Psychopathology Class Resource List William F. Doverspike, PHD Bibliography
Psychopathology Class Resource List William F. Doverspike, PHD Bibliography
These reference entries include sources that may be cited in class. The purpose of this
bibliography is to assist students in finding a source of information if the citation is not contained
in the lecture notes or presentation decks. These sources vary widely in terms of their degree of
scholarly value, ranging from publications in peer-reviewed scientific and professional journals
to internet blog posts describing the personal experiences of individual authors. As a general rule
when writing papers, students should cite only scholarly sources and peer-reviewed research.
These reference entries include sources that may be cited in class. The purpose of this
bibliography is to assist students in finding a source of information if the citation is not contained
in the lecture notes or presentation decks. These sources vary widely in terms of their degree of
scholarly value, ranging from publications in peer-reviewed scientific and professional journals
to internet blog posts describing the personal experiences of individual authors. As a general rule
when writing papers, students should cite only scholarly sources and peer-reviewed research.
Some reference list entries are written in APA (2010) Publication Manual (6th ed.) style, which
provides more detail for print publications (e.g., such as location of publisher), whereas other
reference list entries are written in APA (2020) Publication Manual (7th ed.) style, which
provides more detail for digital sources (e.g., such as name of website).
Adams, D. R., Kern, D. W., Wroblewski, K. E., McClintock, M. K., Dale, W., & Pinto, J. M.
(2018, January). Olfactory dysfunction predicts subsequent dementia in older U.S. adults.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66(1), 140-144. [First published online
September 25, 2017] https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15048.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.15048
Based on a longitudinal study and home interview of a population representative of U.S.
older adults (i.e., a total of 2,906 men and women aged 57 to 85), the authors investigated
the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and subsequent diagnosis of dementia.
Objective odor identification ability was measured at baseline using a validated five-item
test using “odor pens” (Sniffing Sticks) with the scents of peppermint, orange, rose, fish,
leather. Five years later, the respondent, or a proxy if the respondent was too sick to
interview or had died, reported physician diagnosis of dementia. The association between
baseline olfactory dysfunction and an interval dementia diagnosis was tested using
multivariate logistic regression, controlling for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education,
comorbidities, and cognition at baseline. Older adults with olfactory dysfunction had
more than twice the odds of having developed dementia 5 years later (odds ratio = 2.13,
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 2
Psychopathology Course Resources
95% confidence interval = 1.32-3.43), controlling for the above covariates. The authors
conclude that the validated five-item odor identification test is an efficient, low-cost
component of the physical examination that can provide useful information while
assessing individuals’ risk of dementia.
Adi, A., & Mathbut, M. (2018, April 1). The duty to protect: Four decades after Tarasoff. The
American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal, 13(4), 6-8.
https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2018.130402
Addiction Counselor Exam Secrets Prep Team. (2014). Addiction counselor exam study guide.
Beaumont, TX: Mometrix Test Preparation.
Addiction Counselor Exam Secrets Prep Team. (2014). Addiction counselor practice questions
& Review for the Addictions Counselor Exam. Beaumont, TX: Mometrix Test
Preparation.
Adler, G., & Hull, R. F. C. Hull (Trans. & Eds.). G. (1976). The collected works of C. G. Jung
(Vol. 18). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Aiken, C. (2017, July 20). 6 ways to reduce no-shows (and save lives). Psychiatric Times.
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/news/six-ways-reduce-no-shows-save-
lives?rememberme=1&elq_mid=1831&elq_cid=860775&GUID=D1247D8F-99A3-
42AE-AA11-04774AAE7EEA
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 3
Psychopathology Course Resources
Aiken, C. (2018, September). How to diagnose mixed features without over-diagnosing bipolar.
Psychiatric Times, 35(9), 1, 6-7.
Aiken, C. (2019, May 16). Separated at birth: Bipolar and borderline personality disorders.
Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/bipolar-disorder/separated-birth-
bipolar-and-borderline-personality-
disorders?rememberme=1&elq_mid=6887&elq_cid=860775&GUID=D1247D8F-99A3-
42AE-AA11-04774AAE7EEA
Chris Aiken, M.D., Bipolar Disorder Section C-Editor for Psychiatric Times, discusses
similarities between borderline personality disorder and cyclothymic disorder, a
misunderstood variant of bipolar disorder. This disorder was known as cycloid
personality disorder in early drafts of the DSM-III. Cyclothymic personality may be a
risk factor that may contribute to the development of borderline personality disorder.
Aiken, C. 2019, September 5). Dark chocolate for depression. Psychiatric Times.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/dark-chocolate-
depression?rememberme=1&elq_mid=8519&elq_cid=860775&GUID=D1247D8F-
99A3-42AE-AA11-04774AAE7EEA
Psychiatrist Chris Aiken, M.D. provides a brief discussion of a cross‐sectional survey
(see Jackson et al., 2019) of over 13,000 adults in which self-reported chocolate
consumption was compared with self-reported depressive symptoms as measured by the
Patient Health Questionnaire—9 (PHQ-9). People who ate dark chocolate in the past 24
hours were 70% less likely to report depression. The same effects were not seen with
milk chocolate, suggesting that the benefits were not simply due to the pleasures of the
food. In consideration of possible confounding variables, the researchers controlled for
other lifestyle factors such as total sugar and caloric intake, physical activity, smoking,
alcohol, as well as age, sex, marital status, education, income, weight, and presence of
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 4
Psychopathology Course Resources
chronic medical problems. In the end, the association remained. Those who consumed
dark chocolate reported lower levels of depression, and those who ate the largest
quantities of chocolate had the lowest rates of depression. On average, the consumers of
dark chocolate ate only 12 grams a day—a little less than half an ounce. The cut-off for
“dark” chocolate was ≥ 45% cocoa. In contrast, the optimal dose for physical health is 1
to 2 ounces a day of ≥ 70% cocoa. According to Aiken, keeping the percentage high and
the ounces low maximizes the healthy ingredients while minimizing the calories and
sugar.
Aiken, C. (2020, April 15). Can good sleep prevent a virus? Psychiatric Times.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/slideshows/can-good-sleep-prevent-virus
Psychiatrist Chris Aiken, M.D. provides a concise summary of a review in Nature
Immunology that concludes that it’s “chronic sleep loss that is detrimental rather than
acute sleep loss, which instead might enhance the immune system.” Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-i) is an approved method for treating insomnia without the
use of sleeping pills. CBT-i improves immune function: CBT-i raised levels of
interferons, neutrophils; lymphocytes, and interleukins in a randomized controlled trial of
women with compromised immune function due to breast cancer. CBT-i is
antiinflammatory and antidepressive: CBT-i treated depression in over a dozen
randomized controlled trials, and reduced inflammatory markers like CRP and
inflammatory cytokines in two randomized trials.
Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., Spegg,
C., Wasserman, L., Ames, M., Fitzsimmons, C. L., Leef, J. H., Lishak, V., Reim, E.,
Takagi, A., Vinik, J., Wreford, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., de Vries, A. L. C., Kreukels, B.
P. C., & Zucker, K. J. (2015). Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred
adolescents with gender dysphoria. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(3), 756-763.
Allen, R. C. (1973). The Brawner Rule: New lyrics for an old tune. Washington University Law
Review, 1973(1), 1-21. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol1973/iss1/6
Richard Allen is Professor of Law and Director, Institute of Law, Psychiatry and
Criminology, The George Washington University School of Law, Washington, D.C. In
this article, he compares the Brawner Rule with the Durham Rule.
Allport, G.W. & Odbert, H.S. (1936). Trait names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological
Monographs, 47, No.211.
Altson, R. (2004). Stumbling toward faith: My longing to heal from the evil that God allowed.
Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with
schizophrenia, second edition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161 (suppl 2), 1-56.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). The principles of medical ethics with annotations
especially applicable to psychiatry. Arlington, VA: Author.
The so-called Goldwater Rule refers to Section 7 of Paragraph 3: “On occasion
psychiatrists are asked for an opinion about an individual who is in the light of public
attention or who has disclosed information about himself/herself through public media. In
such circumstances, a psychiatrist may share with the public his or her expertise about
psychiatric issues in general. However, it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a
professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted
proper authorization for such a statement” (APA, 2013, p. 9).
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 6
Psychopathology Course Resources
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013, May 17). Highlights of changes from DSM-IV-TR to
DSM-5. Arlington, VA: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Autism spectrum disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Conduct disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA: Author.
http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder [Fact sheet].
Arlington, VA: Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-
resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Eating disorders [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA: Author.
http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Gender dysphoria [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Intellectual disability [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Internet gaming disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Major depressive disorder and the bereavement
exclusion [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA: Author.
http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Mild neurocognitive disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington,
VA: Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-
fact-sheets
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 7
Psychopathology Course Resources
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Paraphilic disorders [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Personality disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Posttramuatic stress disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington,
VA: Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-
fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Schizophrenia [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA: Author.
http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Sleep wake disorders [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Specific learning disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington, VA:
Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-fact-
sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Somatic symptom disorder [Fact sheet]. Arlington,
VA: Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-
fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Substance-related and addictive disorders [Fact sheet].
Arlington, VA: Author. http://dsm5.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-
resources/dsm-5-fact-sheets
American Psychiatric Association. (2015, August). DSM-5 update: Supplement to diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
Available at http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/pb-assets/dsm/update/DSM5Update2016.pdf
This supplement reflects updates to diagnostic criteria and related text; coding updates,
changes, or corrections; and any other information necessary for compensation in mental
health practice. This supplement contains ICD-10-CM updates that became effective
October 1, 2016. It also includes content from prior updates that remain remains relevant
to compensation and current clinical practice.
American Psychological Association. (2012). Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian,
gay, and bisexual clients. American Psychologist, 67, 10-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024659
American Psychological Association Practice and Science Directorates (2000, August). Report
of the Task Force on test user qualifications.
https://www.apa.org/science/programs/testing/qualifications.pdf
All mental health professionals including psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses and social
workers delivering psychotherapy services use the same applicable CPT® codes when
billing clients and filing health insurance claims with third-party payers, including
Medicare, Medicaid and private health insurance carriers. This family of codes was last
revised in 2013 in order to simplify the coding framework and allows all codes to be used
in all settings, instead of describing site-specific services.
American Psychological Association Services. (2020, April 24). Telehealth guidance by state
during COVID-19: State emergency orders relevant to licensed psychologists during the
COVID-19 public health crisis. https://www.apaservices.org/practice/clinic/covid-19-
telehealth-state-summary
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
This article provides state-specific information related to emergency orders relevant to
licensed psychologists during the COVID-19 public health crisis. This resource is
updated regularly for the duration of the COVID-19 public health emergency.
Government and payer policies in response to the coronavirus crisis are changing rapidly,
so it is recommended that psychologists check the APA Practice Information Hub
frequently. It is important to note that the state-specific information below does not apply
to Medicare, including information about trainees’ services. The Centers for Medicare
and Medicaid Services does not cover services provided by supervised trainees to
Medicare beneficiaries. With regard to Medicaid, Georgia Medicaid is temporarily
waiving any restrictions on originating sites (where the patient is located) and distant
sites (where the provider is located) during the public health emergency. Qualified
providers should continue to follow all applicable licensure rules specific to their
profession. Services delivered from distant sites will be billed using the provider billing
address associated with the enrolled Medicaid practice or facility. Claims must be billed
using the associated procedure code, GT modifier and place of service code 02 to indicate
telehealth delivery. With regard to Supervised Trainee Telehealth Services –
Telesupervision and Medicaid Reimbursement, Georgia Emergency Rule amending
Board Rule 510-2-.05 allows for supervision of practicum students, interns or post-
doctorate fellows to be conducted by telephone and/or videoconferencing for the duration
of the COVID-19 state of emergency, and for a period of not more than 120 days
thereafter.
Ancis, J. R., & Jongsma, A. E. (2007). The complete women’s psychotherapy treatment planner.
New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
APA Office of Health Care Financing Staff. (2018, May 3). Up-to-code: Testing code changes
on the horizon: Preparing psychpologists for upcoming billing code changes taking effect
Jan 1, 2019. PracticeUpdate. https://www.apapracticecentral.org/update/2018/05-
03/testing-code-changes.aspx
Arenson, M., & Cohen, B. (2017, March). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular
disease. PTSD Research Quarterly, 28(1), 1.
http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V28N1.pdf
Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J. (1997). The experimental
generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(4). 363-377.
Arthur Aron and colleagues describe the original research that 20 years later led to the
popularized social media list of 36 questions that may help people fall in love with their
partners again.
Ash, P. (Ed.) 2019). From courtroom to clinic: Legal cases that changed mental health
treatment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Association of American Physicians and Surgeons (AAPS). (2018, October 1). Opting out of
Medicare: A guide for physicians. Association of American Physicians and Surgeons.
https://aapsonline.org/opting-out-of-medicare-a-guide-for-physicians/
In the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, there is a provision that
repeals the requirement of having to renew an opt-out status every two years. Physicians
opting out of Medicare after June 16, 2015 need to file an affidavit to opt out of Medicare
only once, and it will have permanent effect. The physician will no longer need to renew
his opt-out every two years thereafter. However patients will still need to sign a private
contract every two-years.
A list of Medicare carriers by state is listed at this link:
https://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicareProviderSupEnroll/downloads/contact_list.pdf
A sample contract recommended by a Medicare Administrative Contractor, Noridian, is
available at this link: https://med.noridianmedicare.com/documents/10525/2052366/Opt-
Out+Private+Contract
Axelson, D., Findling, R. L., Fristad, M. A., Kowatch, R. A., Youngstrom, E. A., McCue
Horwitz,S., Arnold, L. E., Frazier, T. W., Ryan, N., Demeter, C., Gill, M. K., Hauser-
Harrington, J. C., Depew, J., Kennedy, S. M., Gron, B.A., Rowles, B. M., & Birmaher, B.
(2012). Examining the proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder diagnosis in
children in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study. Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry, 73, 1342-1350.
Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Goldstein, T., Monk, K., Yu, H., Hickey, M. B., Sakolsky, D., Diler,
R., Hafeman, D., Merranko, J., Iyengar, S, Brent, D., Kupfer, D, & Birmaher, B. (2015).
Diagnostic precursors to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: A
longitudinal study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 638-646.
Axelson et al. sought to identify diagnostic risk factors of manic, mixed, or hypomanic
episodes in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (“high-risk offspring”). The
authors concluded that subthreshold manic or hypomanic episodes were a diagnostic risk
factor for the development of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes in the offspring of
parents with bipolar disorder and should be a target for clinical assessment and treatment
research. Major depressive episodes and disruptive behavior disorders are also
indications for close clinical monitoring of emergent bipolarity in high-risk offspring.
Baker, D. B., & Benjamin, L. T., Jr. (2000). The affirmation of the scientist-practitioner: A look
back at Boulder. American Psychologist, 55(2), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-
066X.55.2.241
David Baker, Ph.D. and Ludy Benjamin, Ph.D. discuss the professionalization of
psychology after World War II with the synthesis of the Boulder Conference on Graduate
Education in Clinical Psychology in 1949. The major outcome of the Boulder conference
was the endorsement of the scientist-practitioner model of training in professional
psychology. According to baker and Benjamin’s (2000) review, David Shakow, Ph.D.
(1901–1981) was largely responsible for the ideas and developments of the Boulder
Model. On May 3, 1941, while he was chief psychologist at Worcester State Hospital in
Massachusetts, Shakow drafted his first training plan to educate clinical psychology
graduate students during a Conference at The New York Psychiatric Institute, now
referred to as Shakow’s 1941 American Association for Applied Psychology Report. As
an aside, it is interesting to note that Worcester State Hospital was originally known as
the Worcester Lunatic Asylum, which dated back to the 1830s. Shakow’s 1941 report
outlined a 4-year education track that became the first model for training clinical
psychologists: Year 1 (establish a strong foundation in psychology and other applied
sciences), Year 2 (learn therapeutic principles and practices needed to treat patients),
Year 3 (internship, gain supervised field experience), and Year 4 (complete research
dissertation). For a review of the contemporary scientist-practitioner model (i.e., the
current Boulder model), see Shapiro (2002).
Baglio, M. (2009). The Rite: The making of a modern exorcist. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Bain, J. A. (1928). Thought control in everyday life. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 12
Psychopathology Course Resources
According to Joseph Wolpe (1969), a South African psychiatrist who was one of the most
influential figures in the development and clinical application of behavior therapy,
thought stopping was introduced by Bain.
Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Bandelow, B., Bond, A., Davidson, J. R., de Boer, J.
A., Fineberg, N. A., Knapp, M., Scott, J., Wittchen, H. U., & British Association for
Psychopharmacology. (2005, November). Evidence-based guidelines for the
pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British
Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(6), 567-596.
Balkin, R. S., Cavazos, J. J., Hernandez, A. E., Garcia, R., Dominguez, D. L., & Valarezo, A.
(2013). Assessing at-risk youth using the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening
Inventory with a Latino population. Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling,
34(1), 30-39.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York, NY: General Learning Press.
Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective
of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247–1263.
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic.
New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Barlow, D. H., Allen, M. L., & Choate, M. L. (2004, Spring). Toward a unified treatment for
emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35(2), 205-230.
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (7th
ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Barlow, D. H., Durand, V. M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Abnormal psychology: An integrative
approach (8th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T.J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B., &
Ehrenreich-May, J. (2011). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of
emotional disorders: Client workbook. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Barlow, D. H., Rapee, R. M., & Reisner, L. C. (2001). Mastering stress 2001: A lifestyle
approach. Dallas, TX: American Health Publishing.
Barnhill, J. W. (Ed.) (2014). DSM-5TM clinical cases. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric
Association.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 13
Psychopathology Course Resources
Bailey, J. M. (2003). The man who would be queen: The science of gender-bending and
transsexualism. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press.
Bailey, J. M., Miller, J. S., & Willerman, L. (1993). Maternally rated childhood gender
nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22(5),
461–469.
Bailey, R. J., & Ogles, B. M. (2020). Common factors as a therapeutic approach: What is
required? Practice Innovations, 4(4), 241-254.
Bailey, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A
conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43–55.
Barton, M. B. (1982, October). Saint Teresa of Avila: Did she have epilepsy? The Catholic
Historical Review, 68(4), 581-598.
Marcella Biro Barton, Assistant Professor of History in Rio Grande College, Ohio,
addresses the possibility that Saint Teresa of Ávila may have had a form of epilepsy
known as temporal lobe seizures that were integrated by a holistic view of the world into
a description of her understanding of mystical life.
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
Bean, A. M., Nielsen, R. K. L., van Rooij, A. J., & Ferguson, C. J. (2017, October ). Video game
addiction: The push to pathologize video games. Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 48(5), 378-389.
Key words: Gaming disorder
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio, TX:
Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1991). Manual for the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation Manual. San
Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II.
San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1988). Manual for the Beck Hopelessness Scale. San Antonio, TX:
Psychological Corporation.
Beck, J. (2019, January 8). The personality trait that makes people feel comfortable around you:
People with positive “affective presence” are easy to be around and oil the gears of social
interactions. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2019/01/affective-presence-
how-you-make-other-people-feel/579643/
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 14
Psychopathology Course Resources
Becker, J. T., Mestre, L. T., Ziolko, S., & Lopez, O. L. (2007). Gene–environment interactions
with cognition in late life and compression of morbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry,
164, 849-852.
Begley, S. (2020, March 16). The new coronavirus can likely remain airborne for some time.
That doesn’t mean we’re doomed. Statnews.
https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/16/coronavirus-can-become-aerosol-doesnt-mean-
doomed/
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Sharon Begley discusses aerosolization, which is the process in which some physical
substance can be converted into the form of particles small and light enough to be carried
on the air (i.e., into an aerosol) in the absence of an air filtration system.
Beins, B. C. (1991). Using the Barnum effect to teach ethics in research [Unpublished
manuscript]. Ithaca, NY: Ithaca College.
The Barnum Effect was generated to teach students about the ethics of deception in
research and the feelings of subjects who are deceived. The Barnum Effect occurs when
individuals are duped into believing invalid results of psychological tests. People are
most accepting when given favorable feedback about themselves. They interpret
evaluations as being uniquely descriptive even when the feedback is so general that it
applies to virtually everybody. Twenty-eight female and 11 male students in research
methods classes received feedback based on a bogus personality inventory. Subjects then
rated the perceived validity of the interpretations. Students accepted the feedback,
although seniors were more skeptical than were juniors or sophomores. A discussion was
conducted of the ethics of deception based on students, own reactions to the knowledge
that they were deceived. Students agreed that the approach was effective in helping them
learn firsthand about the costs and benefits of deception in research. Men and women
reacted in the same ways. The demonstration seems useful for a wide range of students.
Appendices contain the test items from the inventory and the evaluation questions. A
seven-item list of references is included.
Beins, B. C. (1993, February 1). Using the Barnum effect to teach ethics and deception in
research. Teaching of Psychology, 20(1), 33-35.
https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15328023top2001_6
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 15
Psychopathology Course Resources
The Barnum effect was generated to teach students about the ethics of deception in
research and the feelings of subjects who are lied to. Students in research methods classes
received feedback based on a bogus personality inventory and rated the perceived validity
of the interpretations. Students accepted the feedback, although seniors were more
skeptical than juniors or sophomores. The class discussed the ethics of deception based
on their own reactions to the knowledge that they were deceived. Students agreed that the
approach was effective in helping them learn firsthand about the costs and benefits of
deception in research.
Benton, S. A., Robertson, J. M., Tseng, W. C., Newton, F. B., & Benton, S. L. (2003). Changes
in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research
and Practice, 34(1), 66–72.
Berg, K. C., Peterson, C. B., & Frazier, P. (2012). Assessment and diagnosis of eating disorders:
A Guide for professional counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 90(3),
262-269.
Berkowitz, L. (1968, September). Impulse, aggression, and the gun. Psychology Today, 2, 19-22.
Key words: Trigger effect, Weapons effect
Leonard Berkowitz, Ph.D. is often attributed to have coined the term “weapons effect” to
refer to the phenomena, observed in several experimental studies conducted in the
laboratory and in the field, in which the presence of a weapon may instigate the
expression of aggression even if the weapon is not actually used to express aggression. In
the words of Professor Berkowitz, “Guns not only permit violence, they can stimulate it
as well. The finger pulls the trigger, but the trigger may also be pulling the finger” (p.
22).
to a confederate, and the electric shocks were used to measure aggression. The
participants were told to ignore the items on the table, but the results suggested that did
not. Instead, the participants who saw the guns were more aggressive than were the
participants who saw the sports items. Berkowitz and LePage concluded that “many
hostile acts which supposedly stem from unconscious motivation really arise because of
the operation of aggressive cues” (p. 206).
Benjamin, A. J., Jr., & Bushman, B. J. (2016). The weapons priming effect. Current Opinion in
Psychology, 12, 45–48.
The authors describe how the primary theoretical explanation for the weapons is that
weapons activate or “prime” aggressive thoughts in memory.
Benjamin, A. J., Jr., Kepes, S., & Bushman, B. J. (2018). Effects of weapons on aggressive
thoughts, angry feelings, hostile appraisals, and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic
review of the weapons effect literature. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(4),
347-377. 0.1177/1088868317725419. Epub 2017 Sep 17 Weapons Effect
Associate Professor of Psychology (University of Arkansas—Fort Smith) Arlin James
Benjamin, Jr., Ph.D. and colleagues performed a meta-analysis that integrates the
findings of weapons effect studies conducted from 1967 to 2017 and uses the General
Aggression Model (GAM) to explain the weapons effect. The study includes 151 effect-
size estimates from 78 independent studies involving 7,668 participants. As predicted by
the GAM, our naïve meta-analytic results indicate that the mere presence of weapons
increased aggressive thoughts, hostile appraisals, and aggression, suggesting a cognitive
route from weapons to aggression. Weapons did not significantly increase angry feelings.
Nevertheless, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis indicated that not all naïve mean
estimates were robust to the presence of publication bias. In general, these results suggest
that the published literature tends to overestimate the weapons effect for some outcomes
and moderators.
Bernardy, N., & Montaño, M. (2019). Opioid use aong individuals with posttraumatic stress
disorder. PTSD Research Quarterly, 30(1), 1-2. https://links.govdelivery.com/
Bertolote, J. M., & Fleischmann, A. (2002, October). Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: A
worldwide perspective. World Psychiatry, 1(3), 181-185.
Bibring, G. L., Dwyer, T. F., Huntington, D. S., & Valenstein, A. F. (1961). A study of the
psychological process in pregnancy and of the earliest mother-child relationship:
Methodological considerations. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16(25), 25-44.
DOI: 10.1080/00797308.1961.11823198
Key words: Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS)
Bjornsson, A. S., Sibrava, N. J., Beard, C., Moitra, E., Weisberg, R. B., Perez- Benitez, C. I., &
Keller, M. B. (2014). Two-year course of generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety
disorder, and panic disorder with agoraphobia in a sample of Latino adults. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1186-1192.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 17
Psychopathology Course Resources
Bisaga, A., & Chernyaev, K. (2019). Overcoming opioid addiction: The authoritative medical
guide for patients, families, doctors, and therapists. New York, NY: Experiment
Publishing.
Blanchard, M., & Farber, B. A. (2016) Lying in psychotherapy: Why and what clients don’t tell
their therapist about therapy and their relationship, Counselling Psychology Quarterly,
29(1), 90-112.
Using the results of a study involving 547 psychotherapy clients, Matt Blanchard, Ph.D.
and Barry A. Farber, Ph.D. found that 93% of clients said they had consciously lied at
least once to their therapist. In a second survey, 84% of clients said this dishonesty
continued on a regular basis. In addition, 73% of clients reported that “the truth about
their lies had never been acknowledged in therapy. Only 3.5% of clients owned up to the
lies voluntarily. In only 9%” of cases had therapists uncovered the truth, which seems to
suggest that therapists aren’t particularly good at detecting lies.
Blom, J. D. (2013). Klinische zoantropie [Clinical zoanthropy]. Tijdschr Psychiatr, 55(5), 359-
368. [Article in Dutch]
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
Jan Dirk Blom, M.D., Ph.D. is Clinical Professor of Psychopathology, Leiden University,
Parnassia Psychiatric Hospital, University of Groningen, Netherlands. The focus of his
research is on hallucinations and other perceptual disorders. According to Blom’s review,
only 56 cases of clinical zoanthropy could be found in the international scientific
literature. Since specific studies have yielded a relatively large numbers of cases in the
past, it can be concluded that the disorder is probably more prevalent than is suggested in
the literature. These cases may well be not only primary types, based on mental or
unclear causes, but also secondary types, mediated by aberrant somatosensory sensations.
Treatment of the underlying condition (in most cases a psychotic or mood disorder) has
proved to be increasingly successful over time.
