1.

0 Abstract

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to
dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.Miscibility is the property of substances to mix in all
proportions forming a homogeneous solution. The objectives of the present study was to determine
the solubility and miscibility of various chemical substance (iodine,NaCl,paraffin,ethanol,etc). The
results indicate that these mutual solubilities are primarily defined by the chemical and physical
properties of solute and solvent such as polarity, solubility product, temperature, pressure and so
on. It also found that the solubility in water is dependent on the capabilities of solutes forming
hydrogen bond with water. On the other hand, the solubility in non polar solvent such as methylene
chloride is dependent on the dispersion forces (induced dipole/induced dipole). For instance, polar
water molecules have strong intermolecular forces that must be overcome in order for a solution to
be formed, requiring energy. When these polar molecules interact with each other, strong
interactions are formed, releasing energy. Hence, the overall enthalpy change is small, allow this
solution to form spontaneously. Nonpolar solvents both have weak intermolecular interactions, so
the overall enthalpy change is small. Hence, in the case of nonpolar molecules dissolving in nonpolar
solvents, the small enthalpy change allow this solution to form spontaneously as well. For a nonpolar
molecules to dissolve in polar solvent, or for a polar molecules to dissolve in nonpolar solvent, the
energy required to overcome the initial intermolecular forces (i.e., between the polar vitamin
molecules or between the water molecules) is large and is not offset by the energy released when
the molecules interact in solution as there is no strong interaction between polar and nonpolar
molecules. Hence, in these cases, the enthalpy change (energetics) is unfavorable to dissolution, and
the magnitude of this unfavorable enthalpy change is too large to be offset by the increase in
randomness of the solution. Therefore, these solutions will not form spontaneously.
2.0 Introduction

Solubility is defined as the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called
solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent. Miscibility is defined as the property of
substances to mix in all proportions, forming a homogeneous solution.

The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the physical and chemical properties
of the solute and solvent as well as on temperature, pressure and presence of other chemicals of the
solution. When dealing with a solid solute and a liquid solvent, the solute dissolves when the
molecules of both are similar enough in polarity. For instance, polar molecules and ionic compounds
can dissolve in water by forming ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole forces that are
result in the dissolution of the solid to create a homogeneous solution. However , there is a limit to
how much salt can be dissolved in a given volume of water. This amount is given by the solubility
product, Ksp. This value depends on the type of salt, temperature and the common ion effect. One can
calculate the salt that will dissolve in 1 liter of water by using some algebra.

AgCl(s) ⇌Ag+(aq)+Cl¯(aq)

Ksp=[Ag+]x[CL-] (definition of solubility product)

Ksp= 1.8x 10-10 (from a table of solubility products)

[Ag+]=[Cl-], in the absence of other silver or chloride salts

[Ag+]2=1.8x10-10

[Ag+]=1.34x10-5

The result: 1 liter of water can dissolve 1.34x10 -5 moles of AgCl(s) at room temperature. Compared
with other types of salts, AgCl is poorly soluble in water. In contrast, table salt (NaCl) has a higher K sp
and there is, therefore, more soluble. Nonpolar liquids also dissolve nonpolar solids according to the
same “like dissolve like” adage. Even if there is polar bond in a long chain fatty acid, it cannot
dissolve in polar molecules. This is due to the dispersion forces are assumed to be the main
intermolecular interactions.

The idea of solubility can be extended to the interactions between two liquids. If two liquids
with similar polarities and intermolecular interactions are combined, the liquid are said to be
miscible with each other because they will mix to form a homogeneous solution. For example,
alcoholic drinks contain ethanol and water and gasoline contain of benzene, toluene, xylenes, and
others. In miscibility case, the weight percent of hydrocarbon chain often determines the
compound’s miscibility with water. For instance, Octanol, with eight carbons, is practically insoluble
in water, and its immiscibility leads it to be used as a standard for partition equilibria. The very long
carbon chain of lipids cause them almost always be immiscible with water. Miscibility of two
materials is often determined optically. When the two miscible liquids are combined, the resulting
liquid if clear. If the mixture is cloudy the two materials are immiscible. If the indices of refraction of
the two materials are similar, an immiscible mixture may be clear and give an incorrect
determination that the two liquids are miscible.
3.0 Objectives

