DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION STREAM
HOSTING COMPANY NAME
ETHIOPIAN BRODCASTING CORPORETION (EBC)
DURATION OF INTERNSHIP (October 1-JANUARY 30)

SUBMITTED.BY:-KIDIST HAILU………………………R/2858/07

ACADEMIC ADVISOR: - ……………………………MR.NAOL

DATE 0F SUBMISS:-10/06/2012

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 INTERNSHIP RIPORT

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DECLARATION

Where by declare that, this report of qualified internship program held in Ethiopian Broadcasting
Corporate under the supervision of advisor …………….Ms.KIDIST

Name of student

1. KIDIST HAILU……………………….R/2858/07

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to give in earnest and candid, heart-felt gratitude to the almighty GOD. Then
my appreciation extends to our families who supported me during the attachment with their
counsel and advices, In addition. I would like to thank everyone working in EBC (Ethiopian
Broadcasting Corporation), who sacrificed their time to teach and guide me during the attachment
period.

And, I would like to thank Mr.NAOL for his great advice & support by contact me & linkage the
first students to experience the new and improved system of internship.

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 Executive summary

It is undeniable fact that the knowledge of Electrical and computer engineering cannot be up
graded without practical experience in each field of the subject matter. This paper is a written
report about the internship program which was planned to help intern’s students to grasp practical
know-how of electrical and computer engineering (communication stream) especially television
communication, their design, implementation, evaluation in general.

In this final report I have tried to write about the whole activities on the internship period of four
months, and it is divided into four chapter, the first chapter of the report mainly concerns on the
background of My hosting company EBC, which includes its brief history, main products or
services.

Main customers or the end users of its products and lastly the overall organization and work flow
of the company.

The second chapter of the report mainly describes My overall internship experience and it includes
how I get in to the company, in which section of the company that I have been working in, how
does the work flow in the section look like, the task that I have been executing, procedures that I
have been following while performing My work tasks, challenges that I have faced while I
performing My tasks, measures that I have taken to overcome the challenge and the like.

In the third chapter I have tried to explain the overall benefits that I have gained during the period
of the internship program by different point of view like in terms of improving practical skill,
upgrading theoretical knowledge, improving interpersonal communication skills, team playing
skills, leadership skills, understanding about work ethics, entrepreneurship skills and problem
solving capability.

In chapter four during the internship in the company I design project by selecting problems among
the company.

The last chapter contains conclusion and recommendation that I wrote to the company and
reference.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ ii

Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... iii

Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. The mission of EBC .................................................................................................................. 3

1.3. The vision of EBC..................................................................................................................... 3

1.4. Product or service of organization ............................................................................................ 4

1.5. The company overall organization and work flow ................................................................... 4

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 6

THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ......................................................................................... 6

2.1. How we got into the company ........................................................................................................... 6

2.2.1. Television Studio System............................................................................................................ 7

2.2.2. Television studios ....................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.3. Production Control room .......................................................................................................... 12

2.2.4. Sound Control Room ................................................................................................................ 14

m2.2.5. UPS room....................................................................................................................................... 14

2.3. The digital satellite news gathering (DSNG) section ....................................................................... 14

2.3.1. The Earth Station ...................................................................................................................... 18

2.3.2. Uplink room .............................................................................................................................. 19

2.4. The OB vans and VTR sections ....................................................................................................... 20

2.5. Radio Broadcasting System ......................................................................................................... 22

2.5.1. Section of Radio Broadcasting .................................................................................................. 23

2.5.2. Components of Radio................................................................................................................ 26

2.5.3. How Radio Transmitters Work? ............................................................................................... 28

2.5.3.1 Origination .............................................................................................................................. 28

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 2.5.3.2 Transmission ........................................................................................................................... 28

2.5.4. Engineering department ............................................................................................................ 29

................................................................................................................................................................ 29

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 30

3. BENEFITS I HAVE GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ............................................... 30

3.1. In terms of improving My Practical Skill ........................................................................................ 30

3.2. In terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge ............................................................................... 31

3.3 In terms of Improving inter personal Communication Skills............................................................ 31

3.4 In terms of Improving Team Playing Skills ...................................................................................... 31

3.5 In terms of improving leader ship skills............................................................................................ 32

3.6 In terms of Understanding about Work Ethics Related Issues .......................................................... 32

3.7 Interns of Improving Entrepreneurship Skills ................................................................................... 32

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 35

4. INTERNET PROTOCOL TELEVISION STUDIO (IPTV STUDIO) ................................................... 35

4.1. Motivation ........................................................................................................................................ 35

4.2. Problem statement ............................................................................................................................ 36

4.3. Proposed Solution ............................................................................................................................ 36

4.4. Goal of the project ........................................................................................................................... 36

4.5. Objectives of the project .................................................................................................................. 36

4.5.1. General objective ...................................................................................................................... 36

4.5.2. Specific objective ...................................................................................................................... 36

4.6. Scope of the project ......................................................................................................................... 36

4.7. limitation .......................................................................................................................................... 37

4.8. Literature Review............................................................................................................................. 37

4.9. Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 37

4.10. Conceptual frame work of the study .............................................................................................. 38

4.10.1. Internet Protocol...................................................................................................................... 38

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 4.10.2 Spine/Leaf Topology................................................................................................................ 39

4.11. system topology and configuration ................................................................................................ 40

4.11.1. Software requirement .............................................................................................................. 40

4.11.2. Hardware requirement............................................................................................................. 40

4.12. Procedure to design this topology .................................................................................................. 41

4.13. Result and discussion ..................................................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 45

RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 45

5.1. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 45

5.2. RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................... 45

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 47

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List of figure

Figure.1. 1. Work flow in the media ............................................................................................................. 5

Figure.1. 2. Digital studio system diagram ................................................................................................... 8
Figure.1. 3. Studio floor ................................................................................................................................ 9
Figure.1. 4. Signal flow before the control ................................................................................................... 9
Figure.1. 5. Key Lights ............................................................................................................................... 11
Figure.1. 6. Fill Lights ................................................................................................................................ 11
Figure.1. 7. Camera control unit (CCU) ..................................................................................................... 13
Figure.1. 8. DSNG ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure.1. 9. Low noise block (LNB) .......................................................................................................... 16
Figure.1. 10. Dish........................................................................................................................................ 17
Figure.1. 11. Encoder .................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure.1. 12. Decoder.................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure.1. 13. Uplink block diagram ............................................................................................................ 19
Figure.1. 14. Downlink block diagram ....................................................................................................... 20
Figure.1. 15. Satellite Receiver dish, uplink and downlink ........................................................................ 20
Figure.1. 16. Model of radio broadcasting system ...................................................................................... 22
Figure.1. 17. Audio Mixer .......................................................................................................................... 24
Figure.1. 18. The work flow of Digital Archive ......................................................................................... 29
Figure.1. 19. Spine/Leaf Topology ............................................................................................................. 39
Figure.1. 20. Use of Spine/Leaf Topology inside a Broadcasting Station .................................................. 40
Figure.1. 21. Design Part of Leaf Topology ............................................................................................... 42