Blom, J. D. (2014, March 4). When doctors cry wolf: A systematic review of the literature on
clinical lycanthropy. History of Psychiatry, 25(1), 87-102.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X13512192
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
According to Blom, his interest in these disorders stems from his dissatisfaction with the
term schizophrenia, which in his opinion is little more than an umbrella term for
numerous neurobiological and neuropsychological conditions that are currently hardly on
the radar of healthcare professionals, but which, when diagnosed correctly, allow for
more specific treatments than does a diagnosis of “schizophrenia.” An example of such
disorders is Alice in Wonderland syndrome, which may be mistaken for schizophrenia,
but warrants a proper psychiatric as well as neurological work-up in search of underlying
causes and treatment possibilities. Examples of other unusual conditions are catatonia,
musical hallucinosis, sexual hallucinations, and—in this article—clinical lycanthropy.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 18
Psychopathology Course Resources
In his 2014 article, Blom provides an overview and critical reassessment of the cases of
clinical lycanthropy reported in the medical literature from 1850 onwards. Lycanthropy is
the delusion of being an animal, usually a wolf, with correspondingly altered behavior.
According to Blom, out of 56 original case descriptions of metamorphosis into an animal,
only 13 fulfilled the criteria of clinical lycanthropy proper. Of the 56 cases of delusional
metamorphosis into animal, Blom found that 25% of the patients were diagnosed with
schizophrenia, 23% with psychotic depression, and about 20% with bipolar disorder. The
remaining cases constituted variants of the overarching class of clinical zoanthropy (a
monomania in which a person believes himself changed into an animal and acts like one),
including cases of patients having delusional convictions about being a dog, a boa snake,
a bee, or a frog. Among the patients, 34 were men and 22 were women, and their
symptoms lasted anywhere from a single hour to decades. Forty-seven cases involved
primary delusions, and nine secondary delusions on the basis of somatic and/or visual
hallucinations which may well have affected the patients’ sense of physical existence,
also known as coenaesthesis. Coenaesthesis (aka, coenesthesia, cenesthesis, or
cenesthesia) is the body awareness of one’s own body as a sum of all sensations, as
opposed to individual sensations. It is the feeling or sense of being alive and feeling vital.
In contrast, cases of clinical lycanthropy involve secondary delusions in particular
warrant proper somatic and auxiliary investigations to rule out any underlying organic
pathology, notably in somatosensory areas and those representing the body scheme. A
similar condition is boanthropy, which is a psychological disorder in which a human
believes himself or herself to be a bovine. The most famous sufferer of boanthropy may
have been Nebuchadnezzar II, who in the Book of Daniel “was driven from men, and did
eat grass as oxen.” An even more rare condition is ophidianthropy, which refers to the
delusion that one has been transformed into a snake.
Bloom, J. D. (2010). The incareration revolution: The abandonment of the seriously mentally ill
to our jails and prisons. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 38(4), 727-734.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748- 720X.2010.00526.x
Blum, D. (1986). Bad Karma: A true story of obsession and murder. New York, NY: Jove
Books.
The author, Deborah Blum, was a sophomore at the University of California at Berkeley
in 1969 when Tanya Tarasoff was murdered. Seven years later, an article on the front
page of the Los Angeles Times reported that the California Supreme Court had made a
landmark ruling that doctors or psychotherapists have a legal duty to warn intended
victims of patients believed to be dangerous to them. This legal precedent had its origins
from the death of Tanya Tarasoff.
hallucinogens-studied-treatment-
addictions?rememberme=1&elq_mid=4735&elq_cid=860775
Bourouiba, L. (2020, March 26). Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions:
Potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. JAMA.
doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Lydia Bourouiba, PhD is a researcher at the Institute for Medical Engineering and
Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is a physical applied
mathematician concentrating on geophysical problems of hydrodynamic turbulence and
on the mathematical modeling of population dynamics and disease transmission. She
explains her research that demonstrates how peak exhalation speeds can reach up to 33 to
100 feet per second can create a cloud that can span approximately 23 to 27 feet.
Protective and source control masks, as well as other protective equipment, should have
the ability to repeatedly withstand the kind of high-momentum multiphase turbulent gas
cloud that may be ejected during a sneeze or a cough and the exposure from them. Dr.
Bourouiba points out that currently used surgical and N95 masks are not tested for these
potential characteristics of respiratory emissions.
Bradberry, T. (2018, April 7). 10 habits of mentally strong people. The Ladders.
https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/10-habits-of-mentally-strong-people
Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2009). Emotional Intelligence 2.0. San Diego, CA: TalentSmart.
Brand, M., & Blycker, G. R., Potenza, M. N. (2019, December 13). When pornography becomes
a problem: Clinical insights. Psychiatric Times, 36(12), n.p.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/when-pornography-becomes-problem-clinical-
insights
Matthias Brand, Ph.D., Gretchen R. Blycker, LMHC, & Marc N. Potenza, M.D., discuss
problematic pornography use and how it relates to Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder
(CSBD). The article includes three useful tables, including Table 1 (Comparison of ICD-
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 20
Psychopathology Course Resources
11 criteria for CSBD, gaming disorder, and the criteria for gaming disorder adopted to
pornography-use disorder), Table 2 (Potential risk factors for developing problematic
pornography use), and Table 3 (Links between ICD-11 criteria for CSBD and case
vignette).
Braun, S. A., & Cox, J. A. (2005, Fall). Managed mental health care: Intentional misdiagnosis of
mental disorders. Journal of Counseling and Development, 83(4), 425-433.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00364.x
Sharon Braun and Jane Cox examine violations of codes of ethics and legal statutes and
the consequences related to intentional misdiagnosis of mental disorders for
reimbursement. Intentional misdiagnosis, otherwise known as a form of insurance fraud,
can occur in two types: Upcoding (overpathologizing) a diagnosis ensures that the
services will be covered by insurance. Downcoding (normalizing or minimizing) a
diagnosis keeps a pejorative diagnosis out of client’s record.
Bremner, J. D. (2002, February). Structural changes in the brain in depression and relationship to
symptom recurrence. CNS Spectrums, 7(2), 129-130, 135-139.
Brennan, J., & Nguyen, V. (2014). Service animals and emotional support animals: Where are
they allowed and under what conditions? ADA National Network.
https://adata.org/publication/service-animals-booklet
The ADA National Network consists of 10 regional ADA Centers and an ADA
Knowledge Translation Center. The regional ADA Centers are distributed throughout the
United States to provide local assistance and foster implementation of the ADA
(https://adata.org/find-your-region). Region 4 includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1895). Studien über Hysterie (Studies on Hysteria).
This original book contains Joseph Breuer’s treatment of Anna O., who was later
posthumously identified as Bertha Pappenheim (1859–1936), who was the founder of
many institutions, including kindergartens, community homes, educational institutions,
and the Jewish Women’s Association.
Bribiescas, R. G. (2017, March). Why men don’t live as long as women. Nautilas.
http://aging.nautil.us/feature/189/why-men-dont-live-as-long-as-women
Richard Bribiescas, Ph.D., Yale University Professor of Anthropology, Ecology &
Evolutionary Biology, discusses the double-edged sword of testosterone. Although
conferring many positive effects (e.g., increased metabolism, increased muscle-building,
increased libido, improved mood), the anabolic hormone testosterone is also associated
with higher risk of mortality.
Briere, J. N. (1992). Child abuse: Trauma theory and treatment of the lasting effects. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 21
Psychopathology Course Resources
Briere, J. (2002). Treating adult survivors of severe childhood abuse and neglect: Further
development of an integrative model. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T.
Hendrix, T. Reid, & C. Jenny (Eds.). The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment, 2nd
Edition. (pp. 175-202). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Briere, J. (2003, January 22). Assessment and treatment of psychological trauma in adults (Part
1). Continuing education workshop Midwinter Conference of the Georgia Psychological
Association, Brasstown Valley Resort, Georgia.
Briere, John (2005, January 22). Treating complex psychological trauma. Continuing education
workshop at the GPA Midwinter Conference, Asheville Renaissance, Asheville, NC.
Briere, J., Hodges, M., & Godbout, N. (2010). Traumatic stress, affect dysregulation, and
dysfunctional avoidance: A structural equation model. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23,
767-774.
Briere, J. N., & Scott, C. (2006, May). Principles of trauma therapy: A guide to symptoms,
evaluation, and treatment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bright, M. (2006). Beasts of the field: The revealing natural history of animals in the Bible.
London, UK: Robson Books.
Key words: Boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
Michael Bright points out that the Bible contains 13 references to wolves, usually as
metaphors for greed and destructiveness. The wolf is seen as an enemy of flocks and a
metaphor for evil men with a lust for power and dishonest gain. In the New Testament,
Jesus is quoted to have used wolves as illustrations to the dangers His followers would
have faced should they follow him (Matthew 10:16; Acts 20:29; Matthew 7:15).
Broderick, R. C. (Editor). (1986). The Catholic encyclopedia: Revised and updated edition. New
York, NY: Thomas Nelson Publishers.
Broadway, J. M., & Sandoval, B. (2016, July 1). Why does time seem to speed up with age?
Scientific American Mind, 27(4), 73. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0716-73
An answer to this question is provided by James M. Broadway, a postdoctoral researcher
in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of California,
Santa Barbara, and Brittiney Sandoval, a graduate of the same institution.
Brotman , M. A., Kassem, K., Reising, M. M., Guyer, A. E., Dickstein, D. P., Rich, B. A.,
Towbin, K. E., Pine, D. S., McMahon, F. J., & Leibenluft, E. (2007). Parental diagnoses
in youth with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1238-1241.
Brotman, M. A., Rich, B. A., Guyer, A. E., Lunsford, J. R., Horsey, S. E., Reising, M. M.,
Thomas, L. A., Fromm, S. J., Towbin, K., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2010). Amygdala
activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 22
Psychopathology Course Resources
Brown, A., S., & Derkits, E. J. (2010). Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: A review of
epidemiologic and translational studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 261-280.
The authors review evidence that maternal viral infection during pregnancy is a risk
factor for schizophrenia.
Brown, D., Scheflin, A. W., & Hammond, D. C. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Brugha, T. S., McManus, S., Bankart, J. et al. (2011). Epidemiology of autism spectrum
disorders in adults in the community in England. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68,
459-465.
Brugha, T. S., Cooper, S. A., Gullon-Scott, F. et al. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder. In T. S. Brugha, F.
Tyrer, F. M. Scott, J. Bankart, S. A. Cooper, & S. McManus. (2014). Adult Psychiatric Morbidity
Survey 2014, Chapter 6. Leeds, UK: Health and Social Care Information Centre.
https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-
survey/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey-survey-of-mental-health-and-wellbeing-england-2014
Brugha, T. S., Spiers, N., Bankart, J. et al. (2016). Epideminology of autism in adults across age
groups and ability levels. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209, 496-503.
Brugha, T. S. (2018). The psychiatry of adult autism and Asperger syndrome. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press; 2018.
Professor Traolach Brugha is Professor of Psychiatry, University of Leicester, and
Consultant, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
Brugha, T. S., Cooper, S. A., Gullon-Scott, F. et al. (2014). Autism spectrum disorder. In T. S.
Brugha, F. Tyrer, F. M. Scott, J. Bankart, S. A. Cooper, & S. McManus. (2014). Adult
Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014, Chapter 6. Health and Social Care Information
Centre, Leeds. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/adult-
psychiatric-morbidity-survey/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey-survey-of-mental-
health-and-wellbeing-england-2014
Bugelski, B. R., & Alampay, D. A. (1961). The role of frequency in developing perceptual sets.
Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 205-211.
Bushman, B. J. (2013). The weapons effect. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(12), 1094-1095. JAMA.
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3824 Weapons Effect
This article is briefly summarized in a popular form in Bushman, B. J. (2013, January
18). The “weapons effect.”
Bushman, B. J., Jamieson, P. E., Weitz, I., & Romer, D. (2013, December). Gun violence trends
in movies. Pediatrics, 132(6), 1014-1018. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1600. Epub 2013 Nov
11. Weapons Effect
Brad Bushman, Ph.D. and colleagues used trained coders to identify the presence of
violence in each 5-minute film segment for one-half of the top 30 films since 1950 and
the presence of guns in violent segments since 1985, the first full year the PG-13 rating
(age 13+) was used. The researchers found that violence in films has more than doubled
since 1950, and gun violence in PG-13-rated films has more than tripled since 1985.
When the PG-13 rating was introduced, these films contained about as much gun
violence as G (general audiences) and PG (parental guidance suggested for young
children) films. Since 2009, PG-13-rated films have contained as much or more violence
as R-rated films (age 17+) films. The authors conclude that, even if youth do not use
guns, they may be exposed to increasing gun violence in top-selling films. The authors
speculate that, by including guns in violent scenes, film producers may be strengthening
the weapons effect and providing youth with scripts for using guns. These findings are
concerning because many scientific studies have shown that violent films can increase
aggression. The authors point out that violent films are easily accessible to youth (e.g., on
the Internet and cable).
Bushman, B. J., Kerwin, T., Whitlock, T., & Weisenberger, J. M. (2017). The weapons effect on
wheels: Motorists drive more aggressively when there is a gun in the vehicle. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 82-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.06.007
Brad Bushman, Ph.D. and colleagues studied a nationally representative sample of over
2,000 U.S. drivers and found that those who had a gun in the car were significantly more
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 24
Psychopathology Course Resources
likely to make obscene gestures at other motorists (23% vs. 16%), aggressively follow
another vehicle too closely (14% vs. 8%), or both (6.3% vs. 2.8%), even after controlling
for many other factors related to aggressive driving (e.g., age, gender, urbanization,
census region, driving frequency).
Cabane, O. F. (2012). The charisma myth: How anyone can master the art and science of
personal magnetism. New York, NY: Portfolio/Penguin.
Key words: Charm, charisma, body language, affective presence
Olivia Fox Cabane defines charm as likability and “how delightful it is to interact with
someone.” She argues against the charisma myth (i.e., the idea that charisma is a
fundamental, inborn quality that a person either has or does not have). Cabane
emphasizes that charismatic behaviors can be learned and perfected by anyone. Drawing
on techniques she originally developed for Harvard and MIT, Cabane deconstructs
charisma into its components. Becoming more charismatic doesn’t mean transforming
one’s basic personality. Instead, it’s about adopting a series of specific practices that fit in
with the personality one already has.
Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K., Cornblatt, B., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Walker, E., Seidman,
L. J., Seidman, L. J., Perkins, D., Tsuang, M., McGlashan, T., & Heinseen, R. (2008).
Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: A multisite longitudinal study in
North America. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(1), 28-37.
Caprara, G. V. & Cervone, D. (2000). Personality: Determinants, dynamics, and potentials. New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Carlozzi, A. (2017, August). Counseling transgender persons and their families. Counseling
Today, 60(2), 44-49.
Carreon, D. & Gold, J. A. (2018, February 21). The mind-gut connection: What is it and how did
it evolve? Interview with David Carreon, M.D., and Jessica A. Gold, M.D., M.S., by
Emeran Mayer, M.D. [Audio Podcast]
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/neuropsychiatry/mind-gut-connection-what-it-and-
how-did-it-evolve
Carlson, M., Marcus-Newhall, A., & Miller, N. (1990). Effects of situational aggression cues: A
quantitative review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 622–633.
A review of 56 published studies confirmed that the mere sight of weapons increases
aggression in both angry and non-angry individuals.
Carter, G. L., Clover, K., Whyte, I. M., Dawson, A. H., & D’Este, C. (2005). Postcards from the
Edge project: Randomized controlled trial of an intervention using postcards to reduce
repetition of hospital treated deliberate self-poisoning. British Medical Journal,
331(7520), 805‐809.
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003).
Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene.
Science, 301, 386-389.
Castelbaum, L., Sylvester, C. M., Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., & Constantino, J. N. (2019). On the nature
of monozygotic twin concordance and discordance for autistic trait severity: A
quantitative analysis. Behavior Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-019-09987-2
The authors conducted a quantitative analysis of twin–twin similarity for autistic trait
severity in three existing data sets involving 366 pairs of uniformly-phenotyped
monozygotic (MZ) twins with and without ASD. Probandwise concordance for ASD was
96%; however, MZ trait correlations differed markedly for pairs with ASD trait burden
below versus above the threshold for clinical diagnosis. The authors provide new
evidence that although ASD itself is highly heritable, variation-in-severity of
symptomatology above the diagnostic threshold is substantially influenced, in contrast,
by non-shared environmental factors which may identify novel targets of early ASD
amelioration.
Castonguay, L. G., & Hill, C. E. (2017). How and why are some therapists better than others?
Understanding therapist effects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal
of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-506.
Cattell, R. B., Marshall, M. B., & Georgiades, S. (1957).Personality and motivation: Structure
and measurement. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19 (1): 53–67.
Cattell, R. B. et al. (1970). Handbook for the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) in
clinical, educational, industrial, and research psychology. Champaign, IL: IPAT.
Cattell, R. B. (1995). The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere. The Psychologist, May,
207-208.
Centers for Disease Control. (2015). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES). http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-disorder-among-
children.shtml
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. ICD-10
Coordination and Maintenance Committee (2018, September 12). Update on ICD-11:
The WHO launch and implications for U.S. implementation. Atlanta, GA: Author.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/ICD-11-WHOV-CM-2018-V3.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, October 31). Contract tracing for COVOD-
19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/contact-tracing/contact-tracing-
plan/contact-tracing.html
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 26
Psychopathology Course Resources
Close contact is defined by the CDC as follows: “Someone who was within 6 feet of an
infected person for a cumulative total of 15 minutes or more over a 24-hour period*
starting from 2 days before illness onset (or, for asymptomatic patients, 2 days prior to
test specimen collection) until the time the patient is isolated.” Updated language for the
close contact definition was revised by the CDC on october 21, 2020 as follows (italics
are original): * Individual exposures added together over a 24-hour period (e.g., three 5-
minute exposures for a total of 15 minutes). Data are limited, making it difficult to
precisely define “close contact;” however, 15 cumulative minutes of exposure at a
distance of 6 feet or less can be used as an operational definition for contact
investigation. Factors to consider when defining close contact include proximity (closer
distance likely increases exposure risk), the duration of exposure (longer exposure time
likely increases exposure risk), whether the infected individual has symptoms (the period
around onset of symptoms is associated with the highest levels of viral shedding), if the
infected person was likely to generate respiratory aerosols (e.g., was coughing, singing,
shouting), and other environmental factors (crowding, adequacy of ventilation, whether
exposure was indoors or outdoors). Because the general public has not received training
on proper selection and use of respiratory PPE, such as an N95, the determination of
close contact should generally be made irrespective of whether the contact was wearing
respiratory PPE. At this time, differential determination of close contact for those using
fabric face coverings is not recommended.”
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS). (2016). ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting FY 2017.
Pages 37-38. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/Downloads/2017-ICD-10-
CM-Guidelines.pdf
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS). National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (2018). International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical
Modification (ICD-10-CM). Atlanta, GA: Author.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health
Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). International
Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). Atlanta,
GA: Author. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm#icd2019
Coding Note: The 2019 ICD-10-CM codes are to be used from October 1, 2018 through
September 30, 2019.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2017). 2017 ICD-10-CM and GEMs: 2017 ICD-
10-CM Conversion Table [Zip, 53 KB].
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/2017-ICD-10-CM-and-GEMs.html
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 27
Psychopathology Course Resources
Chang, E. C., Yu, E. A., & Lin, E. Y. (2014). An examination of ethnic variations in perfectionism and
interpersonal influences as predictors of eating disturbances: A look at Asian and European
American females. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 243-251.
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999, June). The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior
link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893-910.
Key words: Charm, charisma, body language
The author’s describe the chameleon effect, which refers to nonconscious mimicry of the
postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one’s interaction
partners, such that one's behavior passively and unintentionally changes to match that of
others in one’s current social environment. In Experiment 1, the authors showed that the
motor behavior of participants unintentionally matched that of strangers with whom they
worked on a task. In Experiment 2, the authors had confederates mimic the posture and
movements of participants and showed that mimicry facilitates the smoothness of
interactions and increases liking between interaction partners. Experiment 3 showed that
dispositionally empathic individuals exhibit the chameleon effect to a greater extent than
do other people.
Chiang, C.‐C., Shivacharan, R.S., Wei, X., Gonzalez, R., & Durand, D. M. (2019, January 1).
Slow periodic activity in the longitudinal hippocampal slice can self‐propagate
non‐synaptically by a mechanism consistent with ephaptic coupling. The Journal of
Physiology, 597(1), 249-269. First published online: October 2018.
Chiang et al. found that that slow periodic activity in the longitudinal hippocampal slice
can propagate without chemical synaptic transmission or gap junctions, but can generate
electric fields which in turn activate neighboring cells. These results support the
hypothesis that endogenous electric fields, previously thought to be too small to trigger
neural activity, play a significant role in the self‐propagation of slow periodic activity in
the hippocampus.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, February 17). The Epidemiological
Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19).
Beijing, China: Author. http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-
9a9b-fea8db1a8f51
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
See also report of the World Health Organization (2020).
Clance, P. R. (1985). The Impostor phenomenon: When success makes you feel like a fake.
Toronto: Bantam Books.
Clay, R. A. (2020, November/December). How to talk to your patients about firearm safety.
Monitor on Psychology, 51(8), 82-83.
APA staff writer Rebecca A. Clay describes how making guns less accessible is a key
step in suicide prevention. Citing a 2019 study reported in the Annals of Internal
Medicine, Clay (2020, p. 82) states, “Less than 9% of suicidal acts result in death, but
that percentage jumps to 90% when firearms are involved.” See also Conner, Azrael, and
Miller (2019).
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 28
Psychopathology Course Resources
Cleckley, Hervey. M. (1941). The mask of sanity: An attempt to reinterpret the so-called
psychopathic personality. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby.
Augusta, Georgia Psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley, M.D. (1903-1984) published the
landmark classic book, which was revised in new editions until the 1980s, provided the
most influential clinical description of psychopathy in the twentieth century. Dr. Cleckley
and his associate, psychiatrist Corbett H. Thigpen, M.D. (1919-1999), were co-authors of
the classic The Three Faces of Eve (1975).
Climo, L. H. (2019, October). What do mass murderers have in common? It's not mental illness.
Psychiatric Times, 36(10), 12. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/trauma-and-
violence/what-do-mass-murderers-have-common
Psychiatrist Lawrence H. Climo, M.D. describes pre-violence frustrations and credible
tipping points for the perpetrators in five mass shootings including the 1995 Oklahoma
City bomber, the 2012 Sandy Hook shooter, the 2016 Orlando shooter, the 2017 Las
Vegas shooter, and the 2018 Marjory Stoneman Douglas shooter.
Cloitre, M., Courtois, C. A., Ford, J. D., Green, B. L., Alexander, P., Briere, J., Herman, J. L.,
Lanius, R., Stolbach, B. C., Spinazzola, J., Van der Kolk, B. A., Van der Hart, O. (2012,
November). The ISTSS Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Complex PTSD in
Adults. Deerfield, IL: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
http://www.istss.org/AM/
The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ITSTCC guides are available
from the organization’s website: http://www.istss.org/AM/.
Corcoran, C., Cadenhead, K., & Vinogradov, S. (Contributors). (n.d.). Preventing schizophrenia:
Risk reduction approaches. (n.d.). http://www.schizophrenia.com/prevention.htm
Cheryl Corcoran, M.D. (New York Schizophrenia Evaluation & Prevention Center, New
York), Kristin Cadenhead, M.D. (UCSD schizophrenia CARE Center, San Diego, and
Sophia Vinogradov, M.D. (UCSF Schizophrenia PART Program, San Francisco) are
acknowledged contributors to a resource that discusses biological and environmental risk
factors and strategies to reduce risk.
Cohen J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological
Measurement, 20, 37–46.
Jacob Cohen critiqued use of percent agreement due to its inability to account for chance
agreement. He introduced what became known as Cohen’s kappa, developed to account
for the possibility that raters actually guess on at least some variables due to uncertainty.
Like most correlation statistics, the kappa can range from −1.0 to +1.0. Although Cohen’s
kappa is one of the most commonly used statistics to test interrater reliability, it has
limitations such as the level that should be acceptable in health research. McHugh (2012)
has suggested that Cohen’s interpretation may be too lenient for health related studies
because it implies that a score as low as 0.41 might be acceptable. For this reason,
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 29
Psychopathology Course Resources
McHugh has recommended that both kappa and percent agreement should be used in
studies of healthcare.
Cohen, S. (1996). Psychological stress, immunity, and upper respiratory infections. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 86-90.
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Skoner, D. P., Fireman, P., Gwaltney, J. M., Jr., & Newsome, J. T.
(1995). State and trait negative affect as predictors of objective and subjective symptoms
of respiratory viral infections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 159-
169.
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., & Skoner, D. P., (1999). Psychological stress, cytokine production, and
severity of upper respiratory illness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 175-180.
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Sociability and
susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277,
1940-1944.
Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G, Feldman, J., Fraser,
L., Green, J. Knudson, G., Meyer, W. J., Monstrey, S., Adler, R. K., Brown, G. R.,
Devor, A. H., Ehrbar, R., Ettner, R., Eyler, E., Garofalo, R., Karasic, D. H., Lev, A. I.,
Mayer, G., Meyer-Bahlburg, H., Hall, B. P., Pfäfflin, F., Rachlin, K., Robinson, B.,
Schechter, L. S., Tangpricha, V., vam Trotsenburg, M., Vitale, A., Winter, S., Whittle, S.,
Wylier, K. R., Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual,
transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, Version 7. International Journal of
Transgenderism, 13(4), 165–232. doi: 10.1080/155327
College students’ mental health is a growing concern, survey finds. (2013, June). Monitor on
Psychology, 44(6), 13. http://www.apamonitor-
digital.org/apamonitor/201306?pg=15#pg15
Ninety-five percent of college counseling center directors surveyed said the number of
students with significant psychological problems is a growing concern in their center or
on campus, according to the latest Association for University and College Counseling
Center Directors (AUCCCD; 2013) survey of counseling center directors. Seventy
percent of directors believe that the number of students with severe psychological
problems on their campus has increased in the past year. Anxiety continues to be the most
predominant presenting concern among college students (41.6%), followed by depression
(36.4%), and relationship problems (35.8%). Other common concerns are suicidal
ideation (16.1%), alcohol abuse (9.9%), sexual assault (9.2), ADHD (8.9%), and self-
injury (8.7%). On average, 24.5 percent of clients were taking psychotropic medications.
However, 19 percent of directors report the availability of psychiatric services on their
campus is inadequate. Directors report that 21 percent of counseling center students
present with severe mental health concerns, while another 40 percent present with mild
mental health concerns. Less than one percent (.3%) of directors reported that their center
offered online counseling. (See Mistler, Reetz, Krylowicz, & Barr, 2013).
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 30
Psychopathology Course Resources
Collin, L., Reisner, S. L., Tangpricha, V., & Goodman, M. (2016, April), Prevalence of
transgender depends on the “case” definition: A systematic review. The Journal of Sexual
Medicine, 13(4), 613-626.
