology I can try to improve this entire
problem. This new technology is not affected by virus because SD/SanDisk is free from other
personal computer connection. At Ethiopian broadcasting station the archive room is where they
store all the data’s and it’s a very confidential system only a few people have access to it. In this
Digital Archive there are a lot of servers, routers, robotics library. In this library there is a lot of
disc which have 470 Tera bytes they use the 200 of Tera byte for the last 4 years and also the CPU
of all desktops is found here except the secretaries and normal desktops (the computer which is
not connected with systems).
In the office of engineering room there is only one desktop that they used for manage and control
the whole system. They can shut down the whole broad casting process from this computer. They
use low resolution for transmitting the signals. For updating, installation, to change the
equipment’s and etc. they required the help of foreign companies.
STUDIO C
STUDIO D
INJECTION ROOM
DIGITAL ARCHIVE ROOM
MCR
RECORDING ROOM
EDITING ROOM
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CHAPTER THREE
Theoretical knowledge alone is meaningless without practical skill. But when it is supported by
practical work, theoretical knowledge will be improved and increased the creativity of new ideas.
It enables the person’s to improve practical skill in the maintenance and repair of different
regulators.
It Improves the person’s practical skill in the operating system of different electrical
devices.
It is helpful to improve reading skill of electrical device manuals and installation
procedures on papers.
It helps the person to know how to properly distribute an electrical power (energy) for the
whole company’s sections, for example parallel operation of the company generator for
replacing an electrical energy.
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3.2. In terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge
The internship allowed to improve interpersonal communication skills with various societies who
work in the company in terms of the following important points.
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3.5 In terms of improving leader ship skills
As leader many issues may happen from different point of view regarding to the company.
Therefore, the leader must be responsible to invite each and every issue properly. We have met
with different chairmen and seen how they treat different issues. Generally, The gains are the
following skills.
During internship, The person will understood what work ethics is mean and seen different
workers who express work ethics with their own daily life activities. Work ethics includes the
following important points.
Leads to be good decision maker in profession.
Keeping working materials as their own property.
Equally treat any customers without discrimination.
Awarding principle of being ethical.
Develops work habit.
Improve discipline on the practical world and being punctual.
Develops importance of unity in working place.
Consolidate the behavior of being diligent.
The exprience obtained has a great importance upon the intire life to choose and plan future
activity. Being an intern student I believe that I became knowledgable in:
Risk taker
Knowledge
Creativity
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Innovative
Self confidence
Commitment
Hard work
Market ability
Advantages of entrepreneurship:
To improve backwardness of the people.
To utilize properly the resource.
Proper utilization of human potential.
To create self-complement and generation of employment opportunities.
To achieve economic development of the nation
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INTERN SHIP PROJECT
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CHAPTER FOUR
4. INTERNET PROTOCOL TELEVISION STUDIO (IPTV STUDIO)
Abstract
This project works on IP infrastructure, using widely adopted networking protocols and
techniques which leads to increase the quality of broadcasting and number of channel distribution
at a time. Every electronics material in IP Television studio has its own IP address.
The main objective of this project is to design Internet Protocol television(IPTV) studio by using
spine leaf topology on CISCO packettracer.This television studio system provides capability,
flexibility, cost-effectiveness, convenient, future proof system and also solve the complexity of
cable in studio by reducing number of SDI cables. Generally, every electronics material in IP
Television studio is controlled by using packet switcher.
4.1. Motivation
IP (Internet Protocol) and TV (Television) are the two elements of Internet Protocol Television
(IPTV). IP allows transferring information (data) to a point, which is addressed earlier .Except the
addressed point, no one can get this information. On the other hand, TV is a system where images,
videos and sounds are transmitted via terrestrial, cable or satellite .And anybody having a TV-set
and cable connection or DTH (Direct to Home) connection can receive the TV signal. IPTV is the
addition of these two element sand the system is able to deliver video and sound together through
Internet.
Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is a system where TV signal, instead of being delivered through
traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats, is transmitted through Internet
Protocol. IPTV uses IP for distribution of television programming, but over dedicated networks
operated by Telco’s, not the open Internet.