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 Acronyms

Ethiopian broadcasting corporation…………………………………………………….…EBC

University Industry Linkage……………………………………………………………….UIL

Digital satellites news gathering………………………………………………………….DSNG

Frequency modulation……………………………………………………………………...FM

Amplitude modulation………………………………………………………………………AM

Television…………………………………………………………………………………….TV

Internet protocol...............................................................................................................…...IP

Master Control Room…………………………………….………………………………….MCR

Outside Broadcasting……………………………………………………………………...…OB

Video Tape Recorder………………………………………………………………………...VTR

Remote Control Panel………………………………………………………………………..RCP

Hearth………………………………………………………………………………...……….Hz

Satellite Transmission Link…………………………………………………………..………STL

Camera control unit…………………………………………………………………..………CCU

Video cassette recorders………….………………………………………………….…….. VCR

Low noise block………………………………………………………………………………LNB

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

The Ethiopian broadcasting corporation is responsible for building up of image and national
consensus through an interactive broadcast media that provides timely, informative, educative and
entertaining programs utilizing state of the art media technology. The technology department,
which is part of this media house, is working on software development, graphics design, computer
and camera maintenance also adjusting satellites & networking. In particular, the network division
emphasizes on networking each office to communicate and integrate each other, to provide
Ethernet accesses to different office staffs, to secure of the network and documents of the
institution, to maintain and expand the existing network systems, and study the future plan of the
network.
Radio broadcasting is the transmission or signals distribution of sound using the electrical energy
Television is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving
images, either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. The
word Television is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots, meaning "far sight": Greek tele far
and Latin Visio sight (from video vest see or to view in the first person).

1.1. Background of Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation (EBC)

EBC (Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation) is the combination of the radio and television
transmission. Ethiopian Television was established in 1964 with assistance from the British firm,
Thomson. It was created to highlight the Organization of African Unity (OAU) meeting that took
place in Addis Ababa in a same year.

Color television broadcast began in 1982 in commemoration of the founding of Workers' Party of
Ethiopia (WPE). The current structure and goals of ETV were established 1987 with Proclamation
114/87. Ethiopian Radio launched its regular in 1935.

Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation EBC has three TV channels broadcasting to Ethiopia. The first
one is EBC 1 which is 24 hours broadcasting channel & it covers all regions in the country with a
content of politics, cultural, documentaries, news television dramas and also transmit regions
television like Oromia, Amhara, Tigray, Afar Somali, English and other programs. The second

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one is EBC2 and it alsoworks24 hour broadcasting transmission. It mainly focuses on the
socioeconomic movement of the capital city Addis Ababa. The 3rd one is EBC3and it is18 hours
broadcasting channels. This channel mainly focuses on Entertainment programs like TV shows,
music, films and other entertainment programs. EBC broadcasts its news and programs nationwide
and overseas via Radio, Television and Online streaming.
ETV had transmitted the first and historic assembly of the Organization of African Unity held in
1963, in Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Radio and ETV were merged in 1995 E.C forming the Ethiopian
Radio and Television Agency /ERTA/. Now it formed as EBC is directly accountable to the House
of People’s Representatives. EBC (Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation) is an Ethiopian government-
owned television channel. It's the only one in Ethiopia due to the government ban of private media.
ERTA/EBC has three main services the first is Information This include programs like; news in
different language, declaring current government policies, advertisement, informing current social,
political and economic status of the country and abroad. The second one is Education this includes
programs like; documentary films, talk shows. The 3rd one is Entertainment this includes films,
sport, music and other entertainment programs. Ethiopian was established in 1935 and for a longer
time it had only one channel called Ethiopian radio after time legedadi radio and fan radio become
part of it now it has more than 3 FM radio stations. Ethiopian Radio claims to have reached 50
percent of the landmass and 75 percent of the population with a good signal, making it the most
influential news source in the country with this fact in mind, the recent proclamation of a
Broadcasting Bill by the Ethiopian House of Representatives seems an interesting and perhaps
hopeful sign.
Part Three of this Proclamation sets out a legal basis on which private commercial radio and
television can be licensed. The Bill of Broadcasting may bring the introduction of FM radio closer
to reality. This will be an enormous challenge for the media development in Ethiopia. The main
product of the company is producing documentaries, educational programs, TV shows and some
other entertainment programs and their service is broadcasting these products for the people of the
country. The main customers & end users of the company are mainly commercial companies that
want to broadcast their products advertisement for the people. And also the people are end users
of the company. Now under EBC there are different FM radios like FM Addis (97.1MHz), FM
104.7MHz.

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1.2. The mission of EBC

The main products of Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation are to produces different kinds of
program listed below:

 Preparing News
 Entertainment
 Renting Studio
 Direct Transmitting information service
 Script writers, documentary service
 To develop the faithfulness with government.
 To develop participation of customers by advertising their products.
 To improve the benefit of budget.
 To increase revenue of government on country.
 To increase study and discovery
 To develop and organize good experience.
 To extend and use the democratic right of the community.
 To increase management system and chain of human resource management.
 To increase organization of all sector
 To develop the ability of leaders and actors.
 To increase using and presenting technology materials
 To develop work culture of the community.
1.3. The vision of EBC
To digitization the broadcasting system by distributing decoder (set pox) for all Ethiopian people
by long years’ credit.

To build image and national consensus through an interactive broadcast media that provides
timely, informative, educative and entertaining programs utilizing state of the art media.

 Also EBC have vision to open new channels it Have ability to open minimum of twenty
(20) channels TV& radio
 To improving the quality of news and programs
 To reaching 100% coverage across the country with both radio & TV

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  To improving the capacity of journalists and technical staff
 To improving internal working environment and developing efficient and effective system
 To improving use of ICT to improving media technology
1.4. Product or service of organization

Since EBC is the big and governmental broadcasting company, there are many advertising services
of different products. EBC works on overall the country and it works for all the nation nationalities
exist in Ethiopia. This indicates that there is their own air time for every nation by their languages.
There is also recording services if news, music, entertainments, educational things and other issues
like political, social and cultural issues can be recorded in the organization. Training is also for the
workers of the organization. Encouraging and initiating the public to be productive, by showing
the experiences of developed nation.

Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation or EBC is also gives services by providing different

information and balanced News from in the country and other parts of the world with in timely
and quality. And also transmit other special programs like football games to full fill the interest of
citizen. So as a media EBC mass- media organization gives the services that expected from one
media and is also competitive in any sector in which one media can deed in respect to media
equipment.

1.5. The company overall organization and work flow

EBC has four studios called studio A, studio B, studio C and studio D. Studio A and studio B are
the old studio which are the first studio of ETV. These studios are virtual studio. Studio C and
Studio D are the modern studios of EBC and they have digitalized instruments the best lighting
system technologies.

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 MEDIA TECHNOLOGYS
DIPARTEMET

TV SYSTEMS RADIO SYSTEMS

SECTION SECTION

DSNG TV OBVAN VTR

SYSTEM SECTION SECTION

Figure.1. 1. Work flow in the media

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 CHAPTER TWO
THE OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. The way of getting in to the company

There are different ways to make an agreement but for this report the attachment was made through
the agreement between the company and university. Before the beginning of the entire attachment
activities at first intern of the organization the company will give the overall introduction of the
company. And the department of communication in the company arranges in different group and
the arrangement has four different departments with same time schedule. The aim of this internship
was to upgrade knowledge and introduce to the working environment and expects to identify
problems in the working area and solve it. This has two phases First phase is Problem identifying
and Second phase is problem solving.

