DR - Hala ExpansionTypesinArabic Final
DR - Hala ExpansionTypesinArabic Final
A Systemic Perspective
By
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hala Khalid Najim
Dept. of Translation
College of Arts
University of Mosul
Abstract
Systemic Functional Grammar, as presented in Halliday (1994) and
Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), divides expansion into three types:
elaboration, extension and enhancement. This paper examines these
expansion types in an Arabic text of the narrative genre. In this paper, it is
hypothesized that certain types of expansion are frequently used, while
others are not. The aim of this paper is to identify the logico-semantic
relation between Arabic clause complexes in the Arabic text. The paper
also showcases the usefulness of Functional Grammar as a tool for
understanding the Arabic texts, i.e. it shows the connection between
linguistics and literature. The results indicate that this text has a
prominent use of extension-addition type, and other types such as
hypotactic elaboration and cause-effect enhancement are also found in the
text. Finally, exposition, alternation, manner and conditional types are not
found at all in the text.
1
1. Introduction:
Systemic Linguistics is a theory of language centred on the notion
of language function. It was extensively developed, as successive
revisions of the Firthian model, and refined to its present form by M.A.K.
Halliday.
The approach taken for the description and analysis of this paper is
Systemic-Functional Grammar. The analytical approach is mainly taken
from Halliday’s work, in particular the model set out in An Introduction
to Functional Grammar (1994) and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004).
According to Systemic Functional Grammar, the logico-semantic
relation between clauses in clause complexes has two types: expansion
and projection. The expansion which is the concern of this paper, is
divided into three types: elaboration, extension and enhancement;
whereas projection is classified into: locution projection and idea
projection. This paper is centred on the notion of expansion types only,
i.e. the projection type is not used at all in the analysis.
This paper tries to answer questions such as: Do we have expansion
types in Arabic?, if we have, which type will be more frequently used
than others in a text?. Thus, the purpose of such as undertaking is to
investigate expansion types in an Arabic text to see how such relations
are employed. The paper also aims at utilizing Systemic Functional
Grammar as a tool for analyzing the Arabic text. It can be considered an
attempt to prove Eggins’s (1994: 307) statement that “Systemic
linguistics provides a useful theoretical and analytical framework for
exploring and explaining how texts mean”. Not only this, the paper tries
to apply the above statement to Arabic language. Consequently, the
analysis of the clause complexes of the Arabic text becomes the focus of
this paper, particularly the expansion types between such complexes.
2
The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 1 is an
introduction, Section 2 examines basic notions in clause complexes in
English and Section 3 investigates the expansion relation in English, with
its three types and subtypes. However, Section 4 is a theoretical
background of clause complexes in Arabic, Section 5 deals with
Expansion types and subtypes in Arabic, Section 6 is an analysis of an
Arabic short story with the findings to see how different types of
expansion are used in a text of the narrative genre. Finally, Section 7
illustrates the conclusions.
3
1. ||| I switched on my radio, || and there was a programme about air
pollution |||
Hypotactic, however, is characterized as a relationship between
clauses, an interdependency relationship in which neither of the clauses is
a constituent part of another (Halliday, 1987: 73). It is the relation
between a dependent element and its dominant (Halliday, 1994: 218). If
two clauses are related hypotactically, the primary is the dominant (α)
and the secondary one dependent (β).
2. ||| Fear of flying is natural | because human beings cannot fly |||
α β
Berry (1975: 96) states that the difference between basic units and
complex ones is that the basic units have multivariate structures while the
complex units have univariate structures. Multivariate structures have
different kinds of relationship between elements, whereas univariate
structures have only one type of relationship between the elements (ibid:
98).
The logico-semantic type specifies clauses complexes which are
linked together in terms of a logico-semantic relationship which is of two
types: expansion and projection (Matthiessen and Halliday, 1997: 19). In
expansion, the secondary clause picks up the message of the primary
clause and expands on it. This can be done in any one of three ways: by
elaborating, by extending, or by enhancing.