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4.2. Problem statement
Television broadcasting requires cables to transport video and a to traffic. Ethiopian Broadcasting
Corporation (EBC) uses a serial digital interface (SDI) router. The SDI cables can carry only a
single unidirectional signal. As a result, a large number of cables, frequently stretched over long
distances, are required, making it difficult and time-consuming to expand or change an SDI-based
infrastructure.
The solution for the above stated problem were proposed by designing IP television studio which
will carry multiple bidirectional traffic flows using a single cable and have the capacity to support
different flow sizes without requiring changes to the physical infrastructure.
Design hard ware using layer 3 routers, multi-layer switch, switch etc.
Software programming
Interfacing hardware and software by packet tracer
The design of IP broadcasting system will carry multiple bidirectional traffic flows using a single
cable and have the capacity to support different flow sizes without requiring changes to the physical
infrastructure. The scope of this project will extend up to the simulation part.
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4.7. limitation
Whitney shows that there is a relationship between Television programming with a large number
of household products positioning and the desire to remodel one’s house. The outcomes also
indicated that audiences have a more positive perception of the brands they find embedded in TV
programming. Mobile TV has the potential to modify the recent market for cellular services.”[6]
Bria suggested two future path sand scenarios for mobile TV; one where mobile TV is transmitted
primarily over a dedicated broadcast network similar to conventional TV today. The other is a
solution that uses the existing cellular networks that with some upgrade should support a
“broadcast-like”.
4.9. Methodology
Conceptual survey: reading theoretical and conceptual description. Literature review exploring
the previous work in this area and bringing connectivity to the project, which is solve problem I
have figured out during my time of internship in Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation.
System configuration: Modeling of the network topology and configuration of the modeled
system using Cisco packet tracer.
Testing and Analysis the results: Includes evaluating the performance of the proposed network
structure by making the media device send the packet using different path. Test the spine/leaf
topology configuration and operation.
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4.10. Conceptual frame work of the study
IP is the principal communication protocol in the internet protocol suit for relaying datagram ms
across network boundaries. IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the
destination host solely based on the IP address in the packet headers.
IP is used today on many local are ante works that are not connected to the Internet. This is
why there are a large number of IP addresses that are reserved for non-Internet uses on
private networks. The private address space is particularly useful for IP studio, since the
devices so interconnected are typically not intended to be accessible directly via the public
Internet. A packet switched system like IP does not require individual wiring paths to each
input and output of every device.
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4.10.2 Spine/Leaf Topology
Spine/leaf topology a type of topology with two-layer network composed to leaf switches and spine
switches. The Spine/Leaf architecture is configured in an Equal-Cost Multi pathing(ECMP)
allowing all connections to be utilized at the same time while remaining stable and avoiding loops
within the network. With this topology, the Leaf layer consists of access switches that are used to
interconnect the devices providing and requiring data. These The Spine layer (made up of switches
that perform routing) switch is backbone of the network, where every leaf switch is interconnected
with each and every spine switch, equipped with high bandwidth ports. Mainly, Leaf switches mesh
in to the spine, forming the access layer that delivers network connection point. In leaf –spine
topology all connection to be utilized at the same time and ease of Adding additional hardware and
capacity
To allow for the predictable distance between devices in this two layered design, dynamic layer 3
routing is used to interconnect the layers. Dynamic routing allows the best path to be determined
and adjusted based on response to network change. [4][7]
The leaf switches first make the aggregation of data ,and then interconnect to Spine switches. This
strategy greatly contributes in reducing the distance of fiber optical cables connecting to the IP
network. Spine/Leaf architecture helps to reduce the length and quantity of cables interconnecting
to the IP network .Each equipment is connected locally with short fiber to a leaf switch. The leaf
switch aggregates the many signals to interconnect to the Spine switch using fewer fiber strands.