Generally, Stay on practice in the company for four months. In these four months’ work in four
departments and stay on each department for one-month time interval. Those departments are.

 Studio system
 OB Van (outside broadcast van)
 DSNG (Digital Satellite NEWS Gathering)
 Engineering (Archive) department

Also as mentioned above practice wait is both on TV broadcasting system and Radio broadcasting
system. Now first let look the work flow and system of TV broadcasting system.

2.2 TV Broadcasting System

TV broadcasting is the transmission of electromagnetic audio visual signals Television is a widely

used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either
monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. The media
technologies department of the EBC is concerned with the gathering, production and transmission
of the appropriate television programs and NEWS.

The television section of the media technologies department has its own sections and sets of
responsibilities too. The television section is consisted of the studio system, VTR, OB van, DSNG

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and Engineering sections. The television system section has a responsibility of preparing live and
recorded programs and news in the studios OB vans and field trips and selection of the appropriate
output service. The system section also performs maintenance of system equipment’s when it’s
needed.
The television section of the EBC is one of the 3 main sections of the agency. It has four studios
which are fully equipped with every device necessary for a program production and transmission.
It’s a complex procedure involving so many sophisticated personnel and equipment. Through the
period of the internship I’ve seen all the studios and based on that I’ve tried to briefly describe the
complex task of the production and transmission of a television program. Now let look one by one
the section of EBC and their instrumental application.

2.2.1. Television Studio System

Studio System is an installation in which video and audio production takes place, either for
recording of live television to video tape and radio to audio tape, or for the acquisition of raw
footage for post-production.

The main components of a television system are:

 Television studios.
 Production control room
 master control room
 VTR and storage room.
 Recording room
 Network control room

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 Presentati
on room

Productio Master control Network

n Room Room Control

NEWS Post Graphic

Studio production

Figure.1. 2. Digital studio system diagram

Video in/out signal

Audio in/out signal

Reference signal

2.2.2. Television studios

Television is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving
images, either monochromatic or color, usually accompanied by sound. Studios basically needs
camera, light, and background picture. Studios are parts of the TV system in which the audio visual
representation of the program is recorded through the cameras. Studios are the heart of digital
broadcasting Medias without studios the programs recorded is full of noise, production becomes
so costly and boring, the corporate have 4 studios namely studio A, B, C, D. Whenever alive

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 Figure.1. 3. Studio floor

transmission is taking place in one of the studios the program/news follows the following path.

Control
Camera Wall box
Room

Figure.1. 4. Signal flow before the control

Cameras

A camera is a device that converts an optical image in to an electronic or film rendition of that
optical image. A camera uses an objective lens to create an image of an object. If position an
imaging sensor at the location where this optical image is formed, we can capture a likeness of this
image. Every electronic camera contains a sensor to convert an optical image into an electronic
signal. Cameras are the main components of a television system they represent what’s taking place
in the studio as a separate audio and motion picture signals using some additional wired or wireless
microphones. The signals are then sent to the wall boxes located at either side of the studio through
a fiber optic cable which also carries control signal from the production director in the control
room to the camera man.

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Types of video cameras

The video camera has three functional types

 Studio cameras
 ENG cameras
 EFP cameras

Studio cameras function with integration to additional devices such as Camera Control Units
(CCUs) and Remote Control Units/Panels (RCUs /RCPs). ENG Cameras Electronic News
Gathering camera includes Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) or CD burners. EFP Cameras
Electronic Field Production includes Video Audio Mixers, Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) and
other facilities. In big Studios the Camera Control System consists of Master Setup Unit, Central
Network Unit, Camera Control Unit, and Remote Control Panel.

Studio A

It is full of kid’s materials and used for preparing program only for kids, and it holds only two
studio cameras two CCU, and edited in the same production room with studio B. both of the studios
have a composite output of SD data type,

Studio B

This studio is in the same place with the studio A and it holds three studio cameras, three CCU,
autocue. Most of the time this studio is used for pre-cast recorded productions.

Studio C

It is the latest studio found in the corporation, it can provide HD composite data and it have
background screen, we can change the background pictures simply in the computer connected with
it, and it have the best ventilation and lighting system with it.

Studio D

It holds almost similar components found in the studio C except the background screen, it also
generates composite HD signal and it holds three studio cameras.

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Studio Light

Lighting is a method that allows the camera to make a picture. A good lighting makes the picture
interesting.

Studio Lighting serves 4 functions:

 Key lights
 Fill lights
 Back lights
 Background lights

The combination effect of these four lights (put in exactly the right place, at exactly the right
intensity and with the right quality/coherence), creates an optimum over-all effect.

Key Lights: The key light is the main light. It highlights the form, dimension and surface detail
of subject matter.

Figure.1. 5. Key Lights

Fill Lights: The purpose of Fill light is partially (but not entirely) filling in the shadows created
by the key light.

Figure.1. 6. Fill Lights

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The Back Light: The function of the back light is to separate the subject from the background by
creating a subtle rim of light around the subject.

Background Lights: Background lights are used to illuminate the back ground area and add depth
and separation between scene elements. A back light is designed to light up the back of subjects
and a background light is designed to light up the front of backgrounds.

Wall boxes

The wall boxes are located at one of the walls of the studio. Their job is to change the incoming
optical signal to an electrical one so it can be further processed in the control room. The separate
audio and video signals are sent to the control room using a coaxial cable with a bandwidth of
11GHz.

2.2.3. Production Control room

The control room has the task of processing the audio and video signals before their transmission.
The separate audio and video signals have to go through the following devices before being
transmitted. The control room contains all the devices necessary to perform the above mentioned
processes some of them will be described below.

Frame synchronizers

Frame synchronizers embed/de-embed the incoming signals together they also convert signals
from analog to digital and SDI to HD and vice versa.

Character generators (CG)

Are devices or software which generate the back ground looks, graphics and writings for programs,
they also generate the EBC logo, news and some other announcements which run while the
programs are also running.

Multi-Image

The multi-image effects include dividing the screen in to various section (split screen), or into
many repetitions of the same image (echo).

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Audio mixers

Audio mixers are the main elements of the audio processing section. They are used for further
processing of the audio signal which may be coming from the wall boxes, the wireless mics or a
prerecorded sound from a CD or a flash drive.

The audio processing section also contains devices like CD Players, Flash Memory Players,
monitoring Speakers in the older studios.

The vision mixing unit

Vision mixers are devices which mix the audio and video signals with the outputs of the character
generator. The vision mixing section also contains some devices like video monitors, character
generators, and digital video effects.

The camera control unit (CCU)

It is the main control unit of all the cameras inside the studio. It allows the control of up to 12
cameras. The camera control unit controls the amount of light that enters the camera by adjusting
the shutter and iris; this allows the camera operator to concentrate on other things, like framing the
shot or keeping in focus. The camera/lighting control unit also consists of, Light Control
(Dimmer), Waveform Monitor, Vector Scope, and Video Color Monitors.