The relationship of projection is something different. In projection,
“the secondary clause is projected through the primary one, which
instates it as (a) a locution or (b) an idea (Halliday, 1994: 219). Projection
is joining two clauses or more by considering the clause being projected,
whether it is locution or idea. In locution type, one clause is projected
through another, which presents it as a locution, a construction of
wordings, and in the type of idea, one clause is projected through another,
4
which presents it as an idea (Halliday, 1994: 253). In other words,
locutions are projected verbal events and ideas are projected mental
events (Thompson, 1996: 27). For example:
3. ||| She said: || “I have just came in”. ||| (locution)
"1 2
4. ||| I think || he is very smart. ||| (idea)
α 'β
The relations of expansion will be the topic of the next sections.
3.1.1 Elaboration:
In elaboration, the secondary clause elaborates on the meaning of the
initial one. The secondary clause ‘does not introduce a new element into
the picture but rather provides a further characterization of one that is
already there’ (Halliday, 1994: 225). This can be achieved by restating,
clarifying, refining, or adding a descriptive attribute or comment. This
type of relationship involves restating in other words, specifying in
greater detail, exemplification and comment. It is shown through the sign
(=). It involves both parataxis and hypotaxis relations.
5
3.1.1.1 Paratactic Elaboration (1 = 2):
Elaboration is combined with parataxis. In this type of clause
complex, “an initial clause is restated, exemplified or further specified by
another” (Martin et al., 1997: 171). This type of relation is of three
subtypes (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 397):
(i) exposition ‘in other words’
(ii) exemplification ‘for example’
(iii) clarification ‘to be precise’
(i) Exposition:
In exposition, the secondary clause restates the thesis of the
primary one in different words, to present it from another point of view,
or to reinforce the message. For example:
5. ||| I badly need this ||; it is what I want. |||
Conjunctive expressions can be used to make the relationship
explicit such as ‘in other words’, ‘that is to say’, ‘or (rather)’, and ‘i.e.’ in
writing.
(ii) Exemplification:
In this type, the secondary clause develops the meaning of the
primary one by further specifying it, or giving an example; for example:
6. ||| Have you visited European countries? || have you visited Holland? |||
Typical conjunctive expression can be used here as ‘for example’,
‘for instance’, ‘in particular’, and in writing ‘e.g.’.
(iii) Clarification:
In this type, the secondary clause clarifies the meaning of the
primary one.
7. ||| They used to work over here; || that’s how they met. |||
(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 398)
6
3.1.1.2 Hypotactic Elaboration (α=β):
In a hypotactic elaborating complex clause, the dependent clause
provides some description or comment on the things mentioned in the
primary clause. The dependent clauses may be finite or non-finite.
The secondary clause, here, ‘has the same force as a defining
relative clause of the Wh-type’ (Halliday, 1994: 227). Halliday shows the
difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses in terms of
meaning. He states that ‘in terms of meaning, these clauses do not define
subjects, in the way that a defining clause does’ (ibid.: 227). Let’s have
the following examples:
8. ||| The man whom you talked to was my brother. |||
9. ||| Baghdad, which is the capital of Iraqi, is very nice. |||
In (8), the defining clause ‘whom you talked to’ specifies a particular
person, while the non-defining clause ‘which is the capital of Iraq’ does
not define Baghdad but it just adds further information.
In the hypotactic elaborating clause complex, the dependent clause
refers to the whole primary clause or just to one participant in the primary
clause, for examples:
10.||| She got low marks in maths, || which upset her. |||
11.||| The book which I bought yesterday was interesting. |||
α<<=β>>
The angle brackets are used to indicate enclosure (ibid.).
3.1.2 Extension:
Extension is the second type of expansion. According to Halliday
(1994: 405), “one clause extends the meaning of another by adding
something new to it”. It is of three categories: addition, variation and
alternation. Extension can be paratactic or hypotactic.
7
3.1.2.1 Paratactic Extension (1 + 2):
In paratactic extension, the clauses are linked together by the
conjunctions and, or, nor or but. Paratactic extension includes addition,
variation and alternation.