Conner, A., Azrael, D., & Miller, M. (2019, December). Suicide case-fatality rates in the United
States, 2007 to 2014: A nationwide population-based study. Annals of Internal Medicine,
171(12), 885-895. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1324
Andrew Conner, B.S., Deborah Azrael, Ph.D., and Matthew Miller, M.D., M.P.H., Sc.D.
discuss how the U.S. suicide case-fatality rate (CFR), which is defined as the proportion
of suicidal acts that are fatal, depends on the distribution of methods used in the act and
the probability of death given a particular method. In this cross-sectional study, the
authors use data from 3 large databases for 2007 to 2014 to evaluate rates of suicide
deaths and nonfatal suicide attempts, overall and method-specific CFRs, and distributions
of methods used among persons aged 5 years or older. Participants included suicide
deaths (n= 309,377 records from the National Vital Statistics System) and nonfatal
suicide attempts requiring treatment in an emergency department (ED) (n= 1,791,638
records from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample) or hospitalization (n=
1,556,871 records from the National [Nationwide] Inpatient Sample) among persons aged
5 years or older. Overall, 8.5% of suicidal acts were fatal (14.7% for males vs. 3.3% for
females; 3.4% for persons aged 15 to 24 years vs. 35.4% for those aged ≥65 years). Drug
poisoning accounted for 59.4% of acts but only 13.5% of deaths; firearms and hanging
accounted for only 8.8% of acts but 75.3% of deaths. Firearms were the most lethal
method (89.6% of suicidal acts with a firearm resulted in death), followed by drowning
(56.4%) and hanging (52.7%). Method-specific CFRs were higher for males and older
persons. The distribution of methods varied across demographic groups. With respect to
limitations of the study, the authors noted that the results are based on suicidal acts
resulting in an ED visit, a hospitalization, or death. Consequently, the reported CFRs are
larger than they would have been had the data included nonfatal attempts that did not
result in an ED visit. Less than 9% of suicidal acts result in death, but that percentage
increases to 90% when firearms are involved.
Conrad, R., Rayala, H., Diamond, R., Busch, B., & Kramer, N. (2020, April 7). Expanding
telemental health in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatric Times.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/coronavirus/expanding-telemental-health-response-
covid-19-pandemic
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Rachel Conrad, MD, Harika Rayala, Rebekah Diamond, JD, Bianca Busch, MD, and
Nicole Kramer, MA discuss how the use of social distancing to “flatten the curve” and
prevent the spread of COVID-19 has catapulted the use of telehealth.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 31
Psychopathology Course Resources
Cooper, J., Heron, T., & Heward, W. (2007). Applied behavior analysis (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Egger, H. (2013). Prevalence, comorbidity, and
correlates of DSM-5 proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 170, 173-179.
Costa, P. T., Jr., Widiger, T. A. (Eds) (2002). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of
personality (2nd ed). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Costandi, M. (2016, August 19). Neuroplasticity. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press Essential
Knowledge Series.
Costandi, M., & Warburton, N. (Ed.). (2019, September 12). Against neurodiversity.
https://aeon.co/essays/why-the-neurodiversity-movement-has-become-harmful
Moheb Costandi is a molecular and developmental neurobiologist and freelance science
writer. Among his many opinions in this essay, he makes the point that the neurodiversity
movement has good intentions but that it has been biased in favoring high-functioning
people while overlooking those who struggle with severe autism. He points out that it is
ironic how neurodiversity advocates cannot grasp the fact that many autistic people think
differently about autism. He also emphasizes the point that many people with autism are
profoundly disabled by their condition.
Crabb, A. C., & Linton, J. M. (2007). A qualitative study of recovering and nonrecovering
substance abuse counselors’ belief systems. Journal of Addictions and Offender
Counseling, 28(1), 4-20.
Cranford, P. G. (1981). But for the grade of God: The inside story of the world’s largest insane
asylum. Augusta, GA: Great Pyramid Press.
Currier, J. M., McCormick, W., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). How do morally injurious events
occur? A qualitative analysis of perspectives of veterans with PTSD. Traumatology,
21(2), 106-116.
D’Andrea, W., Ford, J., Stolbach, B., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2012).
Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: Why we need a developmentally
appropriate trauma diagnosis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 187-200.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01154.x
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 32
Psychopathology Course Resources
Dailey, S. F., Gill, C. S., Karl, S. L., & Barrio Minton, C. A. (2014). DSM-5 learning companion
for counselors. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. England.
Das, P (2012).The story of GBD 2010: A “super human” effort. Lancet, 380(9859), 2067–2070.
doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62174-6
Key words: Global Burden of Disease Study
Dawson, G. (2017, June 30). Understanding benzodiazepines and their role in substance use
disorders. Psychiatric Times, 34(6). http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-
reports/understanding-benzodiazepines-and-their-role-substance-use-disorders
Deangelis, T. (2019, December). Informing the courts with the best research. Monitor on
Psychology, 50(11), 49-54. http://www.apamonitor-
digital.org/apamonitor/201912/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=1&folio=49#pg52
APA staff writer Tori Deangelis provides a summary of 10 precedent-setting court cases in which
APA filed amicus curiae (“friend of the court”) briefs that had a significant impact on societal
trends. The summary begins with Jenkins v. United States (1962), when the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided that psychologists were allowed by U.S. courts to serve as
expert witnesses on mental illness.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 33
Psychopathology Course Resources
De Cuypere, G., Van Hemelrijck, M., Michel, A., Carael, B., Heylens, G., Rubens, R., Hoebeke,
P., & Monstrey, S. (2007). Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium.
European Psychiatry, 22(3), 137-141.
DeWall, C. N., Pond, R. J., Carter, E. C., McCullough, M. E., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., &
Nezlek, J. B. (2014). Explaining the relationship between religiousness and substance
use: Self-control matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(2), 339-351.
DiClemente, C. C. (2003). Addiction and change: How addictions develop and addicted people
recover. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Diamond, M. (2013). Transsexuality among twins: Identity concordance, transition, rearing, and
orientation. International Journal of Transgenderism, 14(1), 24-38.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review
of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
Dilts, R. B., Epstein, T., & Dilts, R. W. (1991). Tools for dreamers: Strategies for creativity and
the structure of innovation. Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications.
Dobzhansky, T. G. (1937). Genetics and the evolutionary process. New York, NY: Columbia
University Press.
Dockrill, P. (2019, February 18). Neuroscientists say they've found an entirely new form of
neural communication. Science Alert. https://www.sciencealert.com/neuroscientists-say-
they-ve-found-an-entirely-new-form-of-neural-communication
A previously unknown form of neural communication that self-propagates across brain
tissue, and can leap wirelessly from neurons in one section of brain tissue to another even
after the tissue has been surgically severed. This neural process seems to be unrelated to
conventionally understood neural mechanisms, such as axonal transport, synaptic
transmission, and gap junction connections. For additional information, see Chiang et al.
(2019) article titled “Slow periodic activity in the longitudinal hippocampal slice can
self‐propagate non‐synaptically by a mechanism consistent with ephaptic coupling.
Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy: An analysis in terms of
learning, thinking, and culture. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., & Belfrage, H. (2013). HCR-20V3: Assessing risk of
violence – User guide. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute,
Simon Fraser University.
Key words: HCR-20, dangerousness, duty to protect
This user guide contains the correct citation for the HCR-20V3.
Douglas, K. S., Shaffer, C., Blanchard, A. J. E., Guy, L. S., Reeves, K., & Weir, J. (2014). HCR-
20 violence risk assessment scheme: Overview and annotated bibliography. HCR-20
Violence Risk Assessment White Paper Series, #1. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health,
Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
Key words: HCR-20, dangerousness, duty to protect
This paper contains an HCR-20 annotated bibliography.
Doverspike, W. F. (1995). Suicide Risk Factors Rating Scale. In W. Doverspike Clinical risk
management: Assessment and intervention guidelines for suicidal and violent behavior.
Atlanta, GA: Author.
Doverspike, W. F. (1995). Violence Risk Factors Rating Scale. In W. Doverspike Clinical Risk
Management: Assessment and Intervention Guidelines for Suicidal and Violent Behavior.
Atlanta, GA: Author.
Doverspike, W. F. (2008, December). How to stop obsessive worry: A key to peace of mind.
http://drwilliamdoverspike.com/files/how_to_stop_obsessive_worry.pdf
Note: The website hyperlink is embedded in Doverspike (2020) document titled Citing
DSM-5 and ICD in APA Style, which is listed under Student Resources.
Doverspike, W. F. (2016). How to understand the opioid epidemic: Addiction fact sheet.
http://drwilliamdoverspike.com/files/how_to_understand_the_opioid_epidemic.pdf
Doverspike, W. F. (2018). The transtheoretical model of behavioral change: Processes and stages
of change. https://ecams.richmont.edu/
Dragowski, E. A., Scharron del Rio, M. R., & Sandigorsky, A. L. (2011). Childhood gender
identity…disorder? Developmental, cultural and diagnostic concerns. Journal of
Counseling and Development, 89(3), 360-366.
Drake, J. W., & Holland, J. J. (1999). Mutation rates among RNA viruses. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 96, 13910-19013.
Mutation rates of rhinoviruses, which are small RNA viruses, are roughly 100,000 times
higher than in humans. With a global population exceeding one billion trillion (1021),
rhinoviruses are arguably the most successful rapidly infecting viruses on Earth today.
Ducharme, E. L. (2017). Best practices in working with complex trauma and dissociative identity
disorder. Practice Innovations, 2(3), 150-161. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pri0000050
Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance. New York, NY: Simon
and Schuster.
Duckworth, A. L., & Yeager, D. S. (2015). Measurement matters: Assessing personal qualities
other than cognitive ability for educational purposes. Educational Researcher, 44(4),
237-251.
Duncan, S. R., Scott S., & Duncan, C. J. (2005, March 10). Reappraisal of the historical selective
pressures for the CCR5- ∆32 mutation. Journal of Medical Genetics, 42(3), 205-208.
Biologists at the University of Liverpool have discovered how the plagues of the Middle
Ages have made around 10% of Europeans resistant to HIV.
Dziegielewski, S. F. (2014). DSM-5 in action (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Eberle, H., & Neumann, H. (2012). Was Hitler ill?: A final diagnosis. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 37
Psychopathology Course Resources
First published in German as War Hitler frank? (c) Bastei Lübbe GmbH & Com. KG, Köln,
2009.
Ecker, B., Ticic, R., Kushner, E., Lasser, K., Greenwald, R., Feinstein, D., Dahilitz, M. (Ed.), &
Hall, G. (Ed.). (2015). Memory reconsolidation in psychotherapy: The
neuropsychotherapist special issue, Volume 1. Parkridge, Queensland, AU: Dahlitz
Media.
Eckerd, Marcia. (2018, Fall). Identifying autism spectrum disorder (level 1) in adults. Journal of
Health Service Psychology, 44(4), 93-100.
https://ce.nationalregister.org/publication/identifying-autism-spectrum-disorder-level-1-
in-adults/
Author discusses diagnosis, treatment, and counseling with autism spectrum disorder.
Eckerd, Marcia. (2019, Winter). Disclosure of ASD diagnosis to children and adolescents.
Journal of Health Service Psychology, 45(1), 17-22.
https://ce.nationalregister.org/publication/disclosure-of-asd-diagnosis-to-children-and-
adolescents/
Author discusses biomedical and psychosocial models with respect to disclosing
diagnosis to parents of child autism spectrum disorder.
Edwards, G., & Gross, M. (1976). Alcohol dependence: Provisional description of a clinical
syndrome. British Medical Journal, 1, 1058-1061.
Erford, B. T., Hayes, D. G., & Crockett, S. (2020). Mastering the National Counselor
Examination and the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination (3rd. ed).
Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.
Efrati, Y., (2019, December). Normal versus abnormal sexual behavior in adolescents.
Psychiatric Times, 36(12), 9, 14.
Eisenkraft, N., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2010, March 16). The way you make me feel: Evidence for
individual differences in affective presence. Psychological Science, 21(4), 505-510.
Key words: Affective presence
Noah Eisenkraft and Hillary Anger Elfenbein describe their research on the importance of
affective presence, particularly positive affective presence, as one of the primary
determinants of what makes people feel comfortable around another person.
Ekirch, A. R. (2006, October 17). At day’s close: Night in times past. New York, NY: W. W.
Norton & Company.
Robert Ekirch describes nocturnal phenomena such as segmented sleep—particularly as it
related to sociability, sex, and solitude before artificial light was invented. In perhaps his
most fascinating revelation, Ekirch speculates that pre-industrial people slept a
segmented sleep. Ekirch has found in more than 500 references, from Homer into
contemporary researchers, to a “first sleep” that lasted until maybe midnight, and was
followed by “second sleep.” In between the two periods of segmented sleep, people
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 38
Psychopathology Course Resources
routinely got up, urinated, smoked tobacco, read things, chatted with each other, had
friends around, or simply reflected on the events of the previous day – and on their
dreams. As a parenthetical note, Ekirch speculates that plenty of them also had sex,
which by all accounts was far more satisfactory than at the end of a hard day of laboring.
Couples who copulated “after the first sleep,” wrote a 16th-century French doctor, “have
more enjoyment, and do it better.”
Ellis, A. E., Meade, N. G., & Brown, L. S. (2020). Evidence-based relationship variables when
working with affectional and gender minority clients: A systematic review. Practice
Innovations, 5(3), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000118
Amy E. Ellis, Nicholas G. Meade, and Laura S. Brown synthesized the quantitative and
qualitative research examining the role of evidence-based relationship variables (EBRVs)
in the treatment of affectional and gender minority (AGM) individuals. The authors
reviewed 14 unique studies (in a total of 15 articles) published between 2009 and 2019.
Most studies examined the role of empathy and alliance. Positive regard, strong
therapeutic alliances, genuineness, and empathy were all associated with improvements
in treatment engagement and treatment outcome. There appeared to be no evidence that
matching clients on sexual or gender identities improved outcomes. See also Ginicola,
Smith, and Filmore (2017).
Ellison, R. L., & Stika, M. (2018). Feedback on invalid neuropsychological testing: Mild
traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Journal of Health Service Psychology, 44, 19-23.
Emory University School of Medicine. (2020, April 20). Wellness guides [Website].
https://med.emory.edu/departments/psychiatry/covid/wellness_guides.html
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
These wellness guides are offered with the aim of helping people cope with the COVID-
19 pandemic. Their contents reflect the consensus ideas and recommendations of
Emory’s interprofessional group of mental health professionals.
Eriksen, K., & Kress, V. E. (2008). Gender and diagnosis: Struggles and suggestions for
counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(2), 152-162.
EurekAlert! (2005, March 10). Biologists discover why 10% of Europeans are safe from HIV
infection. EurkAlert! https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-03/uol-
bdw031005.php
Biologists at the University of Liverpool have discovered how the plagues of the Middle
Ages have made around 10% of Europeans resistant to HIV.
Evans, S. C., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Esparza, P., Watts, A. D., Correia, J. M., Ritchie, P.,
Maj, M., & Saxena, S. (2013). Psychologists’ perspectives on the diagnostic
classification of mental disorders: Results from the WHO-IUPsyS Global Survey.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 39
Psychopathology Course Resources
Eysenck, H. J. (1992). Four ways five factors are not basic. Personality and Individual
Differences, 13, 667-673.
Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., et al. (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1313-1323.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). The five sexes, revisited. The Sciences, 40(4), 19-23.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2020, October 1). NICS firearm background checks: Month/Year
(November 30, 1998 - September 30, 2020). https://www.fbi.gov/file-
repository/nics_firearm_checks_-_month_year.pdf/view
Key words: Trigger effect, Weapons effect
The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) National Instant Criminal Background Check
System (NICS) is not the same statistic as retail gun sales, but it is the closest nationwide proxy
because background checks are conducted by federally licensed gun dealers, which includes all
gun stores, every time someone tries to buy a gun. See also Smith (2020).
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972)
Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26,
57-63.
Ferster, C. B. (1953). The use of the free operant in the analysis of behavior. Psychological
Bulletin, 50, 263-274.
Fink, J. L. W. (2020, August 4). 9 types of masks and how effective they are. HealthGrades.
https://www.healthgrades.com/
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Jennifer L. W. Fink, R.N., B.S.N. is a Registered Nurse who provides a discussion of the relative
effectiveness of various forms of masks being used to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.
First, M. B. (2017, October), New diagnostic codes for substance use disorders and
avoidant/restrictive foot intake disorder. Psychiatric Times, 34(10), 1, 4.
Fleischmann, A., Bertolote, J. M., Wasserman, D., De Leo, D., Bolhari, J., Botega, N. J., De
Silva, D., Phillips, M., Vijayakumar, L., Värnik, A., Schlebusch, L., & Thanh, H. T.,
(2008). Effectiveness of brief intervention and contact for suicide attempters: A
randomized control trial in five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization,
86(9), 703‐709.
Fleming, A. (2019, January 27). ‘Hangxiety’: Why alcohol gives you a hangover and anxiety.
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jan/27/hangxiety-why-alcohol-gives-
you-a-hangover-and-anxiety
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective
information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-
2909.99.1.20
Psychologists Edna Foa and Michael Kozak argue that some form of exposure to feared
situations is common to many forms of psychotherapy for the treatment of anxiety. They
discuss how confrontation with feared objects or situations is an effective treatment for
some forms of anxiety.
Ford, D. H., & Urban, H. B. (1963). Systems of psychotherapy: A comparative study. New York,
NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of Faith. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Fox, J., & Dayle, K. (2013). DSM-5 and bereavement: The loss of normal grief? Journal of
Counseling & Development, 91(1), 113-119.
Fragedakis, T. M., & Toriello, P. (2014). The development and experience of combat-related
PTSD: A demand for neurofeedback as an effective form of treatment. Journal of
Counseling and Development, 92(4), 481-488.
Francis, D., Diorio, J., Lin, D., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). Nongenomic transmission across
generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science, 286, 1155-1158.
Frankenfield, J. (2018, October 19). Which industry spends the most on lobbying?
https://www.investopedia.com/investing/which-industry-spends-most-lobbying-antm-so/
Based on data from opensecrets.org, Jake Franekfield provides an industry by industry
breakdown of lobbying efforts, combining all political contributions and lobbying
spending from 1998-2018, to show how much each industry and its related corporations
spend in lobbying: (1) Pharmaceuticals/Health Products ($3,937,356,877), (2) Insurance
($2,704,636,807), (3) Electric Utilities ($2,353,570,360 (4) Electronics Manufacturing
and Equipment ($2,230,043,875), (5) Business Associations ($2,217,425,929), (6) Oil
and Gas ($2,096,923, 653), (7) Miscellaneous Manufacturing and Distributing
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 41
Psychopathology Course Resources
Franklin, M. E., Freeman, J. B., & March, J. S. (2019). Treating OCD in children and
adolescents: A cognitive-behavioral approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford
Press.
Freedman, R., Lewis, D. A., Michels, R., Pine, D. S., Schultz, S. K., Tamminga, C. A., Gabbard,
G. O., Shur-Fen Gau, S., Javitt, D. C., Oquendo, M. A., Shrout, P. E., Vieta, E., & Yager,
J. (2013, January 1). The initial field trials of DSM-5: New blooms and old thorns.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1-5.
Freud, Ernest L. (Ed.). (1987). Sigmund Freud: Brautbriefe: Briefe an Martha Bernays aus den
Jahren 1882–1886. Frankfurt: Germany: Fischer.
This original book contains Joseph Breuer’s treatment of Anna O., who was later
posthumously identified as Bertha Pappenheim (1859–1936), who was the founder of
many institutions, including kindergartens, community homes, educational institutions,
and the Jewish Women’s Association.
Freud, Sigmund. (1917). Trauer und melancholie [Mourning and melancholia]. Internationale
Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse [International Journal for Medical Psychoanalysis] (in
German). Leipzig and Vienna. Hugo Heller, 4(6), 288–301.
Freud, Sigmund. (2013). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Ed. & Trans.).
New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. (Original work published September 17,
1989).
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
Freud observed “cases in which a mental disease has started with a dream and in which a
delusion originating in the dream has persisted (p. 113).”
Freud, Sophie. (2007). Living in the shadow of the Freud family. Westport, CT: Praeger
Publishers.
Freudenberger, H. & Richelson G. (1980). Burn out: The high cost of high achievement. What it
is and how to survive it. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Galietti, C., Wright, C. V., Higuchi, S. A., & Bufka, L. (2020, May 1). COVID-19: When is it
OK to resume in-person services? APA Services.
https://www.apaservices.org/practice/news/in-person-services-covid-19
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Connie Galietti, J.D, C. Vaile Wright, Ph.D., Shirley Ann Higuchi, J.D., and Lynn Bufka,
Ph.D. discuss several factors for psychologists to consider before opening their offices:
Determine whether an in-person visit is necessary, review the physical and mental health
risks, establish new rules for patients attending in-person sessions, take steps to reduce
the spread of COVID-19 in your office, implement policies that protect employees.
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., Impett, E. A., & Asher, E. R. (2004). What do you do when things go
right? The intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of sharing positive events. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 228-245. 10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.228
Garber, S. W., Garber, M. D., & Spitzman, R. F. (1987, June). Good behavior. New York, NY:
Villard Books.
This excellent book, which was the first book that I had ever seen that focused on
scientifically-based operant behavioral principles written in a highly readable manner for
parents, was also published in paperback edition by St. Martin’s Paperbacks in February
1991. Its subtitle, which is the longest I have ever seen, is a very honest description of the
breadth of behavioral problems addressed in the book: “Over 1,200 sensible solutions to
your child’s problems from birth to age twelve, including tantrums, bed-wetting,
stuttering, nail-biting, peer pressure, lying, and other common problems.”
Garcia-Falgueras, A., & Swaab, D. F. (2008). A sex difference in the hypothalamic uncinate
nucleus: Relationship to gender identity. Brain, 131, Part 12, 3132–3146.
Garlipp, P., Gödecke-Koch, T., Dietrich, D.E., & Haltenhof, H. (2004, January). Lycanthropy:
Psychopathological and psychodynamical aspects. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 109(1), 19–22.
doi:10.1046/j.1600-0447.2003.00243.x. PMID 14674954
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 43
Psychopathology Course Resources
This review of the medical literature lists over 30 published cases of lycanthropy, only
the minority of which have wolf or dog themes. Canines are not uncommon, although the
delusional experience of being transformed into a hyena, cat, horse, bird, or tiger has
been reported on more than one occasion. There have also been reported cases of
delusional transformation into frogs and even bees.
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2014). Global, regional, and national
age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–
2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet,
385(9963), 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 [212 collaborators]
Abstract available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442
Key words: Global Burden of Disease Study
Georgia Department of Behavioral Health & Developmental Disabilities. (2012, March 20).
Form 1013 – Certificate Authorizing Transport to Emergency Receiving Facility &
Report of Transporation (Mental Health). Atlanta, GA: Author. Fillable form available at
https://www.pdffiller.com/jsfiller-
desk14/?projectId=285380516&expId=4765&expBranch=2#b3ba622455d14948b3db988
165a584db
This form is a fillable and downloadable Form 1013.
Georgia Department of Public Health. (2019, February 4). Updated guidance for clinicians to
report possible cases of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nNoV): Guidance subject to
change as outbreak unfolds. Georgia Department of Public Health. Retrieved 03-03-2020
from
file:///C:/Users/RICHMONT1/Downloads/ncov_guidance_for_healthcare_providers_02_
04_2020.pdf
COV-19 Health Advisories and updates are available at
https://dph.georgia.gov/novelcoronavirus
Key words: COVID-10, Coronavirus
Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH) Commissioner Kathleen Toomey, MD.,
M.P.H. and state officials have confirmed Georgia’s first cases of Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) involving two residents of Fulton County who live in the same
household. The following statement was listed in the fifth bullet point of the summary
and highlighted in boldface at the bottom of the COVID Health Advisory website (but
not boldfaced in the summary itself): “Healthcare providers who suspect COVID-19
infection in a patient should report them immediately to DPH by calling 1-866-PUB-
HLTH (1-866-782-4584) and ask for a Medical Epidemiologist” (2020, p. 1).
Ghaemi, N. (2011). A first rate madness: Uncovering the links between leadership and mental
illness. New York, NY: Penguin Press.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 44
Psychopathology Course Resources
Gholipour, B. (2014, April 16). Real-life werewolves: Psychiatry reexamines rare delusion.
LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/44875-werewolves-in-psychiatry.html
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
Giakoumatos,, C. I., Nanda, P., Mathew, I. T., Tandon, N., Shah, J., Bishop, J. R., Clementz, B.
A., Pearlson, G. D., Sweeney, J. A., Tamminga, C. A., & Keshavana, M.S. (2015).
Effects of lithium on cortical thickness and hippocampal subfield volumes in psychotic
bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 61, 180-187. Published online 2014
Dec 23. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.008
Key words: neuroprotective effects of lithium in bipolar disorder
Patients treated with lithium exhibited significantly larger hippocampal subfield volumes
than no lithium, and those treated with lithium were no different from healthy controls
cortical thickness or hippocampal volumes. This evidence directly supports the
hypothesis that lithium may counteract the locally thinner and smaller gray matter
structure found in psychotic bipolar disorder. (See also Osser, 2020).
Gilbert, R. (2004). The eight concepts of Bowen therapy: A new way of thinking about the
individual and the group. Basye, VA: Leading Systems Press.
Ginicola, M. M., Smith, C., & Filmore, J. M. (Eds.). (2017). Affirmative counseling with
LBGTQI+ people. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375517
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 45
Psychopathology Course Resources
Misty M. Ginicola (Ed), Cheri Smith (Ed), and Joel M. Filmore (Ed) provide a handbook
for educators, students, and clinicians wanting to increase their awareness, knowledge,
and skills in working with LGBTQI+ populations. The book contains 25 chapters divided
into four sections, which explore the science behind gender and affectional orientation,
development across the life span, the specialized needs of nine distinct populations, the
intersectionality of ethnicity and overlapping identities, the role of religion, and counselor
advocacy. Affectional minorities refer to those individuals “whose affectional orientation
differs from that of the majority of other members of the surrounding society and its
corresponding culture” (p. 359). Gender minorities refer to those individuals “whose
gender identity, in relation to their designated sex at birth, differs from, that of the
majority of other members of the surrounding society and its corresponding culture (p.
359).
Goldenson, R. M. (Ed.). (1984). Longman dictionary of psychology and psychiatry. New York,
NY: Longman.