Figure.1. 7. Camera control unit (CCU)

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 2.2.4. Sound Control Room

Sound control room is part of a production studio where music or vocal sound will be controlled,
Mixed and other sound effects added. This room consists of; Audio mixer, Audio Tape/Cassette
R/P, CD Players, Flash Memory Players, Monitoring Speakers.

The Master Control Room

Master control is the final point before a signal is transmitted to the transmitter section through a
fiber link or satellite provider for broadcast through the earth station. Television master control
rooms include banks of Video monitors and

 Audio Video Switcher

 Audio/Video Routers
 Satellite receivers,
 Videotape machines,
 Transmission equipment, and more recently, Computer broadcast automation equipment
for recording and playback of on-air programming.

2.2.5. UPS room

UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) room is a room which consists of AVR and UPS. AVR
(Automatic Voltage Regulator) is an electronic device which is used to regulate the value of the
voltage forwarded by the EEPCO. It regulates by taking nominal value: therefore, it regulated
power. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) is an electronic device which is used when there is
power off for short time that means until the power line is connected or the generator is on. UPS
has three parts, which are: Converter (A/D), inverter (D/A) and battery. Convertor is used for
converting the Ac power to DC power then the DC power sorted on the Battery then when the
power is off automatically the power within the battery converted to AC power again by the
Inverter and the transmission is continued without interactions of power loss.

2.3. The digital satellite news gathering (DSNG) section

After it leaves the master control room of the system section, the further processing of the program
signal will take place in the DSNG section. The DSNG (digital satellite news gathering) section is

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concerned with the satellite transmission of the final program or news. The satellites EBC uses for
the broadcasting are the AMOS, NSS, NILESAT, EUTELSAT, HOTBIRD and GALAXY. In the
system section the audio and video components of a program will be processed independently. The
production of the program/news starts in the studios, the video signal from the cameras and the
outputs of the microphones in the studio will be sent to the production control room (PCR) after
passing through one of the wall boxes attached to either side of the studio.

Then the video signal will be further modified inside the camera control unit and then it will be
passed on to the production switcher which mixes and adds some special effects to it like cut, fade,
wipe etc.…. the switcher can also select another video signal from other video signal sources like
a VTR. Then the signal goes into a distribution amplifier to get multiple copies of it for play back
and other purposes. The complete program will leave the master control room of the television
system section usually in a SDI (serial data interface) and goes through all the processes required
before transmission. The complete list of equipment’s used to perform the above mentioned
processes in the DSNG system are given below.

Figure.1. 8. DSNG

Low noise block (LNB)

It is the device on the front of a satellite dish that receives the very low level of microwave signal
from the satellite, amplifies it, and changes the signal to a lower frequency band and them down
the cable to the receiver. LNB is a combination of low noise amplifier, frequency mixer, local
oscillator and intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier. It receives the microwave signal from the
satellite collected by the dish, amplifies it and down convert the block of frequencies to a lower
block of intermediate frequency. The down conversion allows the signal to be carried to the

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satellite TV receiver using relatively cheap coaxial cable; if the signal remained at its original
microwave frequency it would require an expensive and impractical waveguide line.

Figure.1. 9. Low noise block (LNB)

There are many types f LNB

 C-band LNB
 Ku band LNB
 Ka band LNB
 Universal LNB
 Wide band LNB
But at EBC I have got the chance to see the C-band and Ku band LNBs and they use C band LNB
for transmission and receiving purpose, in our country we see a lot of dish with Ku band LNBS
because Ku is cheaper than C-band LNB and C-band LNB require a bigger dish and area than Ku
so it’s difficult to use it for regular people. LNBs can be affected by cold temperature if there is no
program is being watched or transmitted to prevent this from happening they are prepared to stay
their power on even if the receiver is on standby.

C-band LNB Ku band LNB

Large in size Small in size
Not affected by rain and atmospheric Affected by rain and atmospheric condition
condition
Uplink frequency range 5.850-6.425 Uplink frequency range 1.400-1.450
Downlink frequency range 3.625-4.250 Downlink frequency range 1.095-1.275

Satellite dish
A satellite dish is a parabolic antenna designed to receive electromagnetic signals from satellites,
which transmit data transmission or broadcast, such as satellite television. The parabolic shape of

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a dish reflects the signal to the dishes focal point, mounted on a brackets at the dishes focal point
is a device called a feed horn, this feed horn is essentially the front end of a waveguide that gathers
the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to the low noise block down converter
(LNB); the LNB converts the signal from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and
shifts the signals from the down linked C band or Ku band to the L band range. Satellite dish is
used for transmission and reception purpose.

Figure.1. 10. Dish

Encoder

An encoder is used to compress and convert the signal to the suitable audio and video signal
formats. There are two types of encoders in the EBC

 Encoder systems that have a separate encoder and modulator modules and
 An encoder with a modulator embedded inside it.

Figure.1. 11. Encoder

Decoder

In the process of transmission, the transmitted signal is often received and played back in order to
monitor and check the progress of the signal so. The signal is first received using an LNB cable
and a decoder is the device which is then used to determine the appropriate signal parameters so

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that I find the one I am looking for. The transmission and reception parameters of a signal are the
same except in reception frequency and polarization.

Figure.1. 12. Decoder

Spectrum Analyzer

Before transmission is to be started on some channel and specific frequency and channel
parameters are set a proper testing has to be done. A spectrum analyzer is one of the devices used
on such occasions it has a built in decoder and monitor so the transmitted signal can be seen and
tested before transmission.

2.3.1. The Earth Station

The earth station is where the satellite transmission of the program takes place, unlike the DSNG
it can deal with multiple sources at a time and even though the devices are almost the same and
can be configured manually like in the DSNG the modules in the earth station are networked
together though LAN with a Cisco switch and a centralized server so that the parameters can be
configured remotely .it also provides the signal flow of the interconnected modules and since
each of the modules have their own address it’s possible to see and adjust the their current status.
Each of the modules have their own address it’s possible to see and adjust the current status.
Ethiopian broadcasting corporation use by renting of amos5 used c-band Nile sat band by using
10mhz.the purpose two stations too far away use a satellite as a relay station.

 One Earth Station ends a transmission to the satellite. This is called an Uplink. The satellite
Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth Station. This is
called a Downlink. Uplink frequency is always higher than downlink frequency; Fu>FD.

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 2.3.2. Uplink room

Up-link room is the place where up-link and down-link process of program is directed. When the
program that delivered from the studio is up-linked to satellite other data or program is received
from satellite by means of down-link.

Up-link: its definition is that the link from a ground station up to a satellite by parabolic satellite
dish.

Down-link: similarly it is also the link from satellite down to one or more ground station or
receivers by satellite dish. When an up link is being received by spacecraft at the same time a down
link is being received by earth. In uplink room they use a device known as spectrum analyzer.

Uplink frequency: Is the link frequency from a ground station up to the satellite.

Uplink frequency= downlink frequency + local oscillator of the satellite frequency. For example,
downlink frequency of EBC is 3626MHz and local oscillator frequency (2225MHz) is constant.