This provides a clear advantage over any other centralized switching methodologies. Cable
management is simplified also due to the proximity of the TOR switch and the media devices. [4][7]
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Figure.1. 20. Use of Spine/Leaf Topology inside a Broadcasting Station
Router: is a Computer that specializes in sending packets over the data network. They are
responsible for interconnecting networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel and
forwarding packets to their destination. [5][7]
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Multilayer Switch: is a network device that has the ability to opera eating her layers of OSI
reference mode unlike the Data Link Layer (DLL) traditionally used by switches. A multilayer
switch can perform the function of switch as well as that of a router at incredibly fast speeds. [5]
Switch: Ethernet switches (packet switch) selectively forward individual frames from a receiving
port to the port where the destination node is connected. Switching technologies scan make a
significant and positive impact in any company or in campus profit line.
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Figure.1. 21. Design Part of Leaf Topology
The design equipment providing the data is connected to a leaf switch, the leaf switch first makes
the aggregation of data, then interconnect to Spine switches. This strategy greatly contributes to
reducing the distance of fiber optical cables connecting to the IP network. And the routing allows
the best path to be determined and adjusted based on response to network change .There’s no limit
to the size of the network.
The result of design: a set of standard IP routers and the spine routers are connected to ‘leaf’
networks situated in various locations, the router1and router2 are connected and both are
connected to the multilayer switches, this means any packets coming from the media device can
travel and delivered to their destination. For example when we make show IP route on R1:
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The media devices or the end devices can send their packet to the router as well as for the
multilayer switch also there is sharing between media device. To cheek the configuration is
right between router and end devices
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PC>ping 12.0.0.1 from PC5
This means the end devices can send packets without loss.
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CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION
5.1. CONCLUSION
The internship program is intended to introduce the students to the real experiences of the job they
will be working on after graduation. Starting from finding the hosting company working inside
and observing the ways in which the work flows and the job is done to the how the experiences
affects the interns,
The internship program is a great way to let students face the area challenges and benefits of being
a professional there are two types of communication, one to one communication, a transmission
between a single transmitter and receiver and broadcasting which a way of communicating
between a single sender all the receivers who need the information. The EBC has a job of
broadcasting news informative and entertaining programs through its radio and television
channels. Working inside the Ethiopian broadcasting corporation, I were able to experience most
of the steps taken in order to successfully transmit a radio or television program.
This internship allows to both make and develop professional contacts, for the future job search,
assist in developing great understanding of own strength and weakness, leadership skill and
company’s work flow, to upgrade the ability to creative, confident and take risk in professional
career, work ethics and so on.
Generally, The overall experience of the internship is good way of experiencing the practical way
of acquiring and practicing theoretical knowledge.
5.2. RECOMMENDATION
Even though there are many strong sides to the work that is accomplished in EBC, there are a few
short comings as well that are holding back the organization from achieving its maximum. It is the
national television and radio broadcast of Ethiopia which means that the limitations need to be
taken care of as soon as possible. Some of the problems are possible solutions as follows
The building is not intentionally design for TV station so it is not suitable for installation
and the need of the production increases instantaneously so it is better having new and
intentionally designed for TV broadcasting.
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For reduction of wires complexity, it is better have internet protocol (IP) based system and
use multiplexing technique.
The internet connection speed for the company should be upgraded to a better band width.
There is a very limited budget that is allocated to EBC. With this budget it is impossible to
maintain the existing equipment let alone buy new ones. So, more budgets should be
allocated in order to improve the quality of the organization.
There is lack of employers around studio. EBC should employment new workers at least
within a year with fair way.
There is no system of controlling the employees. We have noticed that most of the
employees do not come on time and some even come once in a week. So there needs to be
a strong controlling mechanism like an attendance sheet with time of arrival at workplace.
There is no training program for the employees to enhance their performance. There should
be some sessions and courses for voluntary employees free of charge.
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REFERENCES
[1] Brief history of the Ethiopian television service by Leykun Berhanu 1985E.C
[3] Survey of culture and media in Ethiopia Published by Sida 2003Department for Africa Author:
Ellene Mocria, Mesfin Messele and Alemayehu GebreHiwot
[4] www.ebc.gov.et.
[5] http://www.sagax.hu/products/convertors.htm
[6]https://mypromedia.de/en/orban-optimod-8600.html
[8] Cisco Nexus 9000 Series IP Fabric for Media Solution Guide 703I45 chapter-01
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