Goldstein, B. J., Birmaher, B., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2020, January 30). Diagnostic and
treatment challenges in bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Times,
37(1). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/diagnostic-and-treatment-
challenges-bipolar-disorder-children-and-adolescents
Benjamin I. Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D., Boris Birmaher, M.D., and Eric A. Youngstrom,
Ph.D. discuss differential diagnosis and treatment of differential clinical presentations of
bipolar disorder. Goldstein et al. discuss diagnostic precursors to bipolar disorder, such as
higher rates of childhood subthreshold mania or hypomania; manic, mixed, or hypomanic
episodes; major depressive episodes; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; disruptive
behavior disorders; anxiety disorders; and substance use disorders. The authors also
discuss risk factors for poor prognosis (i.e., comorbid disorders, environmental stressors,
poor psychosocial functioning, low socioeconomic status, and family history of
psychopathology such as mood disorders).
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 46
Psychopathology Course Resources
Gordon, K. H., Castro, Y., Sitnikov, L., & Holm-Denoma, J. M. (2010). Cultural body shape
ideals and eating disorder symptoms among White, Latina, and Black college women.
Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 135-143.
Gordis, E. (2000). Alcohol, the brain, and behavior: Mechanisms of addiction. Alcohol Research
& Health, 24(1), 12-15.
Graham, B. M. (2018, November 30). Sex hormones and gender vulnerabilities to anxiety
disorders. Psychiatric Times, 35(11), 12-13. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-
reports/sex-hormones-and-gender-vulnerabilities-anxiety-disorders
Grandin, T. (1995). Thinking in pictures: My life with autism. New York, NY: Vintage Books,
Random House.
Grandin, T., & Barron, S. (2005). Unwritten rules of social relationships: Decoding social
mysteries through the unique perspectives of autism. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons.
Granello, D. H., & Granello, P. F. (2007). Suicide: An essential guide for helping professionals
and educators. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice
at every turn: A report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington,
DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf
Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology or fear and stress (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press.
This author discusses the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the reward system (RS).
Grewal, R. S., & George, T. P. (2017, July). Cannabis-induced psychosis: A review. Psychiatric
Times, 34(7), 7-9. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/8-distinguishing-
features-primary-psychosis-versus-cannabis-induced-psychosis
Grinker, Roy R. (1945). War Neuroses or Battle Fatigue? The Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease, 101(5) 442-444.
Grohol, J. M. (2018, October 8). Top 25 psychiatric medication prescriptions for 2013. Psych
Central. https://psychcentral.com/lib/top-25-psychiatric-medication-prescriptions-for-
2013/
Shown by brand and generic name in millions of prescriptions written, the most
frequently prescribed U.S. psychiatric medications (2013) are reported by IMS as
follows: Xanax (alprazalom) 45.5, Zoloft (sertaline) 41.4, Celexa (citalopram) 39., Prozac
(fluoxetine) 28.3, Atavan (lorasepam) 27.9, Desyrel (trazadone HCL) 26.2, Lexapro
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 47
Psychopathology Course Resources
Gross, T., & Harrington, A. (2019, May 2). How drug companies helped shape a shifting,
biological view of mental illness Interview with Anne Harrington by Terry Gross [Audio
Podcast]. https://www.npr.org/
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Long, B., Brown, A. O., Sassano-Higgins, S.,
Morrison, D. E., & Flinton, C. (2020). Functional assessment for disability applications: Tools
for the psychiatrist. Psychiatric Times, 36(6). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/risk-
assessment/functional-assessment-disability-applications-tools-psychiatrist
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Long, B., Brown, A. O., Sassano-Higgins, S.,
Morrison, D. E., & Flinton, C. (2020, January 6). 5 domains of functional assessment for
disability evaluation. Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/risk-
assessment/5-domains-functional-assessment-disability-evaluation
Gunderson, G., & Pray, L. M. (2009). Leading causes of life: Five fundamentals to change the
way you live your life. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
The authors discuss agency, blessing, connection, coherence, and hope as five factors that
improve quality of life.
Guy, L. S., & Wilson, C. M. (2007). Empirical support for the HCR‐20: A critical analysis of the
violence literature. HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment White Paper Series, #2. Burnaby,
Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
Key words: HCR-20, dangerousness, duty to protect
This paper contains an HCR-20 V2 risk factor literature review.
Guy, L. S., Wilson, C. M., Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., & Belfrage, H. (2013).
HCR-20 Version 3: Item-by-item summary of violence literature. HCR-20 Violence Risk
Assessment White Paper Series, #3. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy
Institute, Simon Fraser University.
Key words: HCR-20, dangerousness, duty to protect
This paper contains an HCR-20 V3 risk factor literature review and rationale.
Guyer, A. E., McClure, E. B., Adler, A. D., Brotman, M. A., Rich, B. A., Kimes, A. S., Pine, D.
S., Ernst, M., & Leibenluft, E. (2007). Specificity of facial expression labeling deficits in
childhood psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 863–871.
Hacking, I. (1995). The looping effect of human kinds. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J.
Premack (Eds.). Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
351–383.
Hacking, I. (1999). The social construction of what? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 48
Psychopathology Course Resources
Hacking, I. (2006, August 17). Making up people. London Review of Books, 28(16), 23-26.
Hacking, I. (2007). Kinds of people: Moving targets. In Proceedings of the British Academy,
151, 285-318.
Haddon, M. (2003). The curious incident of the dog in the night-time. New York, NY: Vintage
Contemporaries, A Division of Random House.
Hagen, E. (2004). The Evolutionary Psychology FAQ. Berlin, Germany: Institute for Theoretical
Biology.
Hall, D. D. (1994). Witch hunting in Salem. Christian History, 13(1), 38-40. Carol Stream, IL:
Christianity Today.
Hall, S. D. (2016, May 18). Jesus: The first transgender man [Updated December 6, 2017].
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/suzanne-dewitt-hall/jesus-the-first-
transgend_b_10006134.html
Hallinan, J. T. (2014, June 13). School shootings, suicide, and contagion: Suicidal school attacks
may not be isolated events. Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/kidding-ourselves/201406/school-shootings-
suicide-and-contagion
According to the American journalist Joseph Hallinan, Ph.D., the Sunday, August 5, 1962
“probable suicide” of 36-year-old Marilyn Monroe in Los Angeles was followed by a
record wave of suicides that swept New York City. In all, 12 people killed themselves in
New York on that next Sunday day. This was six times the city’s daily average, and set a
new single-day record, breaking the previous record of eight. The wave of suicides rolled
across the rest of the nation, as people elsewhere killed themselves in unusually large
numbers. In the month after Marilyn Monroe’s death, suicides throughout the U.S.
increased by 12%. The wave swelled across the Atlantic, with a 10% increase in suicides
in England and Wales, where Monroe was popular. In the two-month period following
Monroe’s death, there were 303 “excess” suicides in the U.S. and 60 in England and
Wales. Overall, Marilyn Monroe’s death likely spawned deadly acts of imitation by 363
complete strangers.
Halpern, A. L. (2011, June). The proposed diagnosis of hypersexual disorder for inclusion in
DSM-5: Unnecessary and harmful. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(3), 487-488. doi:
10.1007/s10508-011-9727-3
Hanna, F. J. (2002). Therapy with difficult clients: Using the precursors model to awaken
change. Washington, DC.: American Psychological Association.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 49
Psychopathology Course Resources
Hare, L., Bernard, P., Sanchez, F. J., Baird, P. N., Vilain, E., Kennedy, T., & Harley, V. R.
(2009, January 1). Androgen receptor (AR) repeat length polymorphism associated with
male-to-female transsexualism. Biological Psychiatry, 65(1), 93-96. Advance online
publication date 27 Oct 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.003
Harrington, A. (2019). Mind fixers: Psychiatry’s troubled search for the biology of mental
illness. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company.
Harvey, P. D. (2019). Smoking cannabis and acquired impairments in cognition: Starting early
seems like a really bad idea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 90-91.
In his editorial, Harvey summarizes current literature on the effect of cannabis on
cognition. There is a solid body of studies that report a significant irreversible decline in
cognitive functioning in adolescents who regularly use cannabis.
Hemenway, D., Vriniotis, M., & Miller, M. (2006). Is an armed society a polite society? Guns
and road rage. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38(4), 687–695.
Key words: Road rage, Trigger effect, Weapons effect
Professor of Health Psychology at Harvard Injury Control Research Center (Harvard
School of Public Health) David Hemenway, Ph.D. and colleagues were interested in
studying whether motorists with guns in the car more or less likely to engage in hostile
and aggressive behavior while in their vehicles. The researchers analyzed data from a
2004 national random digit dial survey of over 2,400 licensed drivers. Respondents were
asked whether, in the past year, they (1) made obscene or rude gestures at another
motorist, (2) aggressively followed another vehicle too closely, and (3) were victims of
such hostile behaviors. Seventeen percent of the respondents admitted making obscene or
rude gestures, and 9% reported that they had aggressively followed too closely. Forty-six
percent reported victimization by each of these behaviors in the past year. Males, young
adults, binge drinkers, those who do not believe most people can be trusted, those ever
arrested for a non-traffic violation, and motorists who had been in a vehicle in which
there was a gun were more likely to engage in such forms of road rage. The researchers
concluded that, at least in their survey, riding with a firearm in the vehicle was a marker
for aggressive and dangerous driver behavior. The authors compare their results to a
similar survey in Arizona (see Miller, Azrael, Hemenway, & Solop, 2002).
Hersen, M., & Barlow, D. H. (1976). Single-case experimental designs strategies for studying
behavior change. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press Ltd.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 50
Psychopathology Course Resources
Heylens, G., De Cuypere, G., Zucker, K. J., Schelfaut, C., Elaut, E., Vanden Bossche,... T’Sjoen,
G. (2012). Gender identity disorder in twins: A review of the case report literature.
Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9, 751-775.
Hill, K. P. (2019, August 9). Medical use of cannabis in 2019. JAMA, 322, 974-975.
10.1001/jama.2019.11868
Kevin P. Hill, addiction psychiatrist at the Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center in Boston and faculty member of the Department of
Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School states that the non-psychiatric medical benefits of
cannabis are very thinly evidenced despite outsized claims to the contrary.
Himle, J. A., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Nguyen. A. (2013). The relationship between
obsessive-compulsive disorder and religious faith: Clinical characteristics and
implications for treatment. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(S), 53-70.
Hollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I, Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2019, March).
Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 559-572. doi:
10.1017/S0033291718002283. Epub 2018 Sep 4.
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213-218.
Holshue, M. L., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S., Lofy, K. H., Wiesman, J., Bruce, H., Spitters, C,
Ericson, K., Wilkerson, S., Tural, A., Diaz, G., Cohn, A. et al., for the Washington State
2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team. (2020, March 5). First case of 2019 Novel
Coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 929-936.
10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
This report describes the epidemiologic and clinical features of the first case of 2019-
nCoV infection confirmed in the U.S. On December 31, 2019, China reported a cluster of
cases of pneumonia in people associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in
Wuhan, Hubei Province. On January 7, 2020, Chinese health authorities confirmed that
this cluster was associated with a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV.2 Although cases were
originally reported to be associated with exposure to the seafood market in Wuhan,
subsequent epidemiologic data indicated that person-to-person transmission of 2019-
nCoV was occurring. As of January 30, 2020, a total of 9976 cases had been reported in
at least 21 countries, including the first confirmed case of 2019-nCoV infection in the
U.S, reported on January 20, 2020.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 51
Psychopathology Course Resources
Holtzheimer, P. (2018, May). Focal brain stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD
Research Quarterly, 29(2), 1-3.
Hughes, A., Williams, M. R., Lipari, R. N., Bose, J., Copello, E. A. P., & Kroutil, L. A. (2016,
September). Prescription drug use and misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015
National Survey on Drug Use and Health. NSDUH Data Review.
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/
Humphreys, K., & Saitz, R. (2019). Should physicians recommend replacing opioids with
cannabis? JAMA, 321(17), 639-640.
It is said to be “irresponsible” to encourage patients addicted to opiates to switch to
cannabis for their problems with pain.
Hutton, J. S., Dudley, J., Horowitz-Kraus, T., DeWitt, T., & Holland, S K. (2019, November 4).
Associations between screen-based media use and brain white matter integrity in
preschool-aged children. JAMA Pediatrics. Published online November 4, 2019.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869
In a cross-sectional study of 47 healthy prekindergarten children, screen use greater than
that recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines was associated
with (1) lower measures of microstructural organization and myelination of brain white
matter tracts that support language and emergent literacy skills and (2) corresponding
cognitive assessments. To explore the associations between screen-based media use and
integrity of brain white matter tracts supporting language and literacy skills in preschool-
aged children. The study involved healthy children aged 3 to 5 years (n = 47) who were
recruited at a US children’s hospital and community primary care clinics. Children
completed cognitive testing followed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and their parent
completed a ScreenQ survey. These findings suggest a need for further study into the
association between screen-based media use and the developing brain, particularly during
early childhood.
Incarceration nation: The United States leads the world in incarceration. A new report explores
why—and offers recommendations for fixing the system. (2014, October). Monitor on
Psychology, 45(9), 56. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/10/incarceration.aspx
Institute of Medicine. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people:
Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies
Press.
Ivey, A. E., & Ivey, M. B. (1998). Reframing DSM-IV: Positive strategies from developmental
counseling and therapy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 76(3), 334-350.
Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., & Zalaquett, C. P. (2014). Intentional interviewing and counseling:
Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (8th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 52
Psychopathology Course Resources
Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., & Zalaquett, C. P. (2018). Intentional interviewing and counseling:
Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (9th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Note: The print year is listed as 2016.
Jabr, F. (2012, January 30). By the numbers: Autism is not a math problem. Scientific American.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/autism-math-problem/
Ferris Jabr, a contributing writer for Scientific American, provides a brief review of the
mathematical reason that there are 2,027 ways to be diagnosed with autism in DSM-IV
and only 11 ways in DSM-5. However, the numbers alone are misleading. The staff of
Scientific American asked astronomer and Hubble Fellow Joshua Peek, Ph.D. (Doctoral
degree in Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley) of Columbia University to code
a computer program that would calculate the total possible ways to get a diagnosis of
autistic disorder in DSM-IV and the total possible ways to get a diagnosis of autism
spectrum disorder in DSM-5. It all comes down to factorials. The DSM-IV criteria are a
set of 12 items in three groups from which a clinician must choose 6 criteria, with at least
two items from group one and at least one item each from groups two and three. In
contrast, the DSM-5 criteria are a set of seven items in two groups from which one much
must choose five, including all three items in group one and at least two of the four items
in group two. Peek’s program reveals that there are 2027 different ways to be diagnosed
with autism in DSM-IV and 11 ways to be diagnosed with autism in DSM-5. As Ferris
Jabr points out, the numbers alone don’t explain anything unless it is understood how
common each symptom of autism is in the general population. Symptoms of autism are
not randomly distributed throughout the population and the symptoms do not cluster
together in random combinations. Some symptoms appear together much more often than
others, which is one of the main reasons that the American Psychiatric Association
consolidated the DSM-IV criteria for autism into fewer, denser and more accurate criteria
in the DSM-5. The idea is that the DSM-IV criteria allowed for too many possible
combinations, many of which rarely occur; the DSM-5 criteria, in contrast, better reflect
the most common combinations of symptoms.
Jackson, S. E., Smith, L., Firth, J., Grabovac, I., Soysal, P., Koyanagi, A., Hu, L., Stubbs, B.,
Demurtas, J., Veronese, N., Zhu, X., & Yang, L. Is there a relationship between chocolate
consumption and symptoms of depression? A cross-sectional survey of 13,626 US adults.
Depression and Anxiety. 2019 Jul 29 [Epub ahead of print].10.1002/da.22950
Jackson et al. analyzed data obtained from 13,626 adults (≥20 years) who had
participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007-08
and 2013-14. Daily chocolate consumption was derived from two 24-hour dietary recalls.
Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),
with scores above 10 indicating the presence of clinically relevant symptoms. Adults with
diabetes were excluded and models controlled for relevant sociodemographic, lifestyle,
health-related, and dietary covariates. Three consumer groups were identified (i.e., no
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 53
Psychopathology Course Resources
chocolate, non-dark chocolate, dark chocolate). Overall, 11.1% of the population reported
any chocolate consumption, with 1.4% reporting dark chocolate consumption. Analyses
stratified by the amount of chocolate consumption showed participants reporting
chocolate consumption in the highest quartile (104 to 454 grams per day) had 57% lower
odds of depressive symptoms than those who reported no chocolate consumption ) after
adjusting for dark chocolate consumption).
Jaeki, P. (2018, June 6). Sleepwalking is the result of a survival mechanism gone awry.
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/sleepwalking-is-the-result-of-a-survival-mechanism-
gone-awry
James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report
of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender
Equality. http://www.transequality.org/
Jamison, K.R. (1997). An unquiet mind. New York, NY: Random House.
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2012, August). Mind over matter: reappraising
arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress. Journal of
Experimental Psychology, General, 141(3), 417-422. doi: 10.1037/a0025719. Epub 2011
Sep 26.
Jang, Y., Roh, S. & Chiriboga, D. A. (2014). The impact of acculturation on depressive symptoms: A
comparison of older Korean Americans in two areas. Asian American Journal of Psychology,
5(3), 200-205.
Jarrett, C. (2017, December 17). 10 of the most famous animals in psychology. The British
Psychological Society Research Digest. https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/12/21/10-of-the-
most-famous-animals-in-psychology/
Jarrett, C. (2019, November 22). Trigger warnings don’t help people cope with distressing
material. Aeon. https://aeon.co/
Christian Jarrett cites studies that found that the only meaningful effect of trigger
warnings was to increase people’s belief in the sensitivity of others to upsetting material
and in the need for warnings.
Jiang, M. (2020, April 22). The reason Zoom calls drain your energy. BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-
exhausting?fbclid=IwAR0dgtikzO7wzL8pjCzLLASCTsSkRldKMJd1SYTxQs5oaRyH3
T0tsP0NPcI
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 54
Psychopathology Course Resources
Johnson, J. (Interviewer). (2018, November 22). Finding the lost world: Can scientists bring back
dinosaurs? [Podcast]. https://the1a.org/audio/#/shows/2018-11-22/finding-the-lost-world-
can-scientists-bring-back-dinosaurs-rebroadcast/116157/@00:00
Interview by Joshua Johnson, NPR journalist and host, with Adam Rutherford, Geneticist
(and host on “Inside Science” on BBC Radio and author of A Brief History of Everyone
Who Ever Lived: The Human Story Retold Through Our Genes, and Steve Brusatte,
Paleontologist at University of Edinburgh and author of The Rise and Fall of the
Dinosaurs: The Untold Story of a Lost World.
Johnson, J. B., & Joy, A. (2016, August 4). Mass shootings and the media contagion effect.
[Symposium, Session 1246, Mile High Ballroom 4F Level 3, Ballroom Level]. Paper
presented at 2016 APA Annual Convention, Colorado Convention Center, Denver, CO.
Jennifer B. Johnson, Ph.D. and Andrew Joy, B.S., both from Western New Mexico
University, discuss how the prevalence of these crimes has risen in relation to the mass
media coverage of them and the proliferation of social media sites that tend to glorify the
shooters and downplay the victims. According to Dr. Johnson, “We suggest that the
media cry to cling to ‘the public’s right to know’ covers up a greedier agenda to keep
eyeballs glued to screens, since they know that frightening homicides are their No. 1
ratings and advertising boosters.” The demographic profile of mass shooters is fairly
consistent. Most are white, ostensibly heterosexual males, largely between the ages of 20
and 50. They tend to see themselves as “victims of injustice,” and share a belief that they
have been cheated out of their rightful dominant place as white, middle class males.
Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Joiner, T. E. (2010). Myths about suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jongsma, A. E., Peterson, L. M., & Bruce, T. J. (2014). The complete adult psychotherapy
treatment planner (5th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Kaminski, J., Waller, B. M., Diogo, R., Hartsone-Rose, A., & Burrows, A. M. (2019, June 17)..
Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Science. NAS first published June 17, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820653116
Abstract Summary: Domestication shaped wolves into dogs and transformed both their
behavior and their anatomy. Juliane Kaminski et al. show that, in only 33,000 years,
domestication transformed the facial muscle anatomy of dogs specifically for facial
communication with humans. Based on dissections of dog and wolf heads, the authors
show that the levator anguli oculi medialis, a muscle responsible for raising the inner
eyebrow intensely, is uniformly present in dogs but not in wolves. Behavioral data,
collected from dogs and wolves, show that dogs produce the eyebrow movement
significantly more often and with higher intensity than wolves do, with highest-intensity
movements produced exclusively by dogs. Interestingly, this movement increases
paedomorphism and resembles an expression that humans produce when sad, so its
production in dogs may trigger a nurturing response in humans. Kaminski et al.
hypothesize that dogs with expressive eyebrows had a selection advantage and that
“puppy dog eyes” are the result of selection based on humans’ preferences. This study
was conducted at the Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, Department
of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
Kaplan, Robert M. (2020, June 25). Alois Maria Ott: I was Hitler’s psychologist. Psychiatric
Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/alois-maria-ott-i-was-hitler-s-
psychologist?eKey=d2RvdmVyc3Bpa2VAZW1vcnkuZWR1
Robert Kaplan reviews several sources and provides a fascinating discussion of the 1990
revelation that Adolf Hitler had been treated by a psychologist at Landsberg Prison in
1924, with a positive response to treatment. Alois Maria Ott, the prison “teacher,” was
responsible for the rehabilitation at this facility. At the age of 98, Ott first disclosed his
involvement with Hitler. There were reports that Ott was going to write a book about his
experiences, but he has not published anything on the subject. A devout Catholic, Ott was
a firm believer in the power of goodwill and he was reported to have a nonjudgemental
approach to his patients in the prison.
Kardiner, A. (1941). The traumatic neuroses of war. Washington, DC: National Research
Council.
Karjala, L. M. (2007). Understanding trauma and dissociation: A guide for therapists, patients,
and loved ones. Atlanta, GA: ThomasMax Publishing.
Karjala, L. M. (2017). Healing everyday traumas: Free yourself from the scars of bullying,
criticism, and rejection. Roswell, GA: Psychology Innovations.
Kaste, M. (2015, July 27). The ‘shock of confinement’: The grim reality of suicide in jail. NPR.
https://www.npr.org/2015/07/27/426742309/the-shock-of-confinement-the-grim-reality-
of-suicide-in-jail.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 56
Psychopathology Course Resources
NPR journalist Martin Kaste cites Department of Justice data and provides an opinion on
why suicide rates in jails are generally higher than those in prisons. In contrast to suicide
rates in prisons (16 per 100,000) and in the general population (13 per 100,000), the
higher suicide rates in jails (40 per 100,000) is attributed to “the shock of confinement”
experienced by those in jail, because many of those incarcerated have never been in
serious legal trouble before.
Kaufman, J., Gelernter, J., Hudziak, J., Tyrka, A. R., & Coplan, J. D. (2015, August). The
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project and studies of risk and resilience in maltreated
children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(8),
617–625. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515569/
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project was initiated to develop, for research
purposes, new ways of classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable
behavior and neurobiological measures.
Kay, T. (1990). To dance with the white dog: A novel of life, loss, mystery, and hope. Atlanta,
GA: Peachtree Publishers.
Keck, P. E., Pope, H. G., Hudson, J. I., McElroy, S. L., & Kulick, A. R. (1988, February).
Lycanthropy: Alive and well in the twentieth century. Psychological Medicine, 18(1),
113–120. https://doi:10.1017/S003329170000194X
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
A study of lycanthropy from the McLean Hospital reported on a series of cases and
proposed some diagnostic criteria by which lycanthropy could be recognized: (1) A
patient reports in a moment of lucidity or reminiscence that they sometimes feel as an
animal or have felt like one. (2) A patient behaves in a manner that resembles animal
behavior, for example howling, growling, or crawling. Keck et al. note that, although the
condition seems to be an expression of psychosis, there is no specific diagnosis of mental
or neurological illness associated with its behavioral consequences.
Kiesler, D. J. (1966). Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm.
Psychological Bulletin, 65, 100-136.
Donald Kiesler, Ph.D. (1933-2007) was the author of an article (one of twelve “classic
articles” in the field of clinical psychology) that identified the patient uniformity myth, an
idea that forever changed how psychotherapy research was conducted. Kiesler was a
great clinical training director when I was in school, and many of us doctoral students
were glad that earlier in his life he decided to become a psychologist rather than
remaining in seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest.
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P.
(2012, September). Does the perception that stress affects heath matter? The association
with health and morality. Health Psychology, 31(5) 677-684. doi: 10.1037/a0026743.
Epub 2011 Dec 26.
Keller, M. B., McCullough, J. P., Klein, D. N., Arnow, B. A., Rush, A. J., Nemeroff, C. B.,
Ninan, P. T., Kocsis, J. H., Schatzberg, A., Thase, M. E., Miller, V., Keitner, G., &
Markowitz, J.C. (2000). A comparison of nefazadone, the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis
System of Psychotherapy and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression.
New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 1462-1470.
Kendler, K. S., Muñoz, R. A., & Murphy, G. (2009). The development of the Feighner criteria:
A historical perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 134-142.
This article provides a history of the Feighner criteria, which were the predecessors of the
research diagnostic criteria (RDC) that were used by Robert Spitzer, M.D. in the
development of the DSM-III (APA, 1980) diagnostic criteria.
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Zisook, S. (2008). Does bereavement-related major depression
differ from major depression associated with other stressful life events? American
Journal of Psychiatry, 165(11), 1449-1455.
Based on their study of a range of validators in a large-population-based sample of twins,
the authors evaluated whether cases of bereavement-related depression that also met
DSM criteria for “normal grief” were qualitatively distinct from other depressive cases.
The similarities between bereavement-related depression and depression related to other
stressful life events substantially outweigh their differences. The authors question the
validity of the bereavement exclusion for the diagnosis of major depression.
Keo-Meier, C., & Ehrensaft, D. (2018). The gender affirmative model: An interdisciplinary
approach to supporting transgender and gender expansive children. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Kerig, P. K., Wainryb, C., Twali, M. S., & Chaplo, S. D. (2013). America's child soldiers:
Toward a research agenda for studying gang-involved youth in the United States. Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 22(7), 773-795.
https://doi.org/10.1080/109267712013.813883
Kershaw I. (2010). Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Kershaw I. (2010). Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Kessing, L. F., Vradi, E., & Anderson, P. K. (2017). Starting lithium prophylaxis early v. late in
bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 214-220.
Key words: neuroprotective effects of lithium in bipolar disorder
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 58
Psychopathology Course Resources
Kessler, D. (2019, November 5). Finding meaning: The sixth stage of grief. New York, NY:
Scribner.
In 1969, Elisabeth Kübler Ross first identified the stages of dying in her transformative
book On Death and Dying. Decades later, she and David Kessler wrote the classic On
Grief and Grieving, which introduced the stages of grief with the same transformative
pragmatism and compassion. In Finding Meaning, Kessler describes how many people
look for “closure” after a loss. Kessler maintains that finding meaning beyond the stages
of grief (i.e., denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance) can transform grief
into a more peaceful and hopeful experience. Kessler provides a roadmap to
remembering those who have died with more love than pain.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S. Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen,
H., U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994, January). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-
R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity
Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(1), 8-19.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995, December).
Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General
Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048-1060.
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and
comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey
Replication. Achieves of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627.
King, J. H. (2013, August). Understanding and using the DSM-5. Counseling Today, 56(2), 18-
20.
King, J. H. (2013, December). Body dysmorphic disorder and teens. Counseling Today, 56(6),
12-13.
King, J. H. (2013, May). The DSM does not make diagnoses. Counseling Today, 56(2), 18-21.
King, J. H. (2013, October). Assessment and diagnosis of PTSD and skin-picking disorder
Counseling Today, 56(4), 20-22.
King, J. H. (2014, April). Assessment and diagnosis of feeding, eating, and elimination
disorders. Counseling Today, 56(10), 12-15.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 59
Psychopathology Course Resources
King, J. H. (2014, August). Assessment and diagnosis of depressive disorders and bereavement
disorders. Counseling Today, 57(2), 12-15.
King, J. H. (2014, February). Assessment and diagnosis of sexual and gender-related disorders
Counseling Today, 56(8), 12-13.
King, J. H. (2014, July). Assessment and diagnosis of dissociative and trauma- and stressor-
related disorders. Counseling Today, 57(1), 12-15.
King, J. H. (2014, June). Assessment and diagnosis of anxiety, somatic symptom, and related
disorders. Counseling Today, 56(12), 12-15.
King, J. H. (2014, March). Assessment and diagnosis of sleep-wake cycle disorder Counseling
Today, 56(9), 12-15.
King, J. H. (2014, May). Assessment and diagnosis of psychotic and bipolar-related disorders.
Counseling Today, 56(11), 12-15.
King, J. H. (July 2014). Clinical application of the DSM-5 in private counseling practice. The
Professional Counselor, 4(3), 202-215. doi:10.15241/jhk.4.3.2.2
King, M. D., & Bearman, P. S. (2009, October). Diagnostic change and the increased prevalence
of autism. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(5), 1224-1234. doi:
10.1093/ije/dyp261
King, M. D., & Bearman, P. S. (2011, April 1). Socioeconomic status and the increased
prevalence of autism in California. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 320-346.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 60
Psychopathology Course Resources
King, M. D., Fountain, C., Dakhlallah, D., Bearman, P. S. (2009, September). Estimated autism
risk and older reproductive age. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1673-1679.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.149021
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Defining and quantifying the
social phenotype in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 895–908.
Knoll, J. L., IV. (2019, March). Duty of care and informed consent. Psychiatric Times, 36(3), 4-
5.
Dr. James Knoll, a psychiatrist, discusses liability implications of neuroleptic malignant
syndrome (NMS), as well as other clinical and legal aspects of informed consent with
psychiatric patients. There is also an analysis and commentary related to the U.S.
Supreme Court’s decision in Zinermon v. Burch (1990). Dr. Knoll is Director of Forensic
Psychiatry and Professor of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse,
NY.
Kohn, D. (2015, June 24). When gut bacteria change brain function. The Atlantic.
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/
The author reviews evidence of the gut-brain axis and how gut bacteria can influence or
contribute to anxiety, depression, and even neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.
Two bacteria, lactobacillus and bifidobacterium, reduce anxiety-like behavior in mice.
Humans also carry strains of these bacteria in their guts.
Konorski, J., & Miller, M. (1937). On two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General
Psychology, 16, 264-272.
The authors discuss Type 1 and Type 2 conditioning and address Skinner’s (1935) article.
Korb, D. (2015). The upward spiral: Using neuroscience to reverse the course of depression, one
small change at a time. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Krishna, S. (2019, December). Sexting: The technological evolution of the sexual revolution.
Psychiatric Times, 36(12), 24-25.
Kroeger, C. C. & Evans, M. J. (2009). The women’s study Bible: New Living Translation (2nd
ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-529125-4
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
Catherine Clark Kroeger has written that several parts of the Bible refer to King
Nebuchadnezzar’s behavior in the book of Daniel 4 as a being manifestation of clinical
lycanthropy.
Kruijver, F. P. M., Zhou, J. N., Pool, C. W., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G., & Swaab, D. F.
Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus (2000).
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(5), 2034–2041.
Kuchera, B. (2017, December 14). Loot boxes are the video game issue of the year.
https://www.polygon.com/2017-best-games/2017/12/14/16772900/loot-boxes-loot-
crates-2017
Key words: Gaming disorder
Kupfer, D. J., First, M. B., & Reiger, D. A. (2002). A research agenda for DSM-V. Arlington,
VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Lambert, M. J. (1992). Psychotherapy outcome research: Implications for integrative and eclectic
therapists. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy
integration. New York, NY: Basic Books.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 62
Psychopathology Course Resources
Lambert, M. J., & Bergin, A. E. (1994). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin &
S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavioral change: An empirical
analysis (pp. 143-184). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Lankford, A., & Madfis, E. (2018, February 1). Don’t name them, don’t show them, but report
everything else: A pragmatic proposal for denying mass killers the attention they seek
and deterring future offenders. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 260-279. [Article
first published online: September 5, 2017; Issue published: February 1, 2018.]
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217730854 Media contagion effect
Abstract: Prior research has shown that many mass shooters have explicitly admitted they
want fame and have directly reached out to media organizations to get it. These fame-
seeking offenders are particularly dangerous because they kill and wound significantly
more victims than other active shooters, they often compete for attention by attempting to
maximize victim fatalities, and they can inspire contagion and copycat effects. However,
if the media changes how they cover mass shooters, they may be able to deny many
offenders the attention they seek and deter some future perpetrators from attacking. We
propose that media organizations should no longer publish the names or photos of mass
shooters (except during ongoing searches for escaped suspects), but report everything
else about these crimes in as much detail as desired. In this article, we (1) review the
consequences of media coverage of mass shooters, (2) outline our proposal, (3) show that
its implementation is realistic and has precedent, (4) discuss anticipated challenges, and
(5) recommend future steps for consensus building and implementation. Adam Lankford,
Ph.D. is an associate professor of criminology and criminal justice at The University of
Alabama. Eric Madfis, Ph.D. is an associate professor of criminal justice at The
University of Washington Tacoma.
Larsen, Randy J., & Buss, David M. (2002). Personality psychology: Domains of knowledge
about human nature. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, A. A. (1981). The practice of multimodal therapy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Leahy, R. L., Holland, S. J. F., & McGinn, L. K. (2012). Treatment plans and interventions for
depression and anxiety disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Robert L. Leahy, Ph.D., Stephen J. F. Holland, Psy.D., and Lata K. McGinn, Ph.D.
provide basic information on depression and the six major anxiety disorders; step-by-step
instructions for evidence-based assessment and intervention; illustrative case examples;
and practical guidance for writing reports and dealing with third-party payers. The book
includes 74 reproducible client handouts, homework sheets, and therapist forms for
assessment and record keeping. Also includes is a CD-ROM that enables clinicians to
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 63
Psychopathology Course Resources
develop individualized treatment plans, print extra copies of the forms, and find
information on frequently prescribed medications.
Les, J. (2020, July 27). A psychological exploration of Zoom fatigue. Psychiatric Times.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychological-exploration-zoom-
fatigue?eKey=d2RvdmVyc3Bpa2VAZW1vcnkuZWR1
Key words: Zoom fatigue
Jena Lee, M.D. provides a discussion of a phenomena that affects more than 300 million
daily participants of Zoom. Causal factors include millisecond delays in virtual verbal
responses, which negatively affect our interpersonal perceptions. Cognitive factors may
include the increased ability to virtually multitask during Zoom meetings, which
threatens the user’s attentional capacity. Lack of direct mutual gaze may be a factor,
given that eye contact improves connection—faster responses, more memorization of
faces, and increased likeability and attractiveness. In contrast, gaze during video
conferences must be directed at the camera to appear as if one is making eye contact with
an observer. As a result, during video conferences with three or more people, it can be
impossible to distinguish mutual gaze between any two people. Lack of nonverbal cues
may also be a factor contributing to fatigue. Nonverbal cues are not only used to acquire
information about others, but are also directly used to prepare an adaptive response and
engage in reciprocal communication, all in a matter of milliseconds. By contrast, most
cues in video conferences are difficult to visualize, since the same environment is not
shared (limiting joint attention) and both subtle facial expressions and full bodily gestures
may not be captured. Without the help of these unconscious cues on which we have relied
since infancy to socioemotionally assess each other and bond, compensatory cognitive
and emotional effort is required. In addition, this increased cost competes for people’s
attention with acutely elevated distractions such as multitasking, the home environment
(e.g., family, lack of privacy), and their mirror image on the screen. Overall,
videoconferences can be associated with low reward and high cost.
Lea, T. (1944). Marines call it that 2,000 yard stare. Life Magazine.
In 1944, Life Magazine published the painting titled “Marines Call It That 2,000 Yard
Stare,” by World War II artist Tom Lea.
Lee, Y. H., Cherkerzian, S., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2019, October 4). Maternal bacterial infection
during pregnancy and offspring risk of psychotic disorders: variation by severity of
infection and offspring sex. American Journal of Psychiatry. October 4, 2019;Epub ahead
of print.
Lee and colleagues investigated the association between maternal bacterial infections during
pregnancy and psychosis risk. They considered 16,188 live births enrolled between 1959 and
1966 at the Boston and Providence sites of the Collaborative Perinatal project, currently known as
the New England Family Study. Parents and offspring (who are now in their 50s) with psychotic
disorders were identified. A total of 15,421 participants were included in the final analytic
sample. Lee and colleagues identified 3% multisystemic and 21% localized infections among the
mothers during pregnancy. Localized infections included vaginitis, urinary tract infections,
pneumonia, syphilis, gonorrhea, and tuberculosis. Psychotic disorders were 3-fold more likely to
develop in males after maternal infection, whereas there was no difference in females. The
authors concluded that maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy was significantly associated
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 64
Psychopathology Course Resources
with the development of schizophrenia and related psychoses among offspring, with stronger
effects for multisystemic than localized infections, especially in males.
Leibenluft, E. (2011). Severe mood dysregulation, irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of
Bipolar Disorder in youths. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(2), 129-142.
Lester, R., & Petrie, T. A. (1998). Prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and bulimia nervosa
in a sample of Mexican American female college students. Journal of Multicultural
Counseling & Development, 26(3), 157-165.
Levin, J., & Fox, J. A. (1985). Mass murder: America’s growing menace. New York, NY:
Plenum Publishing Corporation.
Jack Levin, Ph.D., a professor of sociology at Northwestern University, and James Alan
Fox, Ph.D., a professor of criminal justice at Northwestern University, discuss
psychological and sociological factors relevant to the chilling profiles of compulsive
murders such as Ted Bundy, Charles Manson, and the Hillside Strangler.
Levitan, R. (2020, April 20). The infection that’s silently killing Coronavirus patients.
https://www.nytimes.com/
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Richard Levitan, MD, an emergency physician in Littleton, NH, is president of Airway
Cam Technologies, a company that teaches courses in intubation and airway
management. Dr. Levitan explains how a pulse oximeter can provide early warning of the
kinds of breathing problems associated with COVID-19 pneumonia. This article was
linked to the listserv of one state psychological association and has been of interest to
psychotherapists who treatment patients with Illness Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Panic Disorder. The article
describes many patients presenting to emergency rooms with advanced COVID-19
pneumonia and low oxygen levels but without subjective complaints of breathing
problems (termed “silent hypoxia”). Some of the details of the article can trigger some
patients with health anxiety (e.g., “By the time patients have noticeable trouble breathing
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 65
Psychopathology Course Resources
and present to the hospital with dangerously low oxygen levels, many will ultimately
require a ventilator”). This phenomenon has some similarities to so-called “dry
drowining” that is sometimes a target fear of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.
The article advocates buying pulse oximeters, which at the time of the COVID-19
shelter-in-place restrictions may be difficult to obtain, thus further increasing anxiety
among affected anxious patients who don’t have them.
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive
self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261-270.
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2018). Conducting
neuropsychological assessment with transgender individuals. Neuropsychological
Assessment, 32(8), 1393-1410.
Li, N. P., & Kanazawa, S. (2016). Country roads, take me home… to my friends: How
intelligence, population density, and friendship affect modern happiness. British Journal
of Psychology, 107(4), 675-697. First published:04 February 2016
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12181
Norman P. Li and Satoshi Kanazawa propose the savanna theory of happiness, which
suggests that it is not only the current consequences of a given situation but also its
ancestral consequences that affect individuals’ life satisfaction and explains why such
influences of ancestral consequences might interact with intelligence. The authors choose
two varied factors that characterize basic differences between ancestral and modern
life—population density and frequency of socialization with friends—as empirical test
cases. As predicted by the theory, population density is negatively, and frequency of
socialization with friends is positively, associated with life satisfaction. More
importantly, the main associations of life satisfaction with population density and
socialization with friends significantly interact with intelligence, and, in the latter case,
the main association is reversed among the extremely intelligent. More intelligent
individuals experience lower life satisfaction with more frequent socialization with
friends. In one sense, the very intelligent would seem to be happier if they were left
alone. This study highlights the utility of incorporating evolutionary perspectives in the
study of subjective well‐being. See also Sloat (2016).
Libon, D. J., Lamar, M., Swenson, R. A., & Heilman, K. H. (2020, January 23). Vascular
disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and mild cognitive impairment: Advancing an integrated
approach. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
LifeWay Research. (2014). Study of acute mental illness and Christian faith: Research report.
Nashville, TN: Author. http://www.lifewayresearch.com/files/2014/09/Acute-Mental-
Illness-and-Christian-Faith-Research-Report-1.pdf
Lindamer, L. A., Lohr, J. B., Harris, M. J., & Jeste, D. V. (1997). Gender, estrogen, and
schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33(2), 221-228.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 66
Psychopathology Course Resources
Linder, D. (2002). Famous American trials: The John Hinkley trial (1982).
http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hinckley/hinckleytrial.html
Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying
alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: the reasons for living inventory. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 276-286.
The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL-48) is available online:
http://tools.farmacologiaclinica.info/index.php
Livermore, J., Malmquist, C., & Meehl, P. (1968). On the justification for civil commitment.
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 117, 75-96.
Loeber, R., Pardini, D., Homish, D. L., Wei, E. H., Crawford, A. M., Farrington, D. P., et al.
(2005). The prediction of violence and homicide in young men. Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1074-1088.
Loring M., & Powell, B. (1988, March). Gender, race, and DSM-III: A study of the objectivity of
psychiatric diagnostic behavior. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29(1), 1-22.
doi:10.2307/2137177
Løvaas, O. L. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning
in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 3-9.
doi: 10.1027/0022-006X.55.1.3
Loucks, L., Yasinski, C., Norrholm, S. D., Maples-Keller, J., Post, L., Zwiebach, L., Fiorillo, D.,
Goodlin, M., Jovanovic, T., Rizzo, A. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2019, January). You can
do that?!: Feasibility of virtual reality exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD due to
military sexual trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 55-63.
10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.004. Epub 2018 Jun 18.
Keywords: Military, Virtual Reality (VR), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),
Military Sexual Trauma
Researchers at the Emory University School of Medicine conducted an initial feasibility
study that examined the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRE) in the treatment of
military sexual trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder (MST-related PTSD), with
newly developed content tailored to MST. Participants included 15 veterans (26% male)
with MST-related PTSD. Assessment of PTSD, depression, and psychophysiological
indicators of distress occurred at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 67
Psychopathology Course Resources
Treatment included 6-12 VRE sessions. There were significant reductions in pre- to post-
treatment PTSD and depressive symptoms, which were maintained at follow-up. There
also was a significant pre- to post-treatment reduction in heart rate response to a trauma
cue. The percentage of participants meeting PTSD criteria continued to decline from
post-treatment (53%) to follow-up (33%). Findings indicate VRE can be safely delivered
and is a promising treatment for MST-related PTSD. As a parenthetical comment, it
might be pointed out that the title of the article contains one of the most unusual
combinations of punctuation in a scholar journal.
Ludwig, J., Marcotte, D. E., & Norberg, K. (2009). Anti-depressants and suicide. Journal of
Health Economics, 28(3), 659-676.
Lukiankoff, G., & Hardt, J. (2015, September). The coddling of the American mind.
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-
mind/399356/
MacKenzie, D. (2019, January 23). We may finally know what causes Alzheimer’s – and how to
stop it. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2191814-we-may-finally-know-what-
causes-alzheimers-and-how-to-stop-it/
Although it is not a scholarly article, Debora MacKenzie provides a brief discussion of
evidence that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacteria that causes chronic gum disease, may
contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease ,in which the build up of amyloid
proteins may be as a defense against P. gingivalis.
Madigan, L., & Gamble, N. C. (1991). The second rape: Society’s continued betrayal of the
victim. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Majid, F., Ali, M., Somayeh, M., & Cyrus, R. (2020). Neurobiology of COVID-19. Journal of
Alzheimer's Disease, 76(1), 3-19. https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-
alzheimers-disease/jad200581
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
In an effort to integrate the multiple disease processes that occur in COVID-19 infections,
these authors have integrated several concepts and have proposed a three-stage system to
classify neurological complications from the disease. Stage 1 may involve damage to the
epithelial cells in the nose and mouth, which may account for the reduction in sense of taste and
smell. Stage 2 seems to involve an inflammatory response that leads to the formation of blood
clots, which can cause strokes. Stage 3 involves a cytokine storm (i.e., an explosive inflammatory
response), which can damage the blood-brain barrier. This may allow inflammatory cells and
molecules—and possibly viral particles—to enter the brain. Patients may develop seizures,
confusion, coma, or encephalopathy.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 68
Psychopathology Course Resources
Makinson, R. A., & Young, J. S. (2012). Cognitive behavioral therapy and the treatment of
Posttraumatic stress disorder: Where counseling and neuroscience meet. Journal of
Counseling and Development, 90(2), 131-140.
Manangan, L. P., Sehulster, L. M., Chiarello, L., Simonds, D. N., & Jarvis, W. R. (1998,
October). Risk of infectious disease transmission from a common communion cup.
American Journal of Infection Control, 26(5), 538-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-
6553(98)70029-X
Key words: COVID-10, Coronavirus
Within the CDC, the consensus of the National Center for Infectious Diseases and the
National Center for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases,
and Tuberculosis is that a theoretic risk of transmitting infectious diseases by using a
common communion cup exists, but that the risk is so small that it is undetectable
Experimental studies have shown that bacteria and viruses can contaminate a common
communion cup and survive despite the alcohol content of the wine. Therefore, an ill
person or asymptomatic carrier drinking from the common cup could potentially expose
other members of the congregation to pathogens present in saliva. Were any diseases
transmitted by this practice, they most likely would be common viral illnesses, such as
the common cold. However, a recent study of 681 persons found that people who receive
Communion as often as daily are not at higher risk of infection compared with persons
who do not receive communion or persons who do not attend Christian church services at
all. In summary, the risk for infectious disease transmission by a common communion
cup is very low, and appropriate safeguards—that is, wiping the interior and exterior rim
between communicants, use of care to rotate the cloth during use, and use of a clean cloth
for each service—would further diminish this risk. In addition, churches may wish to
consider advising their congregations that sharing the communion cup is discouraged if a
person has an active respiratory infection (i.e., cold or flu) or moist or open sores on their
lips (e.g., herpes).
Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A. et al. (2012). Persistent cannabis users who neuropsychiatric
decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA,
109, E2857-E2664.
A cohort of 1,027 individuals in Dunedin, New Zealand born in 1972 or 1973 were
evaluated every 2 years from birth up to age 38, with 95% retention. Cannabis use was
monitored and IQ testing was performed at ages 8, 11, 13, and 38. Individuals with
persistent cannabis use that began during the adolescent years lost an average of 8 IQ
points. In contrast, individuals who began using as adults had no decline in their IQ score.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 69
Psychopathology Course Resources
These data support the likelihood of a neurotoxic effect with the regular use of cannabis
in the developing brain, resulting in an enduring decline in cognitive function.
Maslow. A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper & Bros.
Massie, H. N, Miranda, G. Snowdon, D. A., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., Dannner, D.,
Markesbery, W. R., Kemper, S. J., & Mortimer, J. A. (1996). Linguistic ability in early
life and Alzheimer disease in late life. Journal of the American Medical Association,
275(24), 1879.
Maté, G. (2010). In the realm of hungry ghosts: Close encounters with addiction. Berkeley, CA:
North Atlantic Books.
McCarter, S. J., St. Louis, E. K., & Boeve, B. F. (2012). REM sleep behavior disorder and REM
sleep without atonia as an early manifestation of degenerative neurological disease.
Current Neurological and Neuroscience Reports, 12, 182-192.
McCarty, R., & Mathews, C. A. (2017, September). Hoarding throughout the life span.
Psychiatric Times, 34(9), 35-38.
McClelland, J. E., & Dorn, H. (2006. Science and technology in world history (2nd ed.).
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
The first edition of this book was published in 1999.
McCullough, Jr., J. P. (2000). Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis
system of psychotherapy (CBASP). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McCullough, Jr., J. P., Schramm, E., & Penberthy, J. K. (2015). CBASP as a distinctive
treatment for persistent depressive disorder. New York, NY: Routledge.
McGue, M., & Lykken, D. T. (1992). Genetic, influence on risk of divorce. Psychological
Science, 3(6), 368-373.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 70
Psychopathology Course Resources
McMugh, M. L. (2012, October 22). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica
(Zagreb), 22(3), 276–282. Published online October 15, 2012.
Mary L. McHugh (2012) has suggested that Cohen’s interpretation of kappa may be too
lenient for health related studies because it implies that a score as low as 0.41 might be
acceptable. For this reason, McHugh has recommended that both kappa and percent
agreement should be used in studies of healthcare.
McMullin, R. E. (2000). The new handbook of cognitive therapy techniques. (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Clinical psychologist Rian McMullin, Ph.D. (2000, p. 194) makes the following
observations: “Logical fallacies are unsubstantiated assertions that are often delivered
with a conviction that makes them sound as though they are proven facts. ...Whatever
their origins, fallacies can take on a special life of their own when they are popularized in
the media and become part of a national credo.”
McKenzie, J. F., Pinger, R. R., & Kotecki, J. E. (2008). An introduction to community health.
Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Mednick, S., with Ehrman, E. (2006). Take a nap! Change your life. New York, NY: Workman
Publishing.
Sara Mednick, Ph.D., sleep researcher at the University of California, Riverside, focuses
on four types of naps:
20 minutes (for energy and alertness) includes two minutes of Stage 1 sleep and
18 minutes of Stage 2.
35 minutes (energy, alertness and mind-clearing) includes two minutes of Stage
1, 23 minutes of Stage 2, and 10 minutes of Slow-wave sleep.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 71
Psychopathology Course Resources
60 to 75-minutes (all the above, plus a creativity boost) includes two minutes of
Stage 1, 28 minutes of Stage 2, 25 minutes of Slow-wave and five to 20 minutes
of REM.
90-minutes (the “perfect nap” because it mimics the balance of stages during
nocturnal sleep), includes five minutes of Stage 1, 35 of Stage 2, 25 minutes of
slow-wave, and 25 minutes of REM.
Dr. Mednick also provides a Nap Wheel that can be used to calculate the “perfectly
balanced state” in which Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Slow-Wave sleep (SWS) are
equally proportioned, and where “The Ultimate Nap” occurs. Naps occurring before this
crossing point will have more REM and naps occurring after will have more SWS. The
Nap Wheel is available at this link: https://saramednick.com/htmls/book/napwheel.htm
Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150(3699), 971-
979.
Melzack, R. (1996). Gate control theory: On the evolution of pain concepts. Pain Forum, 5, 128-
138.
Melton, J. Gordon. (2007, January 1). The encyclopedia of religious phenomena. Canton, MI:
Visible Ink Press. Page 359.
Mercante, G., Ferreli, F., De Virgilio, A. et al. (2020, June 18). Prevalence of taste and smell:
Dysfunction in Coronavirus Diesase 2019. JAMA Otolaryngology: Head & Neck
Surgery, 146(8), 723-728.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2767510
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Abstract: This survey study of 204 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 found that taste
reduction was present in 55.4% of patients, whereas smell reduction was present in 41.7% of
patients. Severe nasal obstruction was uncommon at the onset of the disease (7.8%). The authors
suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 should be suspected when severe reduction of taste and
smell are present in the absence of nasal obstruction. See also Majid, Ali, Somayeh, and Cyrus
(2020) and Multiple Disease Processes (2020).
Full authorship includes the following: Giuseppe Mercante, M.D., Fabio Ferreli, M.D.,
Armando De Virgilio, M.D., Ph.D., Francesca Gaino, M.D., Matteo Di Bari, M.D.,
Giovanni Colombo, M.D., Elena Russo, M.D., Andrea Costantino, M.D., Francesca
Pirola, M.D., Giovanni Cugini, M.D., Luca Malvezzi, M.D., Emanuela Morenghi, M.S.,
Ph.D., Elena Azzolini, M.D., Michele Lagioia, M.D., and Giuseppe Spriano, M.D.
Michalopoulos, L. M., Unick, G. J., Haroz, E. E., Bass, J., Murray, L. K., & Bolton, P. A. (2015).
Exploring the fit of western PTSD models across three non-western low- and middle-income
countries. Traumatology, 21(2), 55-63.
Mielke, M. M. (2018, November 30). Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer disease dementia.
Psychiatric Times, 35(11), 14-15, 17. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-
reports/sex-and-gender-differences-alzheimer-disease-dementia
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 72
Psychopathology Course Resources
Miller, B. (2018, October 8). Sleep disorders in early psychosis: New research.
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/sleep-disorders-early-psychosis-new-
research?rememberme=1&elq_mid=3687&elq_cid=860775
Miller, N. S., & Mahler, J. C., & Gold, M. S. (1991). Suicide risk associated with drug and
alcohol dependence. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 10(3), 49-61.
Miller, J. J. (2019, April 15). Is it time to legalize cannabis? [Editorial]. Psychiatric Times, 36(4),
8-9.
In his editorial, John Miller, M.D. provides a brief literature review and discusses two
potentially serious adverse effects from the regular use of cannabis (THC) on the
developing brain: “increased incidence and earlier onset of psychosis in individuals
already at risk and cognitive impairments that can be irreversible. Ideally, as with alcohol
and cigarettes, cannabis should not be used until the brain is fully developed, somewhere
between the ages of 21 and 25” (p. 9).
Miller, M., Azrael, D., Hemenway, D., & Solop, F. (2002, November). ‘Road rage’ in Arizona:
Armed and dangerous: Analysis and Prevention, 34(6), 807-814.