The maximum frequencies for the uplink and downlink are 6GHz and 4GHz respectively in c band.
For the following reasons, uplink frequency is greater than down link frequency.

 On the earth station I have to penetrate the atmosphere to reach the satellite station. Sow
needs a lot of power to be generated. Hence uplink is at higher frequency with higher
power.
 As the frequency is increased the amount of interference caused by the atmosphere reduces,
as higher frequency signal has more signal energy in it. So it can penetrate the atmosphere
more easily.
 Unwanted distortion like rain, fog, other frequency in neighborhood, etc. cause distortion.

Figure.1. 13. Uplink block diagram

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`

Figure.1. 14. Downlink block diagram

Figure.1. 15. Satellite Receiver dish, uplink and downlink

2.4. The OB vans and VTR sections

The OB vans (outside broadcast vans) are a vehicle with every equipment’s needed for program
transmission at outside of the studios. the signal from OB vans is received by the link it sends to
equipment room then taken as an input for convertor cards it convert the data from SDI to HD
because most of the equipment’s found process in HD data format then it will send to logo
generator to have a logo, lastly the data sends to master control room (MCR) to decide by witch
TV channel dose the program transmitted. Whenever there’s some event is taking place and the
program should be recorded outside the studio like football matches or some athletics, holiday,
entertainment, etc. events taking place the OB vans are the one’s doing the production and
transmission.

The VTR section is responsible for the proper storage of all the programs news and music ever
transmitted or yet to be transmitted. Since the programs or some part of might be needed for rerun
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or usage in another program or news and also for recording purposes the programs are stored
properly after their transmission. This section basically focused on recording machines and
materials.

Classification of recording materials

Recording materials basically classified in to three basic groups

1. Tape recording materials

Tape recording materials are mostly grouped with analog recording materials sometimes we call
them magnetic tape materials works under the principle of magnetic ordering.

Tape recording machines

 One inch
 Two inch
 VHS
 VHS-C
 S-VHS

2. Disc recording materials

disc materials work by forming a spots on the disc the reader material generates some kind of
infrared light, there is also photo transistor material to receive the bounce back signal then the
entire system starts to calculate the time of echoed signal then the time signal changes to frequency
through this process we can read the data stored in the storage.

Disc recording machines

 U-matic
 Beta cam
 XD-cam
 Hard disc

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 3. Memory card recording materials

memory storage devise it is composed of the tiny components called laches and flip flops, and it
stores the data in the form of ones and zero values it has entire architecture how to allocate and
access a data. Memory recording machines Simple computer

2.5. Radio Broadcasting System

Radio broadcasting is the transmission or signals distribution of sound using the electrical energy.
The first task of radio broadcasting systems is to change sound into electrical energy. This
electrical energy is called Audio signals. The equipment that changes this energy is called
transducers. The second jobs of radio broadcasting system are to process or change audio signal.
So that can broadcast them. The pieces of equipment that change one or more aspect of an audio
signal are called signal processors. The other part, transmitter and antenna that processed audio
signal are carried to receiver as receiver signals. The process of joining the audio signal and
receiver signal is done through modulation.

Sound: -Is a physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing. In humans, hearing takes
place whenever vibrations of frequencies between about 15 and 20,000 hertz reach the inner ear.
Sound loudness is commonly measured in decibels.

Input Power Audio Detector RF

Transducer Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier

Tuner

Figure.1. 16. Model of radio broadcasting system

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Let see the term in diagram above one by one

Input Transducer: -is the equipment that changes one form of energy to the others. There are many
types of equipment that convert energy in broadcasting systems like a microphone.

Microphones: -Microphone, device used to transform sound energy into electrical energy
(Microphones are important in many kinds of communications systems and in instruments that
measure sound and noise.

Signal processor: -is the equipment that changes one or more aspects of an audio signals size.
There are several equipment’s in broadcasting that produces signal processors, such as pre
amplifier, mixer, power amplifier, audio amplifier, effect of unit and so on. This equipment is
called source equipment.

Detector: - is a device that recovers information of interest contained in a modulated wave.

RF Amplifier: -is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a low power radio frequency signal
into a larger. It also used to increase the power of the signal and the range of radio wave.

2.5.1. Section of Radio Broadcasting

The radio system includes the following sections.

 Workstations
 Studios
 Control station
 Transmitting station

1. Work stations
The work stations are where the programs, news and advertisements get recorded and edited. The
recording and editing of the programs is done using programs called radio assist and adobe
audition.

2. Studio room
The studios are the places where the live and prerecorded programs and news will be transmitted
to the control station after they go through the proper modifications though the audio mixer. The

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main components of the studios are the microphones, the audio mixer and the different types of
audio players. So whenever a program to be running the technician inside the control room selects
the proper file from the available inputs the microphones in the studio the CD players or the reel
tape player and modifies and mixes them according to the program and sends to the main control
station.

Audio mixer

An audio mixer is an electronic device that channels incoming audio signals while maintaining
control over such effects as volume level, tonality, placement, and other dynamics for music
production. In professional sound mixing an audio mixer is sometimes called soundboard, mixing
console, or mixer. Each channel on a mixer is dedicated to a separate track.

There are devices that connected to the audio mixer are: -

 Marantz: is a device that used for connecting of USB.

 Equalizer: is a device used to create different echo effects.
 Tascam: is a device to playing different CD-RW on the Tascam.
 Burn IT: is a device to burn the transmitting program on CD-RW.
 Microphone: is a device used to transmitting the voice of journalist to the audio mixer.

Figure.1. 17. Audio Mixer

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Various sources of audio must be carefully controlled and blended during a production. You will
recall I said if analog audio levels are allowed to run at too high a level, distortion will result, and
if levels are too low, noise can be introduced when levels are later brought into the normal range.

The control of audio signals is normally done in a TV and Radio studio or production facility with
an audio mixers or audio console.

Audio mixers are designed to do five things. Amplify incoming signals.

 Allow for switching and volume level adjustments for a variety of audio sources
 Allow for creatively mixing together and balancing multiple audio sources to achieve an
optimum.
 blend Route the combined effect to a transmission or recording device

Audio amplifier

An audio amplifier is an electronics amplifier that amplifies low power audio signal to a level
suitable driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain.

3. Control station
The control station is where the audio signal leaves the EBC for transmission. It is the final
destination of the audio signal in the EBC. The final version of the programs or news to be
transmitted leaves the EBC through the control station towards the transmitters in furi and dawi.
The basic components of a control station are:

 STL transmitter.
 Audio processor
 Routing switcher
 AM/FM stereo tuner
 Recorders

S.T.L transmitter
A studio transmitter link STL is a device used sends a radio station’s signal to the transmitter.
Since an antenna needs to be in a place with higher altitude like a top of mountain and that’s an
impractical place for a studio and the center of stations coverage may not be near the studio a STL

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is needed to link the studio with the transmitter in a remote place. The STL transmitter takes the
input audio signal and perform everything a typical transmitter should do like modulation,
encoding and matching the impedance of the transmitter with that of the antenna. STL transmitter
then transmits the modulated signal through a wireless link using a radio frequency different from
the station’s frequency to the transmitting stations in furi and dawi. Frequencies 231MHZ,
232.6MHZand 230.6MHZ are used by the STL to send the programs from the FM 97.1, 104.7, the
external and the national services respectively.