In paratactic addition, the two clauses are joined through the use of
conjunctions and (positive addition), nor (negative addition) and but
(adversative addition). For examples:
12.||| He plays piano || and his sister plays oboe. ||| (positive addition)
13.||| I could not tell her the truth || nor did I want to. ||| (negative addition)
14.||| It’s my book || but you can take it. ||| (adversative addition)
In paratactic variation, “one clause is presented as being in total or
partial replacement of another” (ibid.: 407). Variation could be
‘replacive’ (instead) and ‘subtractive’ (except). This relation could be
recognized by using the conjunctions instead, but, on the contrary, only.
Consider the following:
15.||| I could not visit her, || but instead I gave her a call. ||| (replacive
relation)
In paratactic alternation, one clause is offered as an alternative to
another. The cohesive conjunctions of this type are: or, alternatively,
conversely, on the other hand, and the pair either or. Examples are:
16.||| Either you stay here, || or you leave. |||
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through the use of conjunctions while, whereas. No negative additive type
of hypotactic extension can be found.
17.||| He felt asleep, || while he was watching TV. |||
In Finite variation, the hypotactic subtractive relation is expressed
with conjunction such as except, that, but (for the fact that) (Halliday and
Matthiessen, 2004: 408):
18.||| I remembered nothing || except that he was bold. |||
The hypotactic clauses of alternation are expressed by the
conditional structure ‘if … not’.
19.||| If he’s not at home, || he must be in his office. |||
As for non-finite hypotactic extending clauses, they have addition
and variation types. The addition could be additive (the clause preceded
by: apart from, besides, with) or adversative (preceded by without). The
variation could either be replacive or subtractive. The replacive is
introduced by instead, whereas the subtractive by other than.
20.||| Besides being afraid, || Jean was totally depressed. ||| (additive)
21.||| He was talking loudly,||without listening to anyone. ||| (adversative)
22.||| Instead of finding solutions to the problem, || he made another
mistake. ||| (replacive)
23.||| I have never known him other than behaving selfishly. |||
(subtractive)
3.1.3 Enhancement:
In enhancement, one clause enhances the meaning of another with
some features of time, place, manner, cause and condition (Halliday,
1985: 211). These are two types of this relationship: paratactic and
hypotactic. The notation (1 X 2) is used for the former, and (α X β) for
the latter.
9
3.1.3.1 Paratactic Enhancement (1 X 2):
The enhancing clause is a coordinated one with a circumstantial
feature expressed either by the conjunctions: then, so, for, yet, still; or a
conjunction group with and: and there, and thus, and so; or by and in
combination with a conjunctive: at that time, till then, in that way
(Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 413). There are four types of paratactic
enhancement: temporal, spatial (manner) and causal-conditional.
Temporal relation can be expressed by a conjunction ‘then’ for the
same time or a conjunction group such as ‘and then’ for the later time.
24.||| They spread the cloth on the grass, || and then began unpacking the
picnic things ||| (Downing and Locke, 2002: 291)
25.||| She turned the corner, || and there stood Robin waiting for her. |||
(ibid.)
Manner relation is of means and comparison. A paratactic
enhancing clause of means is introduced by the conjunction group ‘and in
that way, and thus’, while a clause of comparison is expressed by ‘and so,
similarly’.
26.||| Take care of your brother || and in that way you will be the head of
your family. |||
Causal-conditional relation consists of cause-effect and condition.
Cause-effect relation can be introduced by so, and so, for and therefore.
Condition may be positive, negative or concessive. Positive condition is
expressed by and then; and negative condition by otherwise and
concessive condition by still, yet, though and but. Consider:
27.||| He was afraid || so he kept calm. ||| (cause-effect) (1 ^ 2)
28.||| I shall work for three hours on Sunday, || and then I shall complete
the painting. ||| (positive condition) (1 ^ 2)
29.||| I want you to clam down; || otherwise we shall never get out of this
situation. ||| (negative condition) (1 ^ 2)
10
30.||| Though my car is old, || it is still in running order. ||| (concession) (β
^ α)
11
36.||| I shall try to come || even though I doubt I’ll be on time. |||
(concessive)
Non-finite hypotactic enhancing clauses, however, are always
dependent. The relation may either be explicitly or implicitly expressed.