Key words: Road rage, Trigger effect, Weapons effect
Abstract: Little is known about the relationship between firearm carrying and hostile
behavior on the roadway. To explore a possible association between firearm carrying by
drivers and hostile driving behavior [the authors] conducted a random-digit-dial survey of
790 licensed drivers in Arizona. In addition to demographic questions, [the authors]
asked whether respondents had carried a gun while driving in the 12 months prior to the
survey. Respondents were also asked if they, in anger, had personally made obscene
gestures, cursed or shouted at other drivers, impeded another drivers progress with their
vehicle, aggressively ‘followed another driver too closely’, or brandished a gun at another
driver. [The authors] used multivariable logistic regression to explore correlates of hostile
driving behavior while taking into account several demographic and behavioral
characteristics. Overall 11% of drivers always (4%) or sometimes (7%) carried a gun
with them in their vehicle; 34% report having made obscene gestures/cursed/shouted
angrily; 28% report aggressively following or blocking other drivers with their vehicle. In
both crude and multivariate adjusted analyses, self-report of engaging in hostile behavior
while driving was significantly more common among men, young adults, and individuals
who carried a firearm in their car. [The authors’] findings suggest that, at least among
Arizona motorists, having a gun in the car is a strong marker for aggressive and illegal
behavior behind the wheel.
Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal
adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Millon, T. (Ed.). (1967). Theories of psychopathology and personality: Essays and critiques.
New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 73
Psychopathology Course Resources
Millon, T. (Ed.). (1973). Theories of psychopathology and personality: Essays and critiques [2nd
ed.]. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Mills, S., & Hedderly, T. (2014, January). A guide to childhood motor stereotypies, tic disorders
and the Tourette spectrum for the primary care practitioner. Ulster Medical Journal,
83(1), 22-30.
Mistler, B. J., Reetz, D. R., Krylowicz, B., Barr, V. (2013). The Association for University and
College Counseling Center Directors Annual Survey: Reporting period: September 1,
2011 through August 31, 2012. Indianapolis, IN: Association for University and College
Counseling Center Directors.
http://files.cmcglobal.com/Monograph_2012_AUCCCD_Public.pdf
Ninety-five percent of college counseling center directors surveyed said the number of
students with significant psychological problems is a growing concern in their center or
on campus, according to the latest Association for University and College Counseling
Center Directors (AUCCCD; 2013) survey of counseling center directors. Seventy
percent of directors believe that the number of students with severe psychological
problems on their campus has increased in the past year. Anxiety continues to be the most
predominant presenting concern among college students (41.6%), followed by depression
(36.4%), and relationship problems (35.8%). Other common concerns are suicidal
ideation (16.1%), alcohol abuse (9.9%), sexual assault (9.2), ADHD (8.9%), and self-
injury (8.7%). On average, 24.5 percent of clients were taking psychotropic medications.
However, 19 percent of directors report the availability of psychiatric services on their
campus is inadequate. Directors report that 21 percent of counseling center students
present with severe mental health concerns, while another 40 percent present with mild
mental health concerns. Less than one percent (.3%) of directors reported that their center
offered online counseling.
Mithoefer, M. C., Mithoefer, A. T., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Wagner, M., Wymer, J.,
Holland, J., Hamilton, S., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2018, May 1).
3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-
traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: A
randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. The Lancet Psychiatry
[Online First]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30135-4
Moffatt, G. (2017, August). The difficulties of duty to warn. Counseling Today, 60(2), 8-9.
Moffic, H. S., (2015, March 2). Gender identity, Bruce Jenner, and me. Psychiatric Times.
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/couch-crisis/gender-identity-bruce-jenner-and-
me?rememberme=1&elq_mid=4136&elq_cid=860775
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 74
Psychopathology Course Resources
Mokdad, A. H., Marks, J. S., Stroup, D. F., & Gerberding, J. L. (2004, March 10). Actual causes
of death in the United States, 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association,
291(10), 1238-1245.
Moody, P. A. (1970). Introduction to evolution [3rd ed.]. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Original book was published in 1953 and second edition was published in 1962.
Moore, L. A., Aarons, G. A., Davis, J. H., & Novins, D. K. (2015). How do providers serving American
Indians and Alaska Natives with substance abuse problems define evidence-based treatment?
Psychological Services, 12(2), 92-100.
Morina, N., Wincerts, J. M., Lobbrecht, J., & Priebe, S. (2014). Remission from post-traumatic
stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome
studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 249-255. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.002
Morina and colleagues conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis on
spontaneous long-term remission rates (i.e., without specific treatment) of post-traumatic
stress disorder in adults. Across all studies, remission rates varied between 8% and 89%,
with an average of 44.0%. Publications on PTSD related to natural disaster reported the
highest mean of remission rate (60.0%), whereas those on PTSD related to physical
disease reported the lowest mean of remission rate (31.4%). The authors conclude that
long-term remission from PTSD without specific treatment varies widely and is higher in
studies with the baseline within five months following trauma.
Moffic, H. S. (2019, November 7). The Goldwater Rule: What would Freud and Frankl have
done? Psychiatric Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/couch-crisis/goldwater-rule-
what-would-freud-and-frankl-have-
done?rememberme=1&elq_mid=9527&elq_cid=860775&GUID=D1247D8F-99A3-
42AE-AA11-04774AAE7EEA
Psychiatrist Steven Moffic, MD writes about the views of two European psychiatrists,
Sigmund Freud and Viktor Frankl, in terms the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the
emerging genocidal policies that were being developed by the Nazis at that time. Dr.
Moffic frames his article within the context of the Goldwater Rule, which refers to
Paragraph 3 of Section 7 in the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Principles of
Medical Ethics: “On occasion psychiatrists are asked for an opinion about an individual
who is in the light of public attention or who has disclosed information about
himself/herself through public media. In such circumstances, a psychiatrist may share
with the public his or her expertise about psychiatric issues in general. However, it is
unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 75
Psychopathology Course Resources
an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement (APA,
2013, p. 9). This ethical standard originated as a consequence of events that transpired in
1964, when Fact Magazine published an article titled “The Unconscious of a
Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater.” The magazine polled
US psychiatrists about whether or not US Senator Barry Goldwater was fit to be
president. At that time, criticism of 1964 Republican Presidential candidate Barry
Goldwater ran from his being paranoid and a potential danger by that might lead to a
nuclear war to his presumed homosexuality. Unfortunately, the concerns about
homosexuality were something of psychiatric concern in that era of time. In response,
Senator Goldwater sued FACT Magazine editor Ralph Ginzburg and managing editor
Warren Boroson (Goldwater v. Ginzburg, July, 1969). Goldwater won the lawsuit and
received damages totaling $75,000.00, which would be approximately $500,000.00 in
today’s dollars adjusted for inflation. As a consequence, the outspoken psychiatrists were
publicly shamed. To avert future embarrassment and “wild analysis” (Freud's term for
unfounded speculation), the so-called Goldwater Rule was adapted several years later as
an annotation in the AMA principles of medical ethics for psychiatrists. The rule stated
that it was unethical to provide any psychiatric analysis of a public figure without
personal evaluation and permission of that person. In 2019, as concerns over the current
President’s mental health emerged, the rule was tightened and strengthened.
Molloy, H. & Vasil, L. (2002). The social construction of Asperger Syndrome: The
pathologizing of difference? Disability and Society, 17(6), 659-669.
Moselhy, H. F. (1999). Lycanthropy: New evidence of its origin. Psychopathology, 32(4), 173–
176. https://doi:10.1159/000029086
Key words: Boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
The author describes two cases of clinical lycanthropy. In one case, there is clear
evidence of an organic origin of the syndrome. Lycanthropic intermetamorphosis refers
to rare cases of individuals who believe that other people have transformed into animals.
Motto, J. A. (1976) Suicide prevention for high-risk persons who refuse treatment. Suicide and
Life-Threatening Behavior, 6, 223 -230.
Motto, J. A., & Bostrom, A. G. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide
prevention. Psychiatric Services, 52(6), 828‐833.
Mowrer’s model to explain how, in obsessive compulsive disorder, the escape and
avoidance takes the form of rituals and compulsions.
Mowrer, O. A. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York, NY: Wiley.
Moynihan, D. P. (1993, Winter). Defining deviancy down. American Scholar, 62(1), 17-30.
Murphy, B., Jr. (2017, March 3). Science says parents of the most successful kids do these 10
things. Inc. https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/science-says-parents-of-the-most-
successful-kids-do-these-10-things.html
Myers, K. J., & Lane, W. D. (2021). Counseling veterans: A practical guide. San Diego, CA:
Cognella Academic Publishing.
Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., En, S., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Mogi, K., &
Kikusui, T. (2015, April 17). Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-
dog bonds. Science, 348(6232), 333-336. 10.1126/science.1261022
Abstract Summary: Human-like modes of communication, including mutual gaze, in
dogs may have been acquired during domestication with humans. Nagasawa et al. show
that gazing behavior from dogs, but not wolves, increased urinary oxytocin
concentrations in owners, which consequently facilitated owners’ affiliation and
increased oxytocin concentration in dogs. Further, nasally administered oxytocin
increased gazing behavior in dogs, which in turn increased urinary oxytocin
concentrations in owners. These findings support the existence of an interspecies
oxytocin-mediated positive loop facilitated and modulated by gazing, which may have
supported the coevolution of human-dog bonding by engaging common modes of
communicating social attachment.
Najam, N. & Malik, I. (2003). Psychological problems and dream content of nightmare sufferers
in Pakistan. Dreaming, 13(3), 135-143.
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I.
Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA:
A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatic
Society, 53(4), 695-599. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. PMID 15817019
Few people in the general public knew about this brief screening test until 2018.
According to an NBC News report on January 17, 2018, President Donald Trump was
administered the screening test, reportedly at his request, on or around January 16, 2018.
According to the news report, President Trump insisted on taking the test and passed it
with flying colors, Dr. Ronny Jackson, presidential physician, told reporters.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 77
Psychopathology Course Resources
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013).
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-
CM). Atlanta, GA: Author. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, July
26). Deaths: Leading causes for 2016. National Vital Statistics Reports, 67(6), 1-77.
Atlanta, GA: Author. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019).
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-
CM). Atlanta, GA: Author. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
Coding Note: The 2019 ICD-10-CM codes are to be used from October 1, 2018 through
September 30, 2019.
National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. (2018, April). Understanding posttraumatic
stress disorder: A guide for family and friends. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of
Veterans Affairs. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/
National Institute on Drug Abuse (2019, April). What is kratom? National Institute on drug
Abuse. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/kratom
According to NIDA (2019, p. 1), “Kratom is a tropical tree (Mitragyna speciosa) native
to Southeast Asia, with leaves that contain compounds that can have psychotropic (mind-
altering) effects. Kratom is not currently an illegal substance and has been easy to order
on the internet. It is sometimes sold as a green powder in packets labeled “not for human
consumption. It is also sometimes sold as an extract or gum (NIDA, 2019). Kratom can
cause effects similar to both opioids and stimulants. Two compounds in kratom leaves,
mitragynine and 7-α-hydroxymitragynine, interact with opioid receptors in the brain,
producing sedation, pleasure, and decreased pain, especially when users consume large
amounts of the plant. Mitragynine also interacts with other receptor systems in the brain
to produce stimulant effects. When kratom is taken in small amounts, users report
increased energy, sociability, and alertness instead of sedation. However, kratom can also
cause uncomfortable and sometimes dangerous side effects.
Niesse, M. (2018, August 14). Without legal way to buy medical marijuana, Georgians turn to
CBD. https://www.ajc.com/news/state--regional-govt--politics/without-legal-way-buy-
medical-marijuana-georgians-turn-cbd/gmEJJwVDVFMfqul8h9gSQN/
Neukrug, E. (2018). Counseling theory and practice (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning.
Edward Neukrug, Ed.D., Professor of Counseling and Human Services at Old Dominion
University, is a licensed professional counselor and licensed psychologist. His book is
organized into four primary sections, each of which addresses a theoretical orientation.
Section 1 explores psychodynamic approaches, including psychoanalysis, Jungian
therapy, and Adlerian therapy. Section 2 is devoted to existential-humanistic approaches
such as existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, and person-centered counseling, while
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 78
Psychopathology Course Resources
Newberger, D. S. (2000, August 15). Down syndrome: Prenatal risk assessment and diagnosis.
American Family Physician, 62(4), 825-832, 837-838.
Newschaffer, C. J., Falb, M. D. & Gurney, J. D. (2005). National autism prevalence trends from
United States special education data. Pediatrics, 115, e277-e282.
By 1992, 19 in every 10,000 six-year-old Americans were being diagnosed as autistic.
Newton, C. (2020, March 27). How to stop trolls from taking over your Zoom call.
https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/27/21197090/zoombombing-zoom-stop-how-to-porn-
trolls-video-chat-screen-sharing
Noesner, G. (2010). Stalling for time: My life as an FBI hostage negotiator. New York, NY:
Random House.
Gary Noesner, the FBI’s chief hostage negotiator, recounts harrowing standoffs,
including the Waco siege with David Koresh and the Branch Davidians, the siege at
Waco, the Montana Freemen standoff, and the D.C. sniper attacks. As Noesner observed,
“Listening is the cheapest concession we can ever make” (p. x). As an adage that can
serve psychotherapists, when people are escalating, it’s better to deescalate.
Nolan, J. M., Ford, S., & Kress, V. E. (2005). A comprehensive model for depressive severe and
persistent mental illness on campuses: The new diversity initiative. Journal of College
Counseling, 8(2), 172-179.
Noonan, M., Rohloff, H., & Ginder, S. (2015, August). Mortality in local jails and state prisons,
2000–2013 - Statistical tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2191181/mortality-in-local-jails-and-state-
prisons.pdf
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, suicide has been the leading cause of death
in U.S. jails every year since 2000. In 2013, one third (34%) of jail inmate deaths were
due to suicide. The suicide rate increased 14%, from 40 suicides per 100,000 jail inmates
in 2012 to 46 per 100,000 in 2013.
Norbury, C. F., & Sparks, A. (2013). Difference or disorder? Cultural issues in understanding
neurodevelopmental disorders. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 45-58.
Nussbaum, A. M. (2013). The pocket guide to the DSM-5™ diagnostic exam. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Publishing.
Nutt, D., King, L.A., Saulsbury, W., Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a rational scale to
assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. The Lancet, 369, 1047-1053.
Oates, W. E. (1987). Behind the masks: Personality disorders in religious behavior. The
Westminster Press.
O’Brien, P., & Volkow, N. (2006, May 1). What’s in a word? Addiction versus dependence in
DSM-V. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 764-765.
O’Connor, N. (1989). The performance of the “idiot-savant”: Implicit and explicit. International
Journal of Language & Communication, 24(1), 1-20.
O’Leary, K. D., Heyman, R. E., & Jongsma, A. E. (2011). The couples psychotherapy treatment
planner. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Okamoto, A., Dattilio, F. M., Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2019). The therapeutic
relationship in cognitive–behavioral therapy: Essential features and common challenges.
Practice Innovations, 4(2), 112-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pri0000088
The authors discuss the therapeutic relationship in cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT)
and ways of using relational tools to overcome common challenges encountered by CBT
therapists. Despite an emphasis on techniques and quantifying change mechanisms, the
therapeutic relationship is the context within which interventions occur and is itself a
critical aspect of treatment. The authors discuss various aspects of the client–therapist
relationship, including the concepts of collaboration, empiricism, and Socratic dialogue.
O’Toole, M. E., & Bowman, A. (2011, October 13). Dangerous instincts: How gut feelings
betray us. New York, NY: Hudson Street Press.
Written alone with co-author Alisa Bowman, this book is largely based on the work of a
former FBI Supervisory Special Agent Mary Ellen O’Toole, Ph.D. (2000), who was one of
the most senior profilers until her retirement in 2009.
O’Toole, M. E., & Bowman, A. (2012, October). Dangerous instincts: How gut feelings betray
us. New York, NY: Plume, a Penguin Group.
This edition was previous published by Hudson Street Press.
Oates, W. E. (1987). Behind the masks: Personality disorders in religious behavior. Louisville,
KY: The Westminster Press.
Orr-Andrawes, A. (1987). The case of Anna O.: A neuropsychiatric perspective. Journal of the
American Psychoanalytic Association, 35(2), 387-419.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 80
Psychopathology Course Resources
Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., & Osman, J. R. (1994). Behavioral assessment review: The Reason
for Living Inventory. The Behavior Therapist, 17, 112-113.
The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL-48) is available online:
http://tools.farmacologiaclinica.info/index.php
Osser, D. N. (2019, February 2020). The neuroprotective effects of lithium. Psychiatric Times,
36(2), 21.
Key words: neuroprotective effects of lithium in bipolar disorder
David N. Osser, M.D. discusses the neuroprotective effects of lithium. Osser (p. 21)
states, “Bipolar disorder seems to be characterized by a gradual progressive shrinkage in
some areas of cortical gray matter as well as some tracks of white matter. These losses
are associated with increased neurocognitive impairment.” Osser cites Giakoumatos et al.
(2015), whose research suggests that there may be better preservation of white matter
structural integrity in patients have had with long-term treatment with lithium. Osser
notes that reduction of gray matter volume has been shown to be arrested or even
reversed to some degree by long-term lithium treatment of bipolar patients. Adding that
no other mood stabilizers have been shown to have this neurocognitive protective effect,
Osser (2020, p. 21) observes, “Some ambivalent patients have been persuaded to accept
lithium after reading the article by Giakoumatos and colleagues. (See also Giakoumatos
et al., 2015).
Othmer, E., & Othmer, S. C. (1989). The clinical interview, using DSM-III-R. Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Press.
Othmer, E., & Othmer, S. C. (1994). The clinical interview, using DSM-IV, Volume1:
Fundamentals. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Othmer, E., & Othmer, S. C. (1994). The clinical interview using DSM-IV, Volume 2: The
difficult patient. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Othmer, E., & Othmer, S. C. (2002). The clinical interview, using DSM-IV-TR, Volume1:
Fundamentals [2nd ed.]. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Othmer, E., & Othmer, S. C. (2002). The clinical interview using DSM-IV-TR, Volume 2: The
difficult patient [2nd ed.]. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Overwhelmed. (2016, July 18). The adolescent trans trend: 10 influences. 4th Wave Now.
https://4thwavenow.com/
Owen, D., & Davidson, J. (2009, May 1). Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A
study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years. Brain, 132(5),
1396–1406. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp008
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 81
Psychopathology Course Resources
Ozonoff, S., Dawson, G., & McPartland, J. C. (2014, November 14). A parent’s guide to high-
functioning autism spectrum disorder: How to meet the challenges and help your child
thrive. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Palmer, C. (2019, December). The top 10 journal articles. Monitor on Psychology, 50(11), 44-47.
http://www.apamonitor-
digital.org/apamonitor/201912/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=1&folio=44#pg47
APA staff writer Chris Palmer provides a summary of the 10 most downloaded APA
articles in 2019, a year in which more than 4,500 articles were published in APA’s 89
journals.
Parker, G. (Ed.). (2019). Bipolar II disorder: Modelling, measuring, and managing (3rd ed.).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Psychiatrist Gordon Parker surveyed 18 international experts regarding their treatment of
bipolar II disorder. Based on the opinions of these 18 experts, the results can be
summarized as follows: (1) Ten experts agreed that antidepressants are helpful in bipolar
II but are best used with a mood stabilizer to avoid hypomania, whereas six experts
agreed that antidepressants are best avoided or used with a mood stabilizer as a last resort
in bipolar II. Only one expert held the opinion that antidepressants are helpful in bipolar
II and do not cause hypomania, and only one expert held that antidepressants should
almost always be avoided in bipolar II because of the risk of hypomania and cycling.
SSRIs and bupropion were views as the preferred antidepressants in bipolar II treatment,
because these drugs have the lowest risk of inducing mania. Because the SNRIs carry a
higher risk of mania, the respondents were more split in their opinions on SNRIs. Nearly
all of the experts agreed that the tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase
inhibitors (MAOs) were associated with the highest risk of mania.
Patel, K. S., & Hughes, A. J. (2019). Assessment and treatment of hoarding behavior. Journal of
Health Service Psychology, 45(1), 11-16.
Using a cognitive-behavioral model applied to hoarding disorder, the authors address
information processing deficits, dysfunctional beliefs about possessions, behavioral
avoidance, and emotional attachment to possessions.
Pediaditakis. N. (2019). The dog that did not bark. Psychiatric Times, 36(1), 5. Perlin, M. L.
(2000). The hidden prejudice: Mental disability on trial. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Nicholas Pediaditakis, M.D. shares some thoughts on the pathogenesis and persistence of
prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in view of current genetic
discoveries. Dr. Pediaditakis speculates that the “lopsided asocial” traits in a pool of
vulnerable individuals in whom schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may develop may be
offset by an evolutionary advantage related to some of these same individuals being able
to think in alternative ways, discern mathematical and artistic patterns, and so forth. This
advantageous evolutionary trade-off may help explain the persistence of the 4%
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 82
Psychopathology Course Resources
prevalence for both disorders worldwide in spite of the evolutionary disadvantages (i.e.,
early onset, low fertility, early death).
Pelham, W. E., Page, T. F., Altszuler, A. R., Gnagy, E. M., Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W E.
(2020, February). The long-term financial outcome of children diagnosed with ADHD.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(2), 160-171. doi:
10.1037/ccp0000461. Epub 2019 Dec 2.
The authors drew data from a prospective case-control study (PALS) by following
participants with a rigorous diagnosis of ADHD during childhood (N = 364) and
demographically matched controls (N = 240) for nearly 20 years. Participants and their
parents reported on an array of financial outcomes when participants were 25 and 30
years old. At age 30, adults with a history of ADHD exhibited substantially worse
outcomes than controls on most financial indicators, even when they and their parents no
longer endorsed any DSM symptoms of ADHD. Between ages 25 and 30, probands had
exhibited considerably slower growth than controls in positive financial indicators (e.g.,
monthly income) and substantially less reduction than controls in indicators of financial
dependence (e.g., living with parents), indicating worsening or sustained deficits on
nearly all measures. When earnings trajectories from age 25 to age 30 were extrapolated
using matched census data, male probands were projected to earn $1.27 million less than
controls over their working lifetime, reaching retirement with up to 75% lower net worth.
The authors concluded that the financial deficit of adults with history of childhood
ADHD grows across early adulthood. Projections based on early financial trajectories
suggest very large cumulative differences in earnings and savings.
Phillips, D. P. (1980). Airplane accidents, murder, and the mass media: Towards a theory of
imitation and suggestion. Social Forces, 58(4), 1001-1024.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 83
Psychopathology Course Resources
Phillips, D. P. (1986). Natural experiments on the effects of mass media violence on fatal
aggression: Strengths and weaknesses of a new approach. Advances in Experimental
Social Psychology, 19, 207-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60215-4
Phillips, R. T. M. (2012, June). Predicting the risk of future dangerousness. American Medical
Association Journal of Ethics, 14(6), 462-476. 10.1001/virtualmentor.2012.14.6.hlaw1-
1206
Robert T. M. Phillips, M.D., Ph.D. is an adjunct professor of law at the University of
Maryland School of Law in Baltimore and the 2011 Yochelson Distinguished Professor
of Forensic Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven,
Connecticut. In this article, he argues for “competent and reliable comprehensive clinical
psychiatric risk assessment that is rooted in evidence-based practice standards for
medical evaluation and that considers all relevant clinical and historical information
including data from standardized risk assessment tools” (p. 476).
Pickett, D. Classifications and Public Health Data Standards. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. ICD-10 Coordination and Maintenance
Committee (2018, September 12). Update on ICD-11: The WHO launch and implications
for U.S. implementation. Atlanta, GA: Author. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/icd/ICD-
11-WHOV-CM-2018-V3.pdf
Pies, (2019, August 16). The misplaced media focus on Jeffrey Epstein’s death. Psychiatric
Times. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/couch-crisis/beyond-jeffrey-epsteins-death
This article, formerly titled “Beyond Jeffrey Epstein's Death,” dated August 13, 2019, has
since been updated by the author, psychiatrist Ronald W. Pies, M.D., who discusses the
scandal of incarcerating those with serious mental illness. Citing Bureau of Justice
Statistics, Dr. Pies points out that suicide has been the leading cause of death in U.S. jails
every year since 2000.
Pinto-Wagner, A. (2002). Worried no more: Help and hope for anxious children. Rochester, New York,
NY: Lighthouse Press.
Psychologist Aureen Pinto-Wagner, Ph.D. described the vicious cycle of avoidance (p. 49) in her
book that is designed for parents of anxious children.
Poland, S., & McCormick, J. S. (1999). Coping with a crisis: A resources for schools, parents,
and communities. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
Pope, K. S., & Vasquez, M. J. T. (2016). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical
guide (5th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Among other topics addressed in their book, Pope and Vasquez (2016) provide a list of
26 logical fallacies that can slide into the background of psychotherapy and blend in with
a therapist’s best reasoning. Of particular interests to diagnosticians is the “Nominal
Fallacy” (i.e., the mistake of assuming that because we have given a name to something,
therefore we have explained it). For a review of “Common Logical Fallacies in
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 84
Psychopathology Course Resources
Porges, S.W., & Carter, C. S. (2011). Neurobiology and evolution: Mechanisms, mediators, and
adaptive consequences of caregiving. In S. L. Brown, R. M. Brown, & L. A. Penner
(Eds.). Self interest and beyond: Toward a new understanding of human caregiving (pp.
53-71). New York, NY: Oxford University.
Porges, S. W., & Furman, S. A. (2011). The early development of the autonomic nervous system
provides a neural platform for social behavior: A polyvagal perspective. Infant and Child
Development, 20, 106-118.
Porges, S.W., & Lewis, G. F. (2009). The polyvagal hypothesis: Common mechanisms
mediating autonomic regulation, vocalizations, and listening. In S. M. Brudzynski (Ed.).
Handbook of mammalian vocalizations: An integrative neuroscience approach (pp. 255-
264). Amsterdam: Academic Press.
Porges, S. W., Macellaio, M., Stanfill, S. D., McCue, K., Lewis, G. F., Harden, E. R.,
Handelman, M., Denver, J., Bazhenova, O. V., & Heilman, K. J. (2013). Respiratory
sinus arrhythmia and auditory processing in autism: Modifiable deficits of an integrated
social engagement system? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88, 261-270.
Porges, S.W. (1992). Vagal tone: A physiological marker of stress vulnerability. Pediatrics 90,
498-504.
Porges, S. W. (1995). Cardiac vagal tone: A physiological index of stress. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews, 19, 225-233.
Porges, S. W. (1996). Physiological regulation in high-risk infants: A model for assessment and
potential intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 43-58.
Porges, S. W. (1998). Love: An emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 837-861.
Porges, S. W. (2001). The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system.
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 123-146.
Porges, S. W. (2004). Neuroception: A subconscious system for detecting threat and safety. Zero
to Three: Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 24(5), 19-24.
Porges, S. W. (2005). The vagus: A mediator of behavioral and visceral features associated with
autism. In M. L. Bauman & T. L. Kemper (Eds.). The neurobiology of autism (pp. 65-
78). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Porges, S. W. (2006). Asserting the role of biobehavioral sciences in translational research: The
behavioral neurobiology revolution. Developmental Psychopathology, 18, 923-933.