Audio processor

The audio processor performs the rest of the modifications on the program or news to be
transmitted and Records back what’s currently being broadcasted to be stored in the audio library.

The routing switcher

The routing switcher is the device that is used to set the studio and the output STL links at a time.
It can also be used to transmit the same audio signal in all the output links. Equipment’s like the
distribution amplifier and analog to digital and digital to analog converters are used in between
these devices to have multiple copies of the signal and convert in between its formats. The
transmitted signal will be received and played back by a AM/FM stereo tuner so that the
technicians will know if there is a transmission error. the received program will also be recorded
by the solid state recorder.

The transmitting station

The transmitting station is where the audio signal from the radio link gets amplified so that it can
travel through the whole range and retransmitted using the appropriate frequency. The main
transmitting stations are located in furi and dawi and they are joined with the control stations inside
the EBC by a radio link

2.5.2. Components of Radio

A radio links consists of the following components: -

 Transmitter
 Receiver

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  Antenna
 antenna support structure (guys wire)
 Cabling
 interface equipment
 Mixer & etc.

Electromagnetic Recording
In audio tape recording, sound waves are amplified and recorded on a magnetized plastic or paper
tape. The information is first converted into electrical impulses, which are then impressed in the
magnetized tape by an electromagnetic record head. A playback head, which is also An
electromagnetic device, converts the magnetic fields on the tape into electrical impulses that are
then amplified and reconverted into audible sound waves.

FM Transmitter
Information being transferred, i.e. the modulating signals a signal from some low frequency
source. It is being amplified in low frequency amplifier and then led into the high frequency
oscillator, where the carrier signal is being created. The carrier is a high frequency voltage of
constant amplitude, whose frequency is, in the absence of modulating signal, equal to the
transmitter's carrier frequency FS. In the oscillatory circuit of the high frequency oscillator a
capacitive diode is located. It is a diode whose capacitance depends upon the voltage between its
ends, so when being exposed to low frequency voltage, its capacitance is changing in accordance
with this voltage.

Due to that frequency of the oscillator is also changing, i.e. the frequency modulation is being
obtained. The FM signal from the high frequency oscillator is being preceded to the power
amplifier that provides the necessary output power of the transmission signal. The carrier
frequencies of the radio diffusion FM transmitters (that emit the program for "broad audience")
are placed in the waveband from 88 MHz to 108 MHz, the maximum frequency shift of the
transmitter (during the modulation) being ±75 kHz. Because of that the FM signal should be drawn
much "thicker", but it would result in a black-square-shaped picture.

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AM Transmitter
Operation AM radio technology is simpler than FM radio, DAB, Satellite Radio and HD Radio.
An AM receiver detects amplitude variations in the radio waves at a particular frequency. It then
amplifies changes in the signal voltage to drive a loudspeaker or earphones. The earliest crystal
radio receivers used a crystal diode detector with no amplification. Medium-wave and short-wave
radio signals act differently during day time and night time. During the day, AM signals travel by
ground wave, diffracting around the curve of the earth over a distance up to a few hundred miles
(or kilometers) from the signal transmitter.

However, after sunset, changes in the ionosphere cause AM signals to travel by sky wave,
enabling AM radio stations to be heard much farther from their point of origin that is normal during
the day. This phenomenon can be easily observed by scanning an AM radio dial at night. As a
result, many broadcast stations are required as a condition of license to reduce their broadcasting
power significantly (or use directional antennas) after sunset, or even to suspend broadcasting
entirely during night time hours. Such stations are commonly referred to as day timers.

2.5.3. How Radio Transmitters Work?

2.5.3.1 Origination

When a sound is first played, it is picked up by a microphone and translated into a sine wave that
represents the sound. The carrier waves start out with no information inscribed in them until they
are modified by the information from the electrical information from the microphone. These
electromagnetic waves are more effective than mechanical waves, because electrical waves can
travel in a vacuum while mechanical waves need a medium to travel in. Electromagnetic waves
travel at the speed of light, which is faster than the mechanical waves that travel at the speed of
sound.

2.5.3.2 Transmission

Radio transmission occurs when intelligence sound is transformed into sine waves and transmitted.
Transmission can occur with amplitude modification (AM) or frequency modification (FM).
Amplitude modification changes the size of the sine waves to represent the information and is most
commonly used for transmitting AM radio stations and the image for televisions. Frequency

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modification alters the length of the sine waves to transfer information and is often used for FM
radio stations and the sound of television stations.

2.5.4. Engineering department

In this department it focuses more on tapeless work flow (digital archive) system. This department
is also called archive or digital library. This archive/digital library technology is new for EBC
before this technology they use caste technology to store any data by using tape and tapes this is
not good for protection of data because when the data stored for long period of time the data quality
become poor because of different things like temperature dust etc.
as well as the data may be lost. But by using this new technology I can try to improve this entire
problem. This new technology is not affected by virus because SD/SanDisk is free from other
personal computer connection. At Ethiopian broadcasting station the archive room is where they
store all the data’s and it’s a very confidential system only a few people have access to it. In this
Digital Archive there are a lot of servers, routers, robotics library. In this library there is a lot of
disc which have 470 Tera bytes they use the 200 of Tera byte for the last 4 years and also the CPU
of all desktops is found here except the secretaries and normal desktops (the computer which is
not connected with systems).
In the office of engineering room there is only one desktop that they used for manage and control
the whole system. They can shut down the whole broad casting process from this computer. They
use low resolution for transmitting the signals. For updating, installation, to change the
equipment’s and etc. they required the help of foreign companies.

STUDIO C
STUDIO D

INJECTION ROOM
DIGITAL ARCHIVE ROOM
MCR

RECORDING ROOM

EDITING ROOM

Figure.1. 18. The work flow of Digital Archive

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

From internship many experience is gained when what theoretically learned is brought to practical
one. There for internship enables students comparing theoretical knowledge with practical world.
Generally, benefits gained from internship can be in terms of:

 Improving practical skills

 Upgrading theoretical knowledge
 Improving interpersonal communication skills
 Improving team playing skills
 Improving leadership skills
 Understanding the work ethics
 Improving entrepreneurship skills.

3.1. In terms of improving Practical Skill

Theoretical knowledge alone is meaningless without practical skill. But when it is supported by
practical work, theoretical knowledge will be improved and increased the creativity of new ideas.

Personally the following practical skills are gained from internship.

 It enables the person’s to improve practical skill in the maintenance and repair of different
regulators.
 It Improves the person’s practical skill in the operating system of different electrical
devices.
 It is helpful to improve reading skill of electrical device manuals and installation
procedures on papers.
 It helps the person to know how to properly distribute an electrical power (energy) for the
whole company’s sections, for example parallel operation of the company generator for
replacing an electrical energy.