Enhancing relationship are expressed by explicit conjunctions such as
before, while, without, by, etc.; or implicitly by taxposition (Downing
and Locke, 2002: 294 and Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 420):
37.||| Look carefully || before crossing the street. ||| (explicit)
38.||| Being a man of ingenuity, || he soon repaired the machine. |||
(implicit) (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1987: 327)
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unequal syntactic units. Consequently, coordinating conjunctions are used
to combine two free clauses into a compound sentence, while
subordinating conjunctions ‘integrate a subordinate clause into a
superordinate clause, creating a complex sentene’ (ibid.).
It should be noted, here, that the coordinated clauses in the clause
complex are divided in terms of their position into primary clause and
secondary one. Functionally, the primary is the initiating clause and the
secondary one is the continuing one.
41.||| ||| جاء محمد || وذهب علي
13
42.||| ||| أقبل أبو محمد علي
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b) فـwhich is ( حرف ترتيبa particle of classification) which indicates that
objects come after one another. It indicates that the continuing clause
comes immediately after the initiating one (Al-Zagagi, 1957: 31 and
Al-Mubarad, 1964, 1: 10).
46.||| ||| أكل || فنام
(He ate and then slept.)
As for the separable connectives, they are as follows:
a) ثم: This connective particle is considered as an adverbial of time. It
indicates a sequential action (Ryding, 2005: 417). It differs from فـin
that the continuing clause does not immediately follow the initiating
one (Al-Zamakhshari, ND, 2: 197; Al-Ansari, ND, 1: 118-119 and
Aziz, 1989: 212).
47.||| مهم1زرت عمي || ثم تباحثنا في موضوع
ُ |||
(I visited my uncle and then we discussed an important topic.)
15
d) ال بـل: This conjunctive particle consists of the negator الand the
adversative بل. La is used for emphasis (Al-Asterbathi, 1979, 2: 41-
420 and Al-Ansari, ND, 1: 113).
50.||| زيد وعمر
ٌ زيد || ال بل وصل
ٌ ||| جاء
16
CIC جملة كبرى
جملة صغرىβ α
الضيوف1حيث ينتظرنا وصلنا
17
i) ( إذاif): refers to a future action and implies a condition:
58.||| ||| إذا اتصلت بها || أعلمني
18
iv) ( حيثماwhere):
64.||| ||| جلسنا || حيثما تقابلنا
5.1.1 Elaboration:
In elaboration, the secondary clause elaborates on the meaning of
the primary one by means of restating, specifying by giving specific
information and clarifying. Elaboration could either be paratactic or
hypotactic. The equal sign (=) is used to denote this relation.
19
and reinforcing its message. The two clauses are coordinated by
coordinators, e.g.
67.||| ًحزين جداً || بل إنه ال يتكلم إطالقا
ٌ الولد
ُ |||
secondary CC primary
(The boy is so sad; he is not speaking at all.)
It is common to find two coordinated clauses without any
coordinated conjunction:
68.||| ||| الجو جميل؛ || إنه يوم ربيع دافئ
(Your book is awesome, you’ve dealt with all the important issues of
our society.)
20
(for masculine singular persons), ( التيfor feminine), ( اللذانfor masculine
dual, subjective case) and ( اللذينfor masculine dual, objective and genitive
cases), ( اللتانfor feminine dual, subjective case), ( اللتينfor feminine dual,
objective and genitive cases), ( الذينfor masculine plural) and الالتي،الالئي
(for feminine plural) all cases (Aziz, 1989: 149), e.g.
71.||| ||| رأيت الطالبين || اللذين نجحا في االمتحان
5.1.2 Extension:
In Arabic, the secondary clause expands the meaning of the
primary one by adding some new element, giving an exception to it, and
offering an alternative. It can be paratactic and hypotactic. The symbol
(+) shall be used.
21
In paratactic variation, the secondary clause replaces the primary
one totally or partially. The typical conjunctive expressions for total
replacement are ( بـــدالً من ذلكinstead), ( بلbut), (( على العكس )بلon the
contrary) and the preposition ( ِعــوضWright, 1971: 281). The relative
clauses, ما خال،( ماعداexcept) in which the relative pronoun ماfunctions as
the subject of the verbs ( خالto pass), ( عــداto exceed) are conjunctive
phrases for partial replacement (Cantarino, 1975, 3: 192 and Ghayaati,
ND: 249).