The objectives of this practical are to become familiar with the components of a solution,and
examine some of the terms and concepts associated with solutions.We are aiming to investigate
solute and solvent interaction and learn to make inferences about the nature of substances, based
on their solubility or miscibility as well.
4.0 Methodology:

Material:

1. 2ml methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)

2. 4 ml water
3. 2 drops of iodine (I2)/potassium iodide solution (KI)

Apparatus:

1. 2 test tube
2. 2 measuring cylinder
3. 1 dropper

Procedure:

1. Mix 2 ml methylene chloride and 4 ml water.

2. Observe the relative position of each liquid, by noting the volume of each liquid.
3. Shake the mixture for five seconds.
4. Observe the separated liquid.
5. Add 2 drops of iodine or potassium iodide solution to the test tube.
6. Observe the colour of each layer and their intensities.
7. Shake the test tube gently for 20 seconds.
8. Observe the colour of separated liquid.
5.0 Result

1. Mix 2 ml methylene chloride and 4 ml water. Observe the relative position of each liquid, by
noting the volume of each liquid. Shake the mixture for five seconds and allow the liquid to
separate. What do you observe?

Observation: Two liquids are immiscible. Two layers of liquids are observed. The upper layer
of liquid is water and the bottom layer of liquid is methylene chloride.
2. Add 2 drops of an iodine or potassium iodide solution to the test tube and note the colour of
each layer and their intensities.

Observation: Colour of the aqueous layer: Pale yellow colour.

Colour of the methylene chloride layer: Colourless.
3. Shake the test tube gently for 20 seconds. Allow the liquids to separate and note again the
colour of each layer.

Observation: Colour of the aqueous layer: Yellow colour

Colour of the methylene chloride layer: Pink

4. Based on the relative intensity of the colours of the 2 layers, in which solvent is the iodine
more soluble?

Answer: Iodine is more soluble in methylene chloride.

6.0 Questions and answers:

1. Why the water doesnt mix with methylene chloride?

Answer: They are not miscible, so it would separate into two separate layers.

2. Explain about the layers of water and methylene chloride.

Answer: The density of liquids influence the layers of both liquids. The one with the highest
density would be on the bottom which is methylene chloride with 1.32 g/cc. On the other
hand, water would be on the upper layer as it has lower density than methylene chloride
which is 1g/cc.

3. How does iodine react with water and methylene chloride?

Answer: Iodine is nonpolar liquid. Hence, its unable to react with water with polarity.
Instead, it can react with methylene chloride to form a pink solution.

4. What interaction cause iodine to dissolve in methylene chloride?

Answer: Dispersion forces ( induced dipole/induced dipole) interaction cause iodine to
dissolve in methylene chloride.
7.0 Conclusion
From the experiment,we can made a conclusion that the solubility of solids in liquids is
depend on its polarity and type of liquids used. polarity is a separation of electric charge
leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a
negatively charged end and a positively charged end. Polar molecules must contain polar
bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.
For part A , the results that we obtained from the experiment is sodium chloride is
soluble in water but not in ethanol and hexane due to the polarity of the water molecules
enable ionic bonded compound dissolved in water, where the ionic bond between positive
charged and negative charged of the mixture Na+, H+, OH¯, Cl¯, are attracted to each other.
Most ionic compound are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvent. Oxalic acid is
soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents such ethanol and hexane..The solubility of
oxalic acid in water is due to the carboxyl groups of oxalic acid which can formed hydrogen
bond with water molecules.On the other hand, paraffin are insoluble in water because it is
organic and it is soluble in hexane.Paraffin also dissolve partially in ethanol.
For part B, the result obtained is the water do not mix with the oil but oil mix with
hexane to formed mixture. When oil is added to test tube that containing ethanol it do not mix
with ethanol but it condensed at the bottom of test tube.
Lastly, for part C the result that we obtained in the experiment is methylene chloride do
not mix with water eventhough it is polar. When iodine solution added into mixture, the
iodine are more soluble in water than the methylene chloride.
8.0 Reference

-https://lecturedemos.chem.umass.edu/liquids11_1A.html
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscibility
-http://science.jrank.org/pages/4382/Miscibility.html
-http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/chem1l/files/2011/03/D01MANmiscibility.pdf