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 3.2. In terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

The person’s theoretical knowledge is up graded with the internship through;

 Safety rule of each operation.
 Transfer of the theoretical course principle in to practical scheme.
 Methods of problem identification and way of response.
 The use of practical guide text books and manuals i.e. workshop and laboratory courses
 Working mechanism of different machinery.

3.3 In terms of Improving inter personal Communication Skills

The internship allowed to improve interpersonal communication skills with various societies who
work in the company in terms of the following important points.

 Communicate effectively and create great work communication skill

 Practice personal and social responsibility
 Demonstrate social and global competence
 Helps to understand the intensions, motivation and deserve of other people.
 Allows to work effectively with others and generally
 Improve meeting productivity resolve work place conflicts effectively
 Increases confidence to give and raise suggestions
 Reduce office stress and absenteeism.
 Maximize the potential of all employs
 Prompt employs personnel growth
 Building positive group spirit
 Improve work place moral with none violent

3.4 In terms of Improving Team Playing Skills

 Increase the habit of being coworkers
 Increase ideology to involve actively in social and economic services.
 Improve group work division strategies
 Sharing and being open mind for others ideas
 It is adopted by following idea with friends.

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 3.5 In terms of improving leader ship skills

As leader many issues may happen from different point of view regarding to the company.
Therefore, the leader must be responsible to invite each and every issue properly. We have met
with different chairmen and seen how they treat different issues. Generally, The gains are the
following skills.

 How to organize different work divisions

 How to treat customers in different issues?
 Risk taker during any activity
 Problem solving ability
 Complain solving ability
 patience
3.6 In terms of Understanding about Work Ethics Related Issues

During internship, The person will understood what work ethics is mean and seen different
workers who express work ethics with their own daily life activities. Work ethics includes the
following important points.
 Leads to be good decision maker in profession.
 Keeping working materials as their own property.
 Equally treat any customers without discrimination.
 Awarding principle of being ethical.
 Develops work habit.
 Improve discipline on the practical world and being punctual.
 Develops importance of unity in working place.
 Consolidate the behavior of being diligent.

3.7 In terms of Improving Entrepreneurship Skills

The exprience obtained has a great importance upon the intire life to choose and plan future
activity. Being an intern student I believe that I became knowledgable in:

 Risk taker
 Knowledge
 Creativity

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  Innovative
 Self confidence
 Commitment
 Hard work
 Market ability
Advantages of entrepreneurship:
 To improve backwardness of the people.
 To utilize properly the resource.
 Proper utilization of human potential.
 To create self-complement and generation of employment opportunities.
 To achieve economic development of the nation

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 INTERN SHIP PROJECT

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4. INTERNET PROTOCOL TELEVISION STUDIO (IPTV STUDIO)

Abstract
This project works on IP infrastructure, using widely adopted networking protocols and
techniques which leads to increase the quality of broadcasting and number of channel distribution
at a time. Every electronics material in IP Television studio has its own IP address.

The main objective of this project is to design Internet Protocol television(IPTV) studio by using
spine leaf topology on CISCO packettracer.This television studio system provides capability,
flexibility, cost-effectiveness, convenient, future proof system and also solve the complexity of
cable in studio by reducing number of SDI cables. Generally, every electronics material in IP
Television studio is controlled by using packet switcher.
4.1. Motivation
IP (Internet Protocol) and TV (Television) are the two elements of Internet Protocol Television
(IPTV). IP allows transferring information (data) to a point, which is addressed earlier .Except the
addressed point, no one can get this information. On the other hand, TV is a system where images,
videos and sounds are transmitted via terrestrial, cable or satellite .And anybody having a TV-set
and cable connection or DTH (Direct to Home) connection can receive the TV signal. IPTV is the
addition of these two element sand the system is able to deliver video and sound together through
Internet.

Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is a system where TV signal, instead of being delivered through
traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats, is transmitted through Internet
Protocol. IPTV uses IP for distribution of television programming, but over dedicated networks
operated by Telco’s, not the open Internet.

 Reduction in number of cables in studio.

 Easy to implement, manage and scale,
 Cost-effective system.

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 4.2. Problem statement

Television broadcasting requires cables to transport video and a to traffic. Ethiopian Broadcasting
Corporation (EBC) uses a serial digital interface (SDI) router. The SDI cables can carry only a
single unidirectional signal. As a result, a large number of cables, frequently stretched over long
distances, are required, making it difficult and time-consuming to expand or change an SDI-based
infrastructure.

4.3. Proposed Solution

The solution for the above stated problem were proposed by designing IP television studio which
will carry multiple bidirectional traffic flows using a single cable and have the capacity to support
different flow sizes without requiring changes to the physical infrastructure.

4.4. Goal of the project

 Increase the quality of broadcasting,
 Increase number of channel distribution at a time,
 Reduction in number of cables in studio.
 Easy to implement, manage and scale,
 Cost-effective system.

4.5. Objectives of the project

4.5.1. General objective

The general objective of this project is to design IP based Television studio.

4.5.2. Specific objective

 Design hard ware using layer 3 routers, multi-layer switch, switch etc.
 Software programming
 Interfacing hardware and software by packet tracer

4.6. Scope of the project

The design of IP broadcasting system will carry multiple bidirectional traffic flows using a single
cable and have the capacity to support different flow sizes without requiring changes to the physical
infrastructure. The scope of this project will extend up to the simulation part.
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 4.7. limitation

 It doesn’t convert audio and video signals to packet.

 It is supported by instruments for working .

4.8. Literature Review

Modified internet TV by addressing the basic difference between Internet TV and IPTV [6] Mote
finds that Internet TV allows access to content ever where, whereas IPTV is distributed within a
closed environment. Such as a city or regional are a like a subdivision, basically a private network,
this allows for restricted access of content in a closed network. I must also take note that the owner
of an IPTV network has full control over content. Both IPTV and Internet TV deliver video using
Internet Protocol which is a packet based technology .IPTV can be delivered through Telecom
Operators’ system as well as through cable system. Moot also comments that telecom operators can
grab long-term revenue opportunity by delivering content to national and region a. [6]

Whitney shows that there is a relationship between Television programming with a large number
of household products positioning and the desire to remodel one’s house. The outcomes also
indicated that audiences have a more positive perception of the brands they find embedded in TV
programming. Mobile TV has the potential to modify the recent market for cellular services.”[6]

Bria suggested two future path sand scenarios for mobile TV; one where mobile TV is transmitted
primarily over a dedicated broadcast network similar to conventional TV today. The other is a
solution that uses the existing cellular networks that with some upgrade should support a
“broadcast-like”.

4.9. Methodology

Conceptual survey: reading theoretical and conceptual description. Literature review exploring
the previous work in this area and bringing connectivity to the project, which is solve problem I
have figured out during my time of internship in Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation.
System configuration: Modeling of the network topology and configuration of the modeled
system using Cisco packet tracer.
Testing and Analysis the results: Includes evaluating the performance of the proposed network
structure by making the media device send the packet using different path. Test the spine/leaf
topology configuration and operation.

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 4.10. Conceptual frame work of the study

4.10.1. Internet Protocol

IP is the principal communication protocol in the internet protocol suit for relaying datagram ms
across network boundaries. IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the
destination host solely based on the IP address in the packet headers.