Porges, S. W. (2009). Reciprocal influences between body and brain in the perception and
expression of affect: A polyvagal perspective. In D. Fosha, D. Siegel, & M. Solomon
(Eds.). The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development, and clinical
practice (pp. 27-54). New York, NY: Norton.
Porges, S. W. (2009). The polyvagal theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the
autonomic nervous system. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 76, S86-90.
Porges, S. W., & Coles, M. G. H. (Eds.) (1976). Psychophysiology. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden,
Hutchinson & Ross.
Prichard, J. R., Cunningham, B., Broek, L., & Hartman, M. (2016, November). The importance
of college sleep: Connections to mental health, retention and academic success. Program
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 86
Psychopathology Course Resources
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992, September). In search of how
people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47(9), 1102-
1114.
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C., & DiClemente, C. C. (1994). Changing for good: A
revolutionary six-stage program for overcoming bad habits and moving your life
positively forward. New York, NY: Avon Books.
Prochaska, J. O., Redding, C. A., & Evers, K. (2002). The transtheoretical model and stages of
change. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & F. M. Lewis, (Eds.) Health behavior and health
education: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc.
Pryor, K. (1984). Don’t shoot the dog: The new art of teaching and training. New York, NY:
Simon and Schuster. [A paperback version of this book was also published in by Bantom
Books in 2006.]
Karen Pryor, who is one of the early proponents of clicker training and the use of operant
principles to train dolphins, provides an insightful and practical discussion of operant
techniques and schedules of reinforcement that are used by professional dog trainers as
well as by psychologists treating behavioral problems.
Puhan, M. A., Suarez, A., Cascio, C. L., Zahn, A., Heitz, M., & Braendli, O. (2006). Didgeridoo
playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: Randomised
controlled trial. British Journal of Medicine, 332, 266-270. doi:
10.1136/bmj.38705.470590.55 (published December 23, 2005.
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7536/266
Radhakrishnan, R., Ranganathan, M., & D’Souza, D. C. (2019, May 7). Medical marijuana:
What physicians need to know. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(5), pii: 18ac12537.
doi: 10.4088/JCP.18ac12537.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 87
Psychopathology Course Resources
Reardon, S. (29 March 2016). Largest ever study of transgender teenagers set to kick off. Nature,
531(7596), 1. http://www.nature.com/
Reid, W. H., & Simpson, S. (2020, September). The right way to avoid malpractice lawsuits.
Psychiatric Times, 37(9), 16-23.
Key words: Liability, malpractice, risk management, suicide
William H. Reid, M.D., PPH and Skip Simpson provide practical tips for helping
patients, decreasing the chance of lawsuits, and increasing the likelihood of winning if a
practitioner is sued. Reid and Simpson emphasize that suicide is by far the most common
factor leading to psychiatric malpractice lawsuits. Recognizing and managing risk, not
“predicting suicide,” is the relevant concern. There are specific measures that are
effective in reducing risk and keeping the clinician within the standard of care.
Reilly, P. M., Shopshire, M. S., Durazzo, T. C., & Campbell, T. A. (2002). Anger management
for substance abuse and mental health clients: Participant workbook. HHS Pub. No.
(SMA) 12-4210. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
https://store.samhsa.gov/system/files/sma12-4210.pdf
Redlich, F. (1998). Hitler: Diagnosis of a destructive prophet. New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.
Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Keeley, J., Hooppell, C., Matsumoto, C., Sharan, P., Robles, R.,
...Medina-Mora, M. E. (2013). Natural taxonomies of mental disorders: Implications for
the clinical utility of the ICD-11 and the DSM-5. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(12),
1191-1212.
Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. (2018). GBTQIA resource center
glossary. https://lgbtqia.ucdavis.edu/educated/glossary.html
Resnick, B. (2018, August 16). 100 million Americans have chronic pain. Very few use one of
the best tools to treat it. https://getpocket.com/explore/item/100-million-americans-have-
chronic-pain-very-few-use-one-of-the-best-tools-to-treat-it
Brian Resnick discusses some of the most common etiological factors involved with pain
(e.g., catastrophizing, central sensitization, “kinesthetic hallucination”). He discusses
some of the most common cognitive behavioral therapy tools used by psychologists when
helping people manage their pain. Some of these tools include reducing catastrophic
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 88
Psychopathology Course Resources
thinking, using somatic tracking exercises, pain processing therapy, encouraging physical
exercise, and so forth.
Richmont Graduate University. (2020). CED 6143: Psychopathology [Syllabus]. Atlanta, GA:
William F. Doverspike. https://ecams.richmont.edu/
Riecher-Rössler, A. (2017). Comment: Sex and gender differences in mental disorders. Lancet
Psychiatry, 4, 63-72.
Riecher-Rössler, A., Butler, S., Kulkarni, J. (2018, May 16). Sex and gender differences in
schizophrenic psychosis: A critical review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health. May 16,
2018; E-pub ahead of print.
Riehm, K. E., Feder, K. A., Tormohlen, K. N., Crum, R. M., Young, A. S., Green, K. M., Pacek,
L. R., La Flair, L. N., & Mojtabai, R. (2019, September 11). Associations between time
spent using social media and internalizing and externalizing problems among U.S. youth.
JAMA Psychiatry, 76(12), 1266-1273. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2325
Is time spent using social media associated with mental health problems among
adolescents? In this cohort study of 6,595 U.S. adolescents, increased time spent using
social media per day was prospectively associated with increased odds of reporting high
levels of internalizing and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems, even after
adjusting for history of mental health problems. Adolescents who spend more than 3
hours per day on social media may be at heightened risk for mental health problems,
particularly internalizing problems.
Rimland, B. (1978). Savant capabilities of autistic children and their cognitive implications.
Cognitive defects in the development of mental illness. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
Ritchie, M. H. (1994). Cultural and gender biases in definitions of mental and emotional health
and illness. Counselor education and supervision, 33(4), 344.
Robinson, F. P. (1978). Effective study (6th ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row
Francis P. Robinson, an American education philosopher, introduced the SQRRR or
SQ3R method. It is a reading comprehension method named for its five steps: survey,
question, read, recite, and review. It offers an active and efficient approach to studying
textbook material. Although it was originally created for college students, it is also useful
for younger students.
Robison, J. E. (2007). Look me in the eye: My life with Asperger’s. New York, NY: Crown
Publishers, Random House.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 89
Psychopathology Course Resources
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-102.
Abstract: For constructive personality change to occur, it is necessary that these
conditions exist and continue over a period of time: (1) Two persons are in psychological
contact. (2) The first, whom shall be termed the client, is in a state of incongruence, being
vulnerable or anxious. (3) The 2nd person, whom shall be termed the therapist, is
congruent or integrated in the relationship. (4) The therapist experiences unconditional
positive regard for the client. (5) The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of
the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to
the client. (6) The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding
and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved.
Rogers, C. R. (1992). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 60(6), 827-832. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
006X.60.6.827
This reprinted article originally appeared in the Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957,
Vol 21, 95–203.
Rose, G. (1981). Strategy of prevention: Lessons from cardiovascular disease. British Medical
Journal, 282, 1847-1851.
British epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose (1981) was the first person to describe a
phenomenon that he termed the prevention paradox. Rose observed the seemingly
contradictory situation in which the majority of cases of a disease occur in people who
are at low or moderate risk of a disease, whereas only a minority of cases of the same
disease occur in high risk segments of a population. This statistical phenomenon occurs
because the number of people at high risk is small, whereas the number of people at
lower risk is large. In the field of substance use disorders, the implication is that greater
societal benefit will occur by achieving a small reduction in substance abuse within a far
larger group of “at-risk” users with less serious problems than by trying to reduce
problems among a smaller number of substance dependent drinkers. The reasoning is
statistical. For example, most alcohol problems are found among substance abusers rather
than substance dependent people.
Rosekind, M. R., Smith, Rr. M., Miller, D. L., Co, E. L., Gregory, K. B., Webbon, L. L., Gander,
P.H., & Lebacqz, J. V. (1995). Alertness management: Strategic naps in operational
settings. Journal of Sleep Research, 4(S2), 62-66.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607214
Clinical psychologist Mark Rosekind, Ph.D. and colleagues at the NASA Ames Research
Center, Moffett Field, California found that “26-minute nap improved performance 34%
and alertness 54%. Pilots in the Rest Group were provided a 40-minute, planned, in-flight
nap opportunity during cruise over water. The 40-minimize nap duration was designed to
minimize the opportunity for the occurrence of slow wave sleep and its duration. In 93%
of the nap opportunities, the rest group crewmembers fell asleep in 5.6 minutes and slept
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 90
Psychopathology Course Resources
for 25.8 minutes. Despite NASA recommendations that astronauts sleep 8 hours a day,
they typically sleep 0.5 to 2.5 hours less in space than they do on Earth—making naps
more important in terms of maintaining mental efficiency and overall health. The article
can also be found at this link: http://human-
factors.arc.nasa.gov/zteam/fcp/pubs/jsr.art.html
Rosenhan, D. L. (1973, January 19). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179(70), 250-258.
doi: 10.1126/science.179.4070.250.PMID 4683124
Rosenthal, M. (2015, March 30). Trauma and addiction: 7 reasons your habit makes perfect
sense. Behavioral Health, Living in Recovery, Living with Addiction.
http://www.recovery.org/pro/articles/trauma-and-addiction-7-reasons-your-habit-makes-
perfect-sense/
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Kooper, R., Opdyke, D., Williford, J. S., North, M. (1995,
April). Effectiveness of computer-generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the
treatment of acrophobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(4), 626-628.
Keywords: Military, Virtual Reality (VR), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),
Trauma
Barbara Rothbaum, Ph.D., who at the time of her early research was affiliated with the
College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, is sometimes cited as the
researcher who first demonstrated the use of virtual reality to treat a psychological
condition (fear of heights). She and her colleagues studied the efficacy of computer-
generated (virtual reality) graded exposure in the treatment of acrophobia (fear of
heights). In this landmark study, 20 college students with acrophobia were randomly
assigned to virtual reality graded exposure treatment (N = 12) or to a waiting-list
comparison group (N = 8). Seventeen students completed the study. Sessions were
conducted individually over 8 weeks. Outcome was assessed by using measures of
anxiety, avoidance, attitudes, and distress associated with exposure to heights before and
after treatment. Significant differences between the students who completed the virtual
reality treatment (N = 10) and those on the waiting list (N = 7) were found on all
measures. The treatment group was described as significantly improved after 8 weeks,
but the comparison group was unchanged.
Rothbaum, B. O., Price, M., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Gerardi, M., Dunlop, B., Davis, M.,
Bradley, B., Duncan, E. J., Rizzo, A., Ressler, K. J. (2014, June). A randomized, double-
blind evaluation of D-cycloserine or alprazolam combined with virtual reality exposure
therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 171(6), 640-648. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121625
Keywords: Virtual Reality (VR), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Trauma
The authors examined the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure augmented with D-cycloserine
or alprazolam, compared with placebo, in reducing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 91
Psychopathology Course Resources
military trauma. After an introductory session, five sessions of virtual reality exposure were
augmented with D-cycloserine (50 mg) or alprazolam (0.25 mg) in a double-blind, placebo-
controlled randomized clinical trial for 156 Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD. The
authors found that PTSD symptoms significantly improved from pre- to posttreatment across all
conditions and were maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months. There were no overall differences in
symptoms between D-cycloserine and placebo at any time. Alprazolam and placebo differed
significantly on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale score at posttreatment and PTSD
diagnosis at 3 months posttreatment; the alprazolam group showed a higher rate of PTSD (82.8%)
than the placebo group (47.8%). Between-session extinction learning was a treatment-specific
enhancer of outcome for the D-cycloserine group only. At posttreatment, the D-cycloserine group
had the lowest cortisol reactivity and smallest startle response during virtual reality scenes.
Ruscio, J. (2004, Spring-Summer). Diagnosis and the behaviors they denote: A critical
evaluation of the labeling theory of mental illness. The Scientific Review of Mental
Health Practice 3(1).
Saks, E. R., with Stephen H. Behnke. (1997). Jekyll on trial: Multiple personality disorder and
criminal law. New York, NY: New York University Press.
Saks, E. R. (2002). Refusing care: Forced treatment and the rights of the mentally ill. Chicago,
IL: University of Chicago Press.
Saks, E. R. (2008). The center cannot hold: My journey through madness. New York, NY:
Hyperion. Copyright © 2007 Elyn R. Saks.
Elyn Saks is Orrin B. Evans Distinguished Professor of Psychology, and Psychiatry and the
Behavioral Sciences at the Gould School of Law; Director of the Saks Institute for Mental
Health Law, Policy, and Ethics, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the UC San Diego, School of
Medicine; and Faculty at the New Center for Psychoanalysis. She was first in her class at
Vanderbilt, won a Marshall Scholarship to Oxford, was editor of the Yale Law Journal,
and has published several books and many articles. She also suffers from a severe chronic
psychiatric illness with recurrent psychotic episodes diagnosed as schizophrenia or
schizoaffective disorder and treated by hospitalization, medication, psychotherapy, and
psychoanalysis. In this extraordinary autobiography, this gifted individual describes her
struggles and how she has lived with her achievements and her suffering.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 92
Psychopathology Course Resources
Saks, E. R. (author), with Shahrokh Golshan, S. (2013). Informed consent to psychoanalysis: The
law, the theory, and the data. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press.
Dr. Elyn Saks (author) and Shahrokh Golshan shed psychoanalytic light on a concept—
informed consent—that has transformed the delivery of health care in the United States. The
discussion raises many questions: Is informed consent required as a matter of positive law? Apart
from statutes and cases, what do the professional organizations say about this? What would be the
elements of a robust informed consent in psychoanalysis? Is informed consent even possible
here? Can patients really understand, say, transference or regression before they experience them,
and is it too late once they have? Is informed consent therapeutic or countertherapeutic? Can a
“process view” of informed consent make sense here?
Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical
literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055-1085.
Sapolsky, R. M. (1990, January). Stress in the wild. Scientific American, 262(1), 116-123.
Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D. holds a doctoral degree in neuroendocrinology. He is a professor
of biology, neurology, and neurosurgery at Stanford University.
Sapolsky, R. M. (1994). Why zebras don’t get ulcers. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
This book’s second edition was published in 1998 and third edition was published in
2004. Dr. Sapolsky proposes that for animals such as zebras, stress is generally episodic
(e.g., running away from a lion), whereas for humans, stress is often chronic (e.g.,
worrying about losing a job). For this reason, proposes Sapolsky, many wild animals are
less susceptible than humans to stress-related disorders such as ulcers, hypertension,
decreased neurogenesis, and increased hippocampal neuronal atrophy. Based on
Sapolsky’s research with baboons, chronic stress for some social primates who are in the
lower level of the social dominance hierarchy.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2002). A primate’s memoir. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Sarkar, S. (2018, June 19). ‘Gaming disorder’ Classified as a mental health condition, but is the
move premature? https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/19/17475632/video-game-addiction-
gaming-disorder-who-icd-11
Key words: Gaming disorder
Sauter, M. B., Stebbins, S., & Frohlich, T. C. (2016, September 27). The most dangerous cities in
America. 24/7 Wall St. http://247wallst.com
Schreier, H. A., & Libow, J. A. (1993). Hurting for love: Munchausen by proxy syndrome. New
York, NY: Guilford Press.
Schmidt, J., Lu, T., Boyle, T., & Vedantam, S. (2018). When everything clicks: The power of
judgment-free learning [Podcast]. https://www.npr.org/2018/06/04/616127481/when-
everything-clicks-the-power-of-judgment-free-learning
Shankar Vedantam, journalist and science correspondent for NPR, narrates a podcast
describing the history of operant conditioning, including brief excerpts from interviews
with animal behavioral trainer and clicker trainer, Karen Pryor, and voice-recordings
from Harvard Psychology Professor and behaviorist, B. F. Skinner. The podcast also
includes an interview with Border collie enthusiast and orthopedic surgeon Martin Levy,
M.D. on how he uses operant conditioning with the clicker to teach Frisbee throwing and
surgical techniques to incoming surgical residents at a teaching hospital in New York.
Schnall, E., Kalkstein, S., Gottesman, A., Feinberg, K., Schaeffer, C. B., Feinberg, S. S. (2014,
July). Barriers to mental health care: A 25-year follow-up study of the Orthodox Jewish
community. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 42(3), 161-173.
Shneidman, E. S. (1996). The suicidal mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Edwin Schneidman, Ph.D. is Professor of Thanatology Emeritus at the University of
California at Los Angeles School of Medicine. He is the founder of the American
Association of Suicidology. In this book, he presents a bold and simple premise: the main
cause of suicide is psychological pain or “psychache.” He offers this advice, “Reduce the
pain; remove the blinders; lighten the pressure—all three, even just a little bit” (p. 139).
Schofield, William. (1964). Psychotherapy: The purchase of friendship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
YAVIS is an acronym introduced by University of Minnesota professor William
Schofield, Ph.D., who claimed to have demonstrated that mental health professionals
often have a positive bias towards clients exhibiting these traits. In other words,
individuals with these characteristics are assumed to represent a psychotherapist’s “ideal
patient.” Schofield explained that such a bias may, in turn, predispose the psychotherapist
to work harder to help these clients. Such an inclination, although presumed to be mostly
unconscious, was thought to be driven by an expectation that clients with such traits
would be motivated to work harder in psychotherapy, thereby increasing the therapist’s
hope that the treatment would be effective. Furthermore, this process would work to
enhance the therapist’s experience of himself or herself as competent, which may help
explain why YAVIS clients are unconsciously seen as more desirable.
Schönenberg, M., Wiedemann, E., Schneidt, A., Scheef, J., Logemann, A., Keune, P. M., &
Hautinger, M. (2017, September). Neurofeedback, sham neurofeedback, and cognitive-
behavioural group therapy in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A triple-
blind, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(9), 673-684.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30291-2
The authors examined the efficacy (compared with sham neurofeedback) and efficiency
(compared with meta-cognitive therapy) of a standard EEG neurofeedback protocol in
adults with ADHD. The findings suggest that neurofeedback training is not superior to a
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 94
Psychopathology Course Resources
sham condition or group psychotherapy. All three treatments were equivalently effective
in reducing ADHD symptoms. This first randomized, sham-controlled trial did not show
any specific effects of neurofeedback on ADHD symptoms in adults.
Schafer, J., & Karlins, M. (2015). The like switch: An ex-FBI agent’s guide to influencing,
attracting, and winning people over. New York, NY: Atria Paperback, An imprint of
Simon & Schuster.
Key words: Charm, charisma, body language, affective presence
Co-author Jack Schafer, Ph.D. is a psychologist, retired FBI special agent, and self-styled
“likeability coach” who describes techniques that can improve one’s Likeability Quotient (LQ).
As a Special Agent for the FBI’s National Security Division’s Behavioral Analysis Program, Dr.
Schafer developed strategies for profiling terrorists and detecting deception. As he discloses in
the introduction of his book, “I can do this because it turns out that the same social skills I
developed to befriend and recruit spies are equally effective in developing successful friendships
at home, at work, or anywhere else that personal interactions take place (Schafer, 2015, p. xi).
Schafer maintains that there are three major things we do (when we approach someone) that
signal we are not a threat to the other person: (1) an eyebrow flash—a quick up and down
movement of the eyebrow that lasts about a sixth of a second—(2) a slight head tilt, and (3) a
smile. Schafer describes four nonverbal “friend signals” such as (1) increasing eye contact, (2)
raising one’s eyebrows, (3) tilting one’s head, and (4) jutting out one’s chin. Schafer provides a
friendship formula: friendship = proximity + frequency + duration + intensity. Proximity is
defines the distance between you and another person and your exposure to that person over time.
Frequency is the number of contacts you have with another person over time. Duration is the
length of time you spend with another person over time. Intensity is how strongly you are able to
satisfy another person’s psychological and/or physical needs through the use of verbal and
nonverbal behaviors.
Schenk, P. W. (2002). Great ways to sabotage a good conversation. Tucker, GA: Author.
Schoenenberg, K., Raake, A., & Koeppe, J. (2014, May). Why are you so slow? – Misattribution
of transmission delay to attributes of the conversation partner at the far-end. International
Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 72(5), 477-487.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.02.004
Keywords: Zoom fatigue
This study addresses the question of how transmission delay affects user perception
during speech communication over telephone systems. It aims to show that the
occurrence of pure delay should not be neglected when planning a telephone or
conferencing system even if no impact on the perceived quality of the call can be found.
It is, for instance, known that, the communication surface structure changes dramatically
when transmission delay is inserted by the communication system. Even delays of 1.2
seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused. With high
delays, interlocutors (i.e., people who take part in a dialogue or conversation) are
perceived less attentive, extraverted, and conscientious.
Schwitzer, A. M., & Choate, L. H. (2007). ollege student needs and counseling responses.
Journal of College Counseling, 10(1), 3-5.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of
Experimental Psychology,74,1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024514
Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). Learned optimism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016, July). Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from
neuroscience. Psychological Review, 123(4), 349–367. doi: 10.1037/rev0000033
Selvaggi, G., Dhejne, C., Landen, M., & Elander, A. (2012, May 14). The 2011 WPATH
standards of care and penile reconstruction in female-to-male transsexual individuals.
Advances in Urology, 2012 (2012). Article ID 581712. Doi: 10.1155/2012/581712.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359659/
Semrad, E. (1967). The operation of ego defenses in object loss. In D. M. Moriarity (Ed.), The
Loss of Loved Ones. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Key words: Defensive Functioning Scale (DFS)
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 96
Psychopathology Course Resources
Sersen, J. S. (2014, December 15). The trouble with teaching rape law.
https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/trouble-teaching-rape-law
Shakow, D. (1938). An interneship [sic] year for psychologists (with special reference to
psychiatric hospitals). Journal of Consulting Psychology, 2(3), 73–76.
doi:10.1037/h0055488
David Shakow, Ph.D., who proposed the scientist-practitioner model of training that
eventually became known as the Boulder mode, proposed a system clinical training for
psychologists similar to the model used for medical students. The model included an
internship year, particularly at a psychiatric hospital, that would serve several purposes:
(1) competence in the use of acquired techniques, (2) saturation of the student with
experience in the practical aspects of psychopathology, (3) the development of the
experimental-objective attitude, and (4) acquaintance with the thinking and attitudes of
colleagues, such as psychiatrists and social workers.
Shakow, D. (1942). The training of the clinical psychologist. Journal of Consulting Psychology,
6(6), 277–288. doi:10.1037/h0059917
Originating from his 1941 American Association for Applied Psychology Report,
Shakow advocates for the emerging profession of clinical psychologists to have a breadth
of training in order to be competent to perform diagnosis, research, and therapy. His
article presents details of the undergraduate and graduate educational programs, including
a didactic analysis and an internship. The clinical psychologist, according to Shakow,
“besides meeting certain basic personality requirements and having a breadth of
educational background” should be competent to perform diagnosis, research, and
therapy (p. 277). In this article, Shakow describes the undergraduate and graduate
educational programs for the training of clinical psychologists. He recommends a
“didactic” analysis and clinical internship.
Shakow, D. (1978). Clinical psychology seen some 50 years later. American Psychologist, 33(2),
148–158. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.33.2.148.
Shapiro, D. S. (2002). Renewing the scientist-practitioner model. The Psychologist, 15(5), 232-
234.
[This periodical is published by with The British Psychological Society, and is not meant
to be confused with the American Psychologist, which is published by the American
Psychological Association].
David S. Shapiro, Ph.D. reviews the core tenets of the contemporary scientist-practitioner
model (i.e., the current Boulder model): (1) giving psychological assessment, testing, and
intervention in accordance with scientifically based protocols, (2) accessing and
integrating scientific findings to make informed healthcare decisions for patients, (3)
questioning and testing hypotheses that are relevant to current healthcare, (4), building
and maintaining effective cross-disciplinary relationships with professionals in other
fields, (5), research-based training and support to other health professions in the process
of providing psychological care, and (6) contributing to practice-based research and
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 97
Psychopathology Course Resources
development to improve the quality of health care. For a review of the origin of the
scientist-practitioner model (i.e., the Boulder model), see Baker and Benjamin (2000).
Shneidman, E. S. (1996). The suicidal mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Silver, E., Cirincione, C., & Steadman, H. J. (1994). Demythologizing inaccurate perceptions of
the insanity defense, Law and Human Behavior, 18, 63-70.
The public’s perception that the insanity defense is used in 37% of all felony cases is a
gross overestimate, because the actual figure is 1%. Prior to the Hinckley case (1982), the
insanity defense had been used in less than 2% of all felony cases in the U.S. and was
unsuccessful in almost 75% of those tried.
Skelly, M. K., Wattengel, B. A., Starr, K. E., Sellick, J. A., Jr, & Mergenhagen, K. A. (2019,
November 29). Psychiatric adverse effects of antibiotics. Psychiatric Times.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/special-reports/psychiatric-adverse-effects-antibiotics
Skinner, B. F. (1935). Two types of conditoned reflex and a pseudo-type. Journal of General
Psychology, 12, 66-77.
The author discusses Type 1 and Type 2 conditioning.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York, NY:
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Sklar, J. (2020, April 24). ‘Zoom fatigue’ is taxing the brain: Here’s why that happens. National
Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/coronavirus-zoom-
fatigue-is-taxing-the-brain-here-is-why-that-happens/
Sloat, S. (2016, December, 6). Evolution made really smart people long to be loners. Inverse.
https://www.inverse.com/article/24819-intelligent-people-friendships-satisfaction-
savanna-theory
Sarah Sloat, a writer based in Brooklyn, provides a summary of Li and Kanazawa’s
(2016) paper in which the authors provide a theory of why highly intelligent people
experience lower life satisfaction when they socialize with friends more frequently.
Smith, A. (2020, October 5). FBI background checks for gun sales have hit an annual record
already, fueled by Covid-10. Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/aaronsmith/2020/10/05/fbi-background-checks-for-gun-
sales-have-hit-an-annual-record-already-fueled-by-covid-19/?sh=19d01bc15360
Key words: Trigger effect, Weapons effect
Aaron Smith is a Forbes contributing reporter who covers the firearms industry, including
sales, FBI background checks, manufacturers, politics, the NRA, types of firearms, gun
control laws, and legislation. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation (2020).
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 98
Psychopathology Course Resources
Smith, S., Robinson, L., & Segal, J. (2018, March). Preventing Alzheimer’s disease. HelpGuide.
https://www.helpguide.org/articles/alzheimers-dementia-aging/preventing-alzheimers-
disease.htm
The authors discuss six pillars of prevention of dementia: (1) regular exercise, (2) social
engagement, (3) healthy diet, (4) mental stimulation, (5) quality sleep, and (6) stress
management. The authors also discuss some supplements that may help prevent
dementia. Folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin D, magnesium, and fish oil may help to
preserve brain health. Studies of vitamin E, ginkgo biloba, coenzyme Q10, and turmeric
have yielded less conclusive results, but may also be beneficial in preventing or delaying
Alzheimer’s and dementia symptoms.