75.||| || (بل) بدالً من ذلك سافرت بالسيارة، بالطائرة1( ||| لم أسافرtotal replacive)
22
78.||| ||| ألقت الشرطة القبض عليهم || بينما كانوا يهربون
5.1.3 Enhancement:
In enhancement, the meaning of the primary clause is enhanced by
providing circumstantial features of time, place, cause, reason, condition,
result, etc. The symbol (X) shall be adopted to refer to this relation. This
type could either be paratactic or hypotactic.
23
Spatial relation is expressed by adverbs of place such as هنالك،هناك
(there) (Wright, 1971, 1: 288).
82.||| ||| ذهب إلى الحفلة || وهنالك قابل فتاته
24
Concessive condition is introduced by exceptive expressions which
include connectives and adverbs with meanings that contrast with
previous propositional content (ibid.: 650). They are ومــــع ذلك
َّ ( معalthough).
(nevertheless), إن
88.||| ||| مع انني أشعر بالتعب || يجب أن أذهب إلى العمل
25
َّ (as if it were) which is a particle compound with the particle
separable كأن
َّ and the preposition ( كibid., 2: 78).
أن
92.||| زيد || كأنه رجل بالغ
ٌ ||| يتكلم
26
97.||| ||| لو ذهبت إلى هناك لقابلته
(I would find my food delicious, even if it were just bread and olives.)
(Cantarino, 1975, 3: 331)
(Although he had only entered the contest for fun, he wont first
prize.)
As for the phrase وإن, however, it consists of the conjunction, wa
and the conditional marker ( إنibid.: 655).
100. ||| || وإ ن كانت مزعجة في بعض األوقات1||| إنني احترمها
27
compiled by Najwa Hassan. Also, we shall focus on the relation of
expansion among clauses in clause complexes in the text, and specifically
within expansion types into extension, elaboration and enhancement. In
other words, the clause complexes of the other type of logical relations,
which is projection, which is not the focus of this paper, will be excluded
in the analysis.
It should be noted here that the text consists of (47) clause
complexes and (106) clauses. The ordinal numbers are put at the
beginning of each clause complex, in the analysis, to represent the clause
complexes, whereas the cardinal numbers of clauses in the complexes are
put in brackets.
As shown in the data, all the three types of expansion, viz.
elaboration, extension and enhancement are found but with different
frequencies. The highest frequent use of expansion type is extension, with
(34) clause complexes (72.34%), while the other two types are less
frequent, with (7) clause complexes for elaboration accounting for
(14.89%) and (6) clause complexes occupying (12.77%) for enhancement
type.
Put it in detail, it has been shown that within extension, the most
dominant subtype is addition with (33) clause complexes, accounting for
(97%), while variation is a very rare subtype, with only one complex
(3%). It is important to say, here, that addition type is highly realized by
positive addition, with (28) clause complexes in the text numbered (1, 2,
5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
41, 43, 44, 46 and 47). Adversative addition is also found in the text with
only (4) complexes numbered (10, 27, 33 and 42), accounting for
(11.77%).
Negative addition, however, is rarely illustrated in the data, with
one complex number (25), occupying (2.94%).
28
(25) ||| ||| ألم تقل أنها عانقت يدك منذ عشرين سنة || ولم تبدلها نظر لجودة جلدها
(Haven’t you said that it was on your hand for twenty year and you
didn’t change it for the good quality of its leather.)
As shown in (25) above, the negative addition in the Arabic clause
complex is made by the use of the coordinate negatives ولم... لم.
It is also seen that the clause complexes, with positive addition are
joined through syndetic or asyndetic coordination. Consider clause
complexes numbered (9and 11) in the data below:
(9) ||| || ُي ّقيم عملها،يدون مالحظاته
ّ ||| (asyndetic coordination)
(He is writing down his notes, and assessing her job.)
(11) ||| للرحيل1( ||| أنهى مهمتهُ || واستعدsyndetic coordination)
The numbers of the texts are those used in the appendixes.
29
(29) ||| في السيارة || ألقتها جانب الرصيف1 عن وضع المحفظة قربها1ً||| وعوضا
(exemplification)
(On which I write down the very important addresses outside the
country, in most of the world countries I go to.)