IP is used today on many local are ante works that are not connected to the Internet. This is
why there are a large number of IP addresses that are reserved for non-Internet uses on
private networks. The private address space is particularly useful for IP studio, since the
devices so interconnected are typically not intended to be accessible directly via the public
Internet. A packet switched system like IP does not require individual wiring paths to each
input and output of every device.

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 4.10.2 Spine/Leaf Topology

Spine/leaf topology a type of topology with two-layer network composed to leaf switches and spine
switches. The Spine/Leaf architecture is configured in an Equal-Cost Multi pathing(ECMP)
allowing all connections to be utilized at the same time while remaining stable and avoiding loops
within the network. With this topology, the Leaf layer consists of access switches that are used to
interconnect the devices providing and requiring data. These The Spine layer (made up of switches
that perform routing) switch is backbone of the network, where every leaf switch is interconnected
with each and every spine switch, equipped with high bandwidth ports. Mainly, Leaf switches mesh
in to the spine, forming the access layer that delivers network connection point. In leaf –spine
topology all connection to be utilized at the same time and ease of Adding additional hardware and
capacity

To allow for the predictable distance between devices in this two layered design, dynamic layer 3
routing is used to interconnect the layers. Dynamic routing allows the best path to be determined
and adjusted based on response to network change. [4][7]

Figure.1. 19. Spine/Leaf Topology

The leaf switches first make the aggregation of data ,and then interconnect to Spine switches. This
strategy greatly contributes in reducing the distance of fiber optical cables connecting to the IP
network. Spine/Leaf architecture helps to reduce the length and quantity of cables interconnecting
to the IP network .Each equipment is connected locally with short fiber to a leaf switch. The leaf
switch aggregates the many signals to interconnect to the Spine switch using fewer fiber strands.

This provides a clear advantage over any other centralized switching methodologies. Cable
management is simplified also due to the proximity of the TOR switch and the media devices. [4][7]

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 Figure.1. 20. Use of Spine/Leaf Topology inside a Broadcasting Station

4.11. System topology and configuration

This section will provide a breakdown of the basic steps needed to successfully configure
spine/leaf topology using Cisco packet tracer software

4.11.1. Software requirement

Cisco packettracer6.1: for simulation purpose is used for the project.

4.11.2. Hardware requirement

 2811 CISCO router as layer 3 router,
 Multilayer switch as spine router,
 2960-24TT CISCO switch as leaf switch,
 End devices as media device,
 Serial DTE interface,
 Copper straight-through cable, and
 TCP/IP configuration.

Router: is a Computer that specializes in sending packets over the data network. They are
responsible for interconnecting networks by selecting the best path for a packet to travel and
forwarding packets to their destination. [5][7]
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Multilayer Switch: is a network device that has the ability to opera eating her layers of OSI
reference mode unlike the Data Link Layer (DLL) traditionally used by switches. A multilayer
switch can perform the function of switch as well as that of a router at incredibly fast speeds. [5]

Switch: Ethernet switches (packet switch) selectively forward individual frames from a receiving
port to the port where the destination node is connected. Switching technologies scan make a
significant and positive impact in any company or in campus profit line.

4.12. Procedure to design this topology

Step 1: Set up the topology and initialize Devices

 Set up equipment to match the network topology.

 Initialize and restart the router and switch.

Step 2: Configure the PC interfaces.

Step 3: Configure each router.

Step 4: configure switch

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 Figure.1. 21. Design Part of Leaf Topology

The design equipment providing the data is connected to a leaf switch, the leaf switch first makes
the aggregation of data, then interconnect to Spine switches. This strategy greatly contributes to
reducing the distance of fiber optical cables connecting to the IP network. And the routing allows
the best path to be determined and adjusted based on response to network change .There’s no limit
to the size of the network.

4.13. Result and discussion

The result of design: a set of standard IP routers and the spine routers are connected to ‘leaf’
networks situated in various locations, the router1and router2 are connected and both are
connected to the multilayer switches, this means any packets coming from the media device can
travel and delivered to their destination. For example when we make show IP route on R1:

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 The media devices or the end devices can send their packet to the router as well as for the
multilayer switch also there is sharing between media device. To cheek the configuration is
right between router and end devices

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 PC>ping 12.0.0.1 from PC5

This means the end devices can send packets without loss.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION

5.1. CONCLUSION

The internship program is intended to introduce the students to the real experiences of the job they
will be working on after graduation. Starting from finding the hosting company working inside
and observing the ways in which the work flows and the job is done to the how the experiences
affects the interns,
The internship program is a great way to let students face the area challenges and benefits of being
a professional there are two types of communication, one to one communication, a transmission
between a single transmitter and receiver and broadcasting which a way of communicating
between a single sender all the receivers who need the information. The EBC has a job of
broadcasting news informative and entertaining programs through its radio and television
channels. Working inside the Ethiopian broadcasting corporation, I were able to experience most
of the steps taken in order to successfully transmit a radio or television program.
This internship allows to both make and develop professional contacts, for the future job search,
assist in developing great understanding of own strength and weakness, leadership skill and
company’s work flow, to upgrade the ability to creative, confident and take risk in professional
career, work ethics and so on.

Generally, The overall experience of the internship is good way of experiencing the practical way
of acquiring and practicing theoretical knowledge.

5.2. RECOMMENDATION

Even though there are many strong sides to the work that is accomplished in EBC, there are a few
short comings as well that are holding back the organization from achieving its maximum. It is the
national television and radio broadcast of Ethiopia which means that the limitations need to be
taken care of as soon as possible. Some of the problems are possible solutions as follows

 The building is not intentionally design for TV station so it is not suitable for installation
and the need of the production increases instantaneously so it is better having new and
intentionally designed for TV broadcasting.

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  For reduction of wires complexity, it is better have internet protocol (IP) based system and
use multiplexing technique.
 The internet connection speed for the company should be upgraded to a better band width.
 There is a very limited budget that is allocated to EBC. With this budget it is impossible to
maintain the existing equipment let alone buy new ones. So, more budgets should be
allocated in order to improve the quality of the organization.
 There is lack of employers around studio. EBC should employment new workers at least
within a year with fair way.
 There is no system of controlling the employees. We have noticed that most of the
employees do not come on time and some even come once in a week. So there needs to be
a strong controlling mechanism like an attendance sheet with time of arrival at workplace.
 There is no training program for the employees to enhance their performance. There should
be some sessions and courses for voluntary employees free of charge.

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 REFERENCES

[1] Brief history of the Ethiopian television service by Leykun Berhanu 1985E.C

[2] Facts about Ethiopian television by Leykun Berhanu 1994 E.C

[3] Survey of culture and media in Ethiopia Published by Sida 2003Department for Africa Author:
Ellene Mocria, Mesfin Messele and Alemayehu GebreHiwot

[4] www.ebc.gov.et.

[5] http://www.sagax.hu/products/convertors.htm

[6]https://mypromedia.de/en/orban-optimod-8600.html

[7] Www.Cayber College.Com

[8] Cisco Nexus 9000 Series IP Fabric for Media Solution Guide 703I45 chapter-01

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