Exposition subtype, however, is not found in the text.
Regarding enhancement, it has been found that causal type is the
most dominant type with (4) complexes (66.66%). This type is indicated
by particles such as كيand ( فاء السببيةin order to) in texts (3, 8, 21 and 45):
30
(3) ||| || كي يغلق الصمامات1||| تحفز فؤادها
for each (16.67%). Temporal type is realized by adverbs such as دما11 عن
(when) as in text (4):
(4) ||| شالل1 في أعماق األمل || صوت تدفق1ً||| عندما حمل األثير عبر اآللة الخرساء صوتا
(31) ||| في محطة وقود1 || وقف،ً||| وبعد مسافة مائة وخمسين كيلومترا
31
Occurrence
Exposition 0 0%
Exemplification 1 14.29%
Elaboration Clarification 1 14.29%
Hypotactic 5 71.42%
7 100% total
Addition 33 97%
Variation 1 3%
Extension
Alternation 0 0%
34 100% total
Temporal 1 16.67%
Spatial 1 16.67%
Cause-effect 4 66.66%
Enhancement
Manner 0 0%
Condition 0 0%
6 100% total
47 100%
5. Conclusions:
All the logico-semantic relations except the locution have been
investigated in the texts taken from the Arabic short story ‘‘ ’المحفظةThe
Wallet”. The expansion types and its subtypes in a total of (47) clause
complexes have been thoroughly examined. As shown by the analysis of
the text, it can be said that the extension type, and specifically addition
subtype is the dominant one used in the text. This can be due to the fact
that the genre of this text is narrative. One of the features of narratives is
that the writer tries to give information. That is why we find so many
examples of Arabic syndetic coordination in the text because the writer
wants to make the job easy for the readers by telling them events
explicitly. Notwithstanding, other types have also been found in the text
such as hypotactic elaboration and cause-effect enhancement type.
Hypotactic elaboration is chiefly realized through the use of relative
pronouns which are used to identify the persons or things about which the
32
writer talks in a clearer way. Furthermore, the high use of cause-effect
relation indicates that since the text is a short story, it is made to tell
things, i.e. the writer does not want the readers to stay long and deduce
things by themselves. Furthermore, the results show that exposition,
alternation, manner and conditional types are not found in the text.
Finally, these findings will contribute towards an understanding of how a
linguistic tool, and mainly the expansion types, are used to clarify some
features of the text.
33
References
34
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_______________ (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd
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Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. (2004). An Introduction to
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Matthiessen, C. and Halliday, M. A. K. (1997). “Systemic Functional
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Appendix: The Corpus of Data
36
(Positive addition) 2 + 1
thدخل عليهم ( || )30عاد إلى الدائرة(||| 13 ||| )29
(Positive addition) 2 + 1
thمحفظتي الصغيرة ( || )32فقدت محفظتي(||| 14 ||| )31
(Elaboration) (Clarification) 2 = 1
thبطاقة شخصية لدخولي 1جامعة السوربون ( || )34فيها هويتي||| 15 ||| )33(،
(Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 16th ||| (35بطاقة دائمة الش11تراكي 1في الم11ؤتمرات العلمية واالقتص11ادية في جامع11ات مص11ر|| ،
( )36رخصة قيادة عالمية وأخرى محلية )37( || ،بطاقة دعوى شخصية |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 3 + (Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 17th ||| (38لحض 11وري الم 11ؤتمر الع 11المي لل 11ذرة )39( || ،وال 11ذي س 11ينعقد في نيوي 11ورك الش 11هر
القادم |||
(Elaboration) =
) 18th ||| (40شيك بمبلغ خمسين ألف ليرة )41( || ،المبلغ الذي قبضته أمس |||
(Elaboration) =
) 19th ||| (42دفتري 1هواتف )43( || ،وإ لى ما هنالك من بطاقات 1صغيرة |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
أدون عليها عن11اوين مهمة ج11داً خ11ارج القط11ر )45( || ،في معظم دول الع11الم ال11تي
)ّ 20 ||| (44
th
ارتادها |||
(Elaboration) (Exemplification) 2 + 1
) 21th ||| (46كان لهيب الحادثة يأكل حواف كلماته )47( || ،فيطفئه برشفة من الماء |||
(Enhancement) (Cause-effect) x
) 22th ||| (48وزفير رئته مخضل برذاذ جرحه || ( )49التي أدمعت العيون |||
(Elaboration) =
) 23th ||| (50وقد لفه بأصابعه )51( || ،ولفح هيجره حنايا فؤاده |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
37
) 24th ||| (52والخجل يربط لسانها )53( || ،وشفافيه حشها اإلنساني يغلق كلمات سؤالها |||
(Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 25th ||| (54لم تقل بأنها ع11انقت ي11دك منذ عش11رين س11نة )55( || ،ولم تب11دلها نظ11راً لج11ودة جل11دها
|||
(Extension) (Negative addition) 2 + 1
هز رأسه تأكيداً )57( || ،وتنفس زفيراً |||
)ّ 26 ||| (56
th
) 32th ||| (68عدت أدراجي إلى المدينة )69( || ،ووقفت أمام المنزل |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
أفتش )71( ||| ،أسأ ُل )72( || ،ولكن دون جدوى |||
أبحثُ )69( || ،
ُ )33th ||| (70
(Positive addition) 2 + 1
)(Extension) (Adversative addition) 4 + (Positive addition) 3 + (Extension
) 34th ||| (73أقوم بإجراء التبليغ لقسم الشرطة عن هويتي الشخص11ية )74( || ،وأعلنت عن دفع
المال |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
38
) 35th ||| (75ك11انت تص11غي إليه بكل جوارحه11ا )76( || 1،وص11رير 1أس11نانه يقطع ني11اط قلبه11ا( || ،
)77ويوهج خيوط 1الغيرة في أحشائها||| ،
(Extension) (Positive addition) 3 + (Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 36th ||| (78معجم لكل العملي1ات الحس1ابية واالقتص1ادية || ( )79مرجع لكل الق1وانين والدس1اتير1
والبالغات واالجتهادات||| 1
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 37th ||| (80كانت الحادثة كالحكايات الخرافية )81( || ،وهي أشبه بحوادث |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 38th ||| (82ودع الجميع )83( || ،ومضى |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 39th ||| (84يحمل بين أضلعه صورة دافئة لعينين )85( || ،شيعتاه مألى بالدموع |||
(Elaboration) =
) 40th ||| (86حمل نبض1 1 1اً قلبها || ( )87يت 11 1دفق 1حنان1 1 1اً بكل نفس || ( )88يخ 11 1رج من ص 11 1درها1
ممزوجاً |||
(Elaboration)
) 41th ||| (89وضع الجميع أح11داث المحفظة || ( )90منهم من ابتلعها || ( )91ومنهم 1من ك11ذبها
|||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 3 + (Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
ِ
يمض || ()95 ) 42th ||| (92ضعيف أمام زوجته || ( )93بل عكس ذلك مضى || ( )94لكنه لم
بل حفر اسمه على جدار قلبها وبين ثنايا أضلعها |||
(Extension) (Adversative) 3 + (Extension) (Adversative) 2 + 1
(Extension) (Adversative addition) 4 +
) 43th ||| (96ذابت مالمحه || ( )97وبقيت بصماته دامغة على المحفظة |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 44th ||| (98أيقظ صوته المخملي دموع األلم عليه )99( || ،وأجج صدق المودة |||
(Extension) (Positive addition) 2 + 1
39
) 45th ||| (100داعب نغم كلماته أس11 1الك فؤادها )101( || 1ف11 1أورقت 1نبض11 1ات رس11 1مه في طع11 1ام
الفؤاد || وتعثرت في سيرها الدماء |||
(Enhancement) (Cause-effect) x
(Positive addition) +
) 46th ||| (102وتمنى 1كل منهما || ( )103أن يبزغ األخير في سمائه قمراً |||
(Positive addition) 2 + 1
) 47th ||| (104يبدد ظلمة ليله )105( || ،ونبعاً يروي جفاف حياته || ( )106وشمس ال تع11رف
األفول |||
(Positive addition) 3 + (Positive addition) 2 + 1
40