Smith, Z. (2016, January 29). I was 35 when I discovered I’m on the autism spectrum: Here’s
how it changed my life. Get Pocket. https://getpocket.com/explore/item/i-was-35-when-i-
discovered-i-m-on-the-autism-spectrum-here-s-how-it-changed-my-life-1177955032
Smith-Christopher, D. L. (1996). Daniel. In The New Interpreter’s Bible (Vol. VII; pp. 17-156).
Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press.
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
In his analysis of history’s most famous sufferer of boanthropy (i.e., the delusional belief
and corresponding behaviors that one is a bovine animal such as an ox or cow) may have
been Nebuchadnezzar II, who in the Book of Daniel “was driven from men, and did eat
grass as oxen” (Daniel 4:33), Daniel Smith-Christopher (1996) provides a caution:
“Although to see in this some form of recognizable mental illness (e.g., lycanthropy)
push the sense of the story beyond the more common motifs of reversal of fortune and the
bringing down of the proud” (p. 74).
Snowden, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., & Markesbery,
W. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer’s disease
in late life: Findings from the nun study. Journal of the American Medical Association,
275(7), 528-532.
Sommers-Flanagan, J. (2018). Conversations about suicide: Strategies for detecting suicide risk.
Journal of Health Service Psychology, 44, 33-45.
Spitzer, R. L., & Robins, E. (1978). Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 35(6), 773-782.
Spitzer, R. L., Forman, J. B. W., & Nee, J. (1979). Initial interrater diagnostic reliability.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 815-817.
Stanford, M. S. (2008). Grace for the afflicted. Downers Grive, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Key words: boanthropy, cow, lycanthropy, wolf, zoanthropy
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 99
Psychopathology Course Resources
Matthew S. Stanford describes examples of how boanthropy “still occurs today when a
person, in a delusional state, believes themselves to be an ox or cow...and attempts to live
and behave accordingly” (pp. 122-123).
St. Clare, T., Menzies, R. G., & Jones, M. K. (2008). Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT)
for obsessive compulsive washers: A comprehensive guide to treatment (General
Edition). Samford Valley, Queensland: Australian Academic Press.
DIRT is an evidence-based treatment program designed to specifically reduce
expectancies of danger or threat in OCD washers. Unlike many traditional OCD
treatments, DIRT is based on the rationale that the therapist should provide as much
factual information as possible to decrease the expectancy of illness or disease and thus
reduce the high dropout rate seen in conventional OCD exposure and response prevention
programs.
Stanciu, C. N. (2020, January 15). An overview of cannabis use in pregnancy. Psychiatric Times.
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/substance-use-disorder/overview-cannabis-use-
pregnancy?elq_mid=10445&elq_cid=860775
Psychiatrist Cornel N. Stanciu, M.D., M.R.O., provides a brief summary, supported by
citations from peer-reviewed publications, of some of the effects of cannabis:
Consumption of cannabis during pregnancy results in cannabinoid placental crossing and
accumulation in the fetal brain, and other organs, where it interferes with
neurodevelopment and the endocannabinoid system. Use during the postnatal period can
also lead to secretion in breast milk for extended periods (up to a week) after last use.
From retrospective studies, cannabis ingestion has been associated with anemia in the
mothers as well as low birth weights, greater risk of preterm and stillbirths, as well as
increased need for neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Although there is no
phenotypic syndrome and no overt birth defects, a review of two longitudinal studies
indicates the majority of the teratogenicity translates later in life, beyond the infant
developmental stage. Children born to mothers who used during pregnancy have higher
rates of impulsivity, delinquency, learning and memory impairment, as well as executive
function deficits. There is also an increased association with psychosis proneness during
middle childhood. Dr. Stanciu points out that in 2018, the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) released guidelines advising physicians to
screen for cannabis use in pregnant and breastfeeding women and encourage them to quit.
Stasiewicz, P. R., Nochajski, T. H., & Homish, L. D. (2007). Assessment of alcohol use
disorders among court-mandated DWI offenders. Journal of Addictions and Offender
Counseling, 27(2), 102-112.
Stein, R. (2015, November 5). Powerful ‘gene drive’ can quickly change an entire species.. NPR.
https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/05/451216596/powerful-gene-drive-
can-quickly-change-an-entire-species
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 100
Psychopathology Course Resources
Biologist Ethan Bier, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, had a graduate student,
Valentino Gantz, who found a way to get brown fruit flies to produce blond-looking
offspring most of the time. Gantz demonstrated a new technique that could create this
effect, known as gene drive, almost every time. Gene drive refers to a sequence of DNA
that can cause a mutation to be inherited by the offspring of an organism with nearly 100
percent efficiency, regardless of whether it’s beneficial for that organism’s survival. By
combining it with new genetic editing techniques such as CRISPR, scientists are able to
drive changes they make quickly through an entire species. In other words, this
technology makes the organisms that carry the gene have the specified characteristic, and
it also causes them to have all their offspring have the same characteristic.
Stein, R. (2019, February 20). Scientists release controversial genetically modified mosquitoes in
high-security lab. NPR.
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/02/20/693735499/scientists-release-
controversial-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-in-high-securit
Using CRISPR technology to engineer mosquitoes with a gene drive, entomologist Ruth
Müeller, Dr. rer. nat., and a team of researchers have launched a major new phase in the
testing of a controversial genetically modified organism: a mosquito designed to quickly
spread a genetic mutation lethal to its own species. The hope is that the technology will
help eliminate or reduce the Anopheles gambiae, the main species of mosquito that
spreads malaria, an infectious disease that affects probably two-thirds of the world’s
population. Critics and environmentalists warn that gene-drive organisms could spread
uncontrollably and cause unintended consequences, such as having a negative effect on
crops (e.g., by eliminating important pollinators) or causing a species’ population crash,
i.e., which could also lead to other mosquitoes coming with other diseases.
Stilo, S. A., Di Forti, M., & Murray, R. M. (2011). Environmental risk factors for schizophrenia:
Implications for prevention. Neuropsychiatry,1(5), 457–466.
Stokowski, L. A. (2018, February 3). Bipolar disorder and ADHD in children: Confusion and
comorbidity. Medscape. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/711223_4
Stromberg, J. (2015, April 23). Scientists agree: Coffee naps are better than coffee or naps alone.
Get Pocket. https://getpocket.com/explore/item/scientists-agree-coffee-naps-are-better-
than-coffee-or-naps-alone
This blog provides a short explanation of how a 20-minute coffee nap restores alertness
better than a short nap or a cup of coffee alone. A coffee nap helps clear adenosine from
the brain, without resulting in sleep inertia that is associated with a longer sleep period.
Stone, A. V. (2000). Fitness for duty: Principles, methods, and legal issues. Washington, DC:
CRC Press.
Stone, A. V. (2002). Evaluations and assessments for fitness for duty. Continuing education
workshop presented attended at the Midwinter Conference of the Georgia Psychological
Association, Renaissance Asheville, NC. January 19, 2002.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 101
Psychopathology Course Resources
Swaab, D. F., Chung, W. C. J., Kruijver, F. P. M., Hofman, M. A., & Ishunina, T.A. (2002).
Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus. Advances in Experimental Medicine
and Biology, 511, 75–105.
Sanson, M., Strange, D., & Garry, M. (2019, March 4). Trigger warnings are trivially helpful at
reducing negative affect, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance. Clinical Psychological
Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702619827018
Students are requesting and professors are issuing trigger warnings which are warnings
cautioning that some content of college course material may cause distress to students.
Trigger warnings are meant to alleviate distress of students who may otherwise
experience. However, multiple lines of research suggest trigger warnings could either
increase or decrease symptoms of distress. Mevagh Sanson, Deryn Strange, and Garry
Maryanne designed a study to assess whether or not trigger warnings are useful in
reducing distress. Across six experiments, the authors gave some college students and
Internet users a trigger warning but not others, exposed everyone to one of a variety of
negative materials, and then measured symptoms of distress. To better estimate trigger
warnings’ effects, the authors conducted mini meta-analyses on the data, revealing trigger
warnings had trivial effects. People reported similar levels of negative affect, intrusions,
and avoidance regardless of whether they had received a trigger warning. These patterns
were similar among people with a history of trauma. The authors conclude that these
results suggest a trigger warning is neither meaningfully helpful nor harmful.
Szasz, T. S. (1971). The sane slave. An historical note on the use of medical diagnosis as
justificatory rhetoric. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 25(2), 228-239.
Tang, Z., Wu, C., Li, X, Song, Y., Yao, X, Duan, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Qian, Z., Cui, J., &
Lu, J. (2020, March 3). On the origin and continuing education of SARS-CoV-2.
National Science Review, nwaa036. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
Key words: COVID-10, Coronavirus
The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic started in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has
since impacted a large portion of China and raised major global concern. Xiaolu Tang
and colleagues investigated the extent of molecular divergence between SARS-CoV-2
and other related coronaviruses. Although we found only 4% variability in genomic
nucleotides between SARS-CoV-2 and a bat SARS-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV;
RaTG13), the difference at neutral sites was 17%, suggesting the divergence between the
two viruses is much larger than previously estimated. The results suggest that the
development of new variations in functional sites in the receptor-binding domain (RBD)
of the spike seen in SARS-CoV-2 and viruses from pangolin SARSr-CoVs are likely
caused by mutations and natural selection besides recombination. Population genetic
analyses of 103 SARS-CoV-2 genomes indicated that these viruses evolved into two
major types (designated L and S), that are well defined by two different SNPs that show
nearly complete linkage across the viral strains sequenced to date. Although the L type
(∼70%) is more prevalent than the S type (∼30%), the S type was found to be the
ancestral version. Whereas the L type was more prevalent in the early stages of the
outbreak in Wuhan, the frequency of the L type decreased after early January 2020.
Human intervention may have placed more severe selective pressure on the L type, which
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 102
Psychopathology Course Resources
might be more aggressive and spread more quickly. On the other hand, the S type, which
is evolutionarily older and less aggressive, might have increased in relative frequency due
to relatively weaker selective pressure.
Tamaki, M., Bang, J. W., Watanabe, T., & Sasaki, Y., (2016, May 9). Night watch in one brain
hemisphere during sleep associated with the first-night effect in humans. Current
Biology, 26(9), 1190-1194.
Highlights: Interhemispheric asymmetry in sleep depth occurs for the first night in a new
place. This interhemispheric asymmetry occurs in the default-mode network. The less-
asleep hemisphere shows increased vigilance in response to deviant stimuli. One brain
hemisphere may work as a night watch during sleep in a novel environment.
Taylor, L. B. (2015, September 13). Three lenses (overview). Sophia’s Journal. Retrieved
September 13, 2015 from http://sophiasojourn.com/three-lenses-overview/
Telephone psychotherapy: Ensuring patients have access to effective care. (2020, April 2).
https://www.apaservices.org/practice/legal/technology/telephone-psychotherapy
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rapid transition where meetings, conferences and
psychological appointments are conducted virtually, by telephone, video and over the
web. Long before video teleconferencing was an option, psychologists and other health-
care providers connected with patients over the telephone and provided support and
intervention as needed. Years of research support the efficacy of providing psychological
interventions over the telephone. (See Varker, Brand, Ward, Terhaag, & Phelps, 2019).
Thibault, R. T., & Raz, A. (2017). The psychology of neurofeedback: Clinical intervention even
if applied placebo. American Psychologist, 72(7), 679-688.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000118
Key words: Brain mapping, neurofeedback
Abstract: Advocates of neurofeedback make bold claims concerning brain regulation,
treatment of disorders, and mental health. Decades of research and thousands of peer-
reviewed publications support neurofeedback using electroencephalography (EEG-nf);
yet, few experiments isolate the act of receiving feedback from a specific brain signal as a
necessary precursor to obtain the purported benefits. Moreover, while psychosocial
parameters including participant motivation and expectation, rather than neurobiological
substrates, seem to fuel clinical improvement across a wide range of disorders, for-profit
clinics continue to sprout across North America and Europe. Here, we highlight the
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 103
Psychopathology Course Resources
tenuous evidence supporting EEG-nf and sketch out the weaknesses of this approach. We
challenge classic arguments often articulated by proponents of EEG-nf and underscore
how psychologists and mental health professionals stand to benefit from studying the
ubiquitous placebo influences that likely drive these treatment outcomes.
Thigpen, C. H., & Cleckley, H. M. (1954). A case of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal
and Social Psychology, 49, 135-51.
Psychiatrists Corbett Thigpen, M.D. and Hervey Cleckley, M.D. wrote a class article on
multiple personality disorder, which is known by its contemporary name of dissociative
identity disorder.
Thigpen, C. H., & Cleckley, H. M. (1957). The three faces of Eve. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Augusta, Georgia Psychiatrists Corbett H. Thigpen, M.D. (1919-1999) and Hervey
Cleckley, M.D. (1903-1984) published this classic book about the multiple personalities
of “Eve” who was later identified as Christine “Chris” Costner Sizemore (1927-2016).
For much of the 1940s and 1950s, these two psychiatrists comprised the Departments of
Psychiatry and Neurology at the Medical College of Georgia while also maintaining their
private practice. They were pioneers in treatments that included coma therapy,
electroshock therapy (ECT), deep sleep therapy, and lobotomy.
Thomas, A. G., Jonason, J. K., Blackburn, J. D., Kennair, L. E. O., Lowe, R., Malouff, J.,
Stewart‐Williams, S., Sulikowski, D., & Li, N. P. (2019, September 8). Mate preference
priorities in the East and West: A cross‐cultural test of the mate preference priority
model. Personality. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12514
Thomas et al. (2019) asked 2,477 college students from Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia,
Norway, Singapore, and the United Kingdom to allocate points to eight attributes in a
potential partner: chastity, creativity, desire for children, humor, good financial prospects,
kindness, physical attractiveness, and religiosity. Eastern and Western participants
differed in their ranking for almost every trait, suggesting that culture influences
prioritization. Despite these differences, traits fundamental for the reproductive success
of each sex in the ancestral environment were prioritized by both Eastern and Western
participants. Overall, the most desired trait was kindness. After this trait, men favored
physical attractiveness, whereas women favored good financial prospects. The least
important characteristics across all countries were creativity, chastity, and religiosity.
Thomas, M. E. (2013). Confessions of a sociopath: A life spent hiding in plain sight. New York,
NY: Crown Publishers.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 104
Psychopathology Course Resources
Thorn. B. E. (2017). Cognitive therapy for chronic pain: A step-by-step approach (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Thorn. B.E. (2004). Cognitive therapy for chronic Pain: A step-by-step approach. New York,
NY: Guilford Publications.
Thorn, B. E. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Journal of Health Service
Psychology, 44, 25-32.
Thorndike, E. (1913). Educational psychology: The psychology of learning. New York, NY:
Teachers College Press.
Tierney, J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2019, December 31). The power of bad: How the negativity
effect rules us and how we can rule it. New York, NY: Penguin Press.
Science writer John Tierney and research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister discuss the
negativity effect, which they define as the tendency of people to respond more strongly to
negative events and emotions than to positive ones. Baumeister unexpectedly stumbled
upon this fundamental aspect of human nature. To find out why financial losses mattered
more to people than financial gains, Baumeister looked for situations in which good
events made a bigger impact than bad ones, yet his research team could not find any such
situations. Instead, they found that bad outcomes had a stronger impact than good ones.
The authors speculate that the human brain has a “negativity bias” that makes sense form
an evolutionary perspective because it kept our ancestors alert to fatal dangers. In
contemporary times, however, this bias toward negativity can distort our perspective in a
modern media environment. The steady barrage of bad news and crisis mongering makes
people feeling needlessly angry, fearful, and helpless. Tierney and Baumeister argue that
once this negativity bias is recognized, the rational brain can overcome the power of bad
when it’s harmful and employ that power when it’s beneficial. In reality, bad breaks and
bad feelings often create the most powerful incentives to become smarter and stronger.
Properly understood, it is as if bad outcomes can be put to good use in the future.
Tierney, J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2020, January 9). How negativity can kill a relationship. The
Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/01/negativity-can-ruin-
relationships/604597/?utm_source=pocket-newtab
Science writer John Tierney and research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister discuss how
successful marriages are often defined not by improvement but by avoiding decline
related to the negativity effect. This short article is taken from Tierney and Baumeister’s
(2019) book, The Power of Bad.
Tienari, P., Wynne, L. C., Moring, J., Nieminen, P., & Sorri, A., …Moring, J. (1994). The
Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia: Implications for family research. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 23(Suppl. 164), 20-26.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 105
Psychopathology Course Resources
Tippett, P. (2020, April 7). Saving your health, one mask at a time [Post]. LinkedIn.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/saving-your-health-one-mask-time-peter-tippett-md-
phd/?fbclid=IwAR2LFO8YfoBknfffkBC1688pCZsSMK5ScnwXVTmkWb72WfvfX2Rpr_5GE4
I
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
Peter Tippett, M.D., Ph.D. is an Internal Medicine-certified, Emergency Room physician with a
Ph.D. in Biochemistry. Dr. Tippett explains how personal protection from a virus like SARS-
CoV-2 (the formal name of the virus that causes CoV-2) works, how any given measure
individually lowers risk, how various countermeasures work together, and how some simple
guidelines can offer protection.
Todorov, A. (2017). Face value: The irresistible influence of first impressions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Key words: Charm, charisma, body language, affective presence
Princeton Professor Alexander Todorov, Ph.D. describes research that shows how people can
make judgements about someone’s likeability, trustworthiness and competence after seeing
someone’s face for less than a tenth of a second. Dr. Todorov’s own research suggests that, as a
face becomes happier in appearance, it is also perceived as being more trustworthy. People
typically perceive smiling faces as warmer, sociable, and more trustworthy.
Tolin, D. F., Stevens, M. C., Villavicencio, A. L., Norberg, M .M., Calhoun, V., Frost, R. O.,
Steketee, G., Raunch, S. L., & Pearlson, G. D. (2012). Neural mechanisms of decision
making in hoarding disorder. Achieves of General Psychiatry, 69(8), 832-841.
Torous, J. (2019, December 11). 7 trends in digital mental health in 2020. Psychiatric
Times.https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/telepsychiatry/7-trends-digital-mental-health-
2020?rememberme=1&elq_mid=10063&elq_cid=860775&GUID=D1247D8F-99A3-42AE-
AA11-04774AAE7EEA
John Torous, M.D., Digital Editor of Psychiatric Times, discusses some trends in digital
care. Among the more interesting trends discussed in his article, one is a graph showing
that, in most real world cases, most mental health apps are rarely opened for no more than
a few days after they are installed.
Torrey, E. F., & Dailey, L. (2017, November 15). Treating the sickest: Why does the U.S. lag
behind? Psychiatric Times, 34(11), 1.
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/treating-sickest-why-does-us-lag-
behind?GUID=D1247D8F-99A3-42AE-AA11-
04774AAE7EEA&rememberme=1&ts=28112017
Towers S., Mubayi, A., & Castillo-Chavez, C. (2018). Detecting the contagion effect in mass
killings: A constructive example of the statistical advantages of unbinned likelihood
methods. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196863
According to the a statistical analysis by the authors, the rate of mass shootings in the
U.S. has escalated to an average of one every 12.5 days, and one school shooting on
average every 31.6 days, compared to a pre-2000 level of about three events per year.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 106
Psychopathology Course Resources
Treatment Advocacy Center, Office of Research and Public Affairs. (2016). Figure 1.
Percentage of jail and prison inmates with serious mental illness. Arlington, VA: Author.
http://tacreports.nonprofitsoapbox.com/jail-study-figures
Tufekci, Z. (2012, December 19). The media needs to stop inspiring copycat murders: Here’s
how. The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/12/the-media-
needs-to-stop-inspiring-copycat-murders-heres-how/266439/
Zeynep Tufekci, Ph.D., a fellow at the Center for Information Technology Policy at
Princeton University and an assistant professor at the School of Information and
Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina, discusses the media
contagion effect. She offers four initial recommendations for stopping this contributor to
mass shootings: (1) Law enforcement should not release details of the methods and
manner of the killings, and those who learn those details should not share them. (2) If and
when social media accounts of the killers are located, law enforcement should work with
the platforms to immediately pull them. (3) The name of the killer should not be revealed
immediately. (4) The intense push to interview survivors and loved ones in their most
vulnerable moments should be stopped.
Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings.
Technical Report ASD-TR-61-97. Lackland Air Force Base, TX: Personnel Laboratory,
Air Force Systems Command.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2014). Global Study on Homicide 2013. New
York, NY: United Nations. ISBN 978-92-1-054205-0. Sales No. 14.IV.1.
https://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.
pdf
Between 2005 and 2012, the average homicide rate in the U.S. was 4.9 per 100,000 inhabitants
compared to the average rate globally, which was 6.2. However, the U.S. had much higher
murder rates compared to other countries identified in the report as “developed,” which all had
average homicide rates of 0.8 per 100,00. For example, in 2004, there were 5.5 homicides in the
U.S. for every 100,000 persons, which was almost three times higher as Canada (1.9) and six
times as high as Germany and Italy (0.9).
United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2012,
November). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental
Health Findings. Page 26.
http://archive.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k11MH_FindingsandDetTables/2K11MHFR/N
SDUHmhfr2011.pdf
As the Nation comes together to slow the spread of COVID-19, on March 16th, the
President issued updated Coronavirus Guidance for America. This guidance states that:
“If you work in a critical infrastructure industry, as defined by the Department of
Homeland Security, such as healthcare services and pharmaceutical and food supply,
you have a special responsibility to maintain your normal work schedule.” Under
Healthcare/Public Health, the following are listed on page 3: “Caregivers (e.g.,
physicians, dentists, psychologists, mid-level practitioners, nurses and assistants,
infection control and quality assurance personnel, pharmacists, physical and occupational
therapists and assistants, social workers, speech pathologists and diagnostic and
therapeutic technicians and technologists).” See also Krebs (2020).
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Criminal
Services Division. (2015). Crime in the United States, 2014. Table 8. Murder Victims by
Weapon: 2010-2014. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-
2014/tables/expanded-homicide-
data/expanded_homicide_data_table_8_murder_victims_by_weapon_2010-2014.xls
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Criminal
Services Division. (2018, Fall). January-June Preliminary Semiannual Uniform Crime
Report: 2018 Crime in the United States. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-
u.s/2018/preliminary-report
Based on preliminary analysis of data for 2018, murder rates for a few U.S. cities are as
follows (listed in ascending order): Boston (26), Atlanta (42), New Orleans (90),
Baltimore (135), Los Angeles (133), New York (148), Chicago (253). For comparison
purposes, urban areas generally have higher rates that rural and suburban areas in the
U.S. The overall U.S. homicide rate appears to fluctuate between 4.7 and 5.3 per 100,000
people over the past 10 years or so.
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Criminal
Services Division. (2018, Fall). January-June Preliminary Semiannual Uniform Crime
Report: 2018 Crime in the United States. Table 4: January to June 2017–2018 Offenses
Reported to Law Enforcement by State by City 100,000 and over in population, Colorado
through Hawaii. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/preliminary-report/tables/table-
4/state-cuts/table-4-colorado-through-hawaii.xls
United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (2016, March 4). PTSD: National Center for
PTSD. http://www.ptsd.va.gov/
VanDercar, A., & Resnick, P. J. (2020, September 30). Tips for testifying in court. Psychiatric
Times, 37(9), 26-27. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/tips-for-testifying-in-court
Key words: Court, expert witness, forensic, testimony, subpoena
Ashley VanDercar, M.D., J.D. and Phillip J. Resnick, M.D. discuss strategies to help
clinicians remain calm under pressure, to be clear and concise in their testimony, and to
know what is expected in courtroom battles.
Varker, T., Brand, R. M., Ward, J., Terhaag, S., & Phelps A. (2019, November). Efficacy of
synchronous telepsychology interventions for people with anxiety, depression,
posttraumatic stress disorder, and adjustment disorder: A rapid evidence assessment.
Psychological Services, 16(4), 621-635. doi: 10.1037/ser0000239. Epub 2018 May 28.
Abstract summary: The goal of this study was to assess evidence for synchronous
telepsychology interventions for four common mental health conditions (depression,
anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adjustment disorder). Randomized controlled
trials published between 2005 and 2016 that investigated synchronous telepsychology
(i.e., telephone delivered, video teleconference delivered, or Internet delivered text based)
were identified through literature searches. From an initial yield of 2,266 studies, 24 were
included in the review. Ten studies investigated the effectiveness of telephone-delivered
interventions, 11 investigated the effectiveness of video teleconference (VTC)
interventions, 2 investigated Internet-delivered text-based interventions, and 2 were
reviews of multiple telepsychology modalities. The authors concluded that there was
sufficient evidence to support VTC and telephone-delivered interventions for mental
health conditions. The evidence for synchronous Internet-delivered text-based
interventions was ranked as “unknown.” Telephone-delivered and VTC-delivered
psychological interventions provide a mode of treatment delivery that can potentially
overcome barriers and increase access to psychological interventions.
Velligan, D. I., Alphs, L. D. (2018, June 7). 5 Domains of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Psychiatric Times. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/5-domains-negative-
symptoms-schizophrenia?rememberme=1&elq_mid=1798&elq_cid=860775
Vontress, C. E. (1980). Problems in counseling older minorities. Counseling and Values, 24(2),
118-126.
van der Kolk, B.A., & D’Andrea, W. (2010). Towards a developmental trauma disorder
diagnosis for childhood interpersonal trauma. In R. Lanius, E.Vermetten, & C. Pain
(Eds). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic.
London: Cambridge University Press.
van der Miesen, A., & de Vries, A. (2019, December). Special issues in treating adolescents with
gender dysphoria. Psychiatric Times, 36(12), 15-16.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 109
Psychopathology Course Resources
van Doremalen, N., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A.,
Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., de Wit, E., & Munster,
V. J. (2020, April 16). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with
SARS-CoV-1. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1564-1567. DOI:
10.1056/NEJMc2004973
Article published online March 17, 2020. Downloadable PDF available at the link below:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2004973?articleTools=true
Key words: COVID-19, Coronavirus
This study was conducted by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases'
Laboratory of Virology in the Division of Intramural Research in Hamilton, Montana.
The researchers used a nebulizer to blow coronaviruses into the air. There were of 10
experimental conditions involving two viruses (SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1) in five
environmental conditions (aerosols, plastic, stainless steel, copper, and cardboard).
SARS-CoV-2 remained viable in aerosols for approximately 3 hours. SARS-CoV-2 was
more stable on plastic and stainless steel than on copper and cardboard, and viable virus
was detected up to 72 hours after application to these surfaces. On copper, no viable
SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 4 hours and no viable SARS-CoV-1 was measured
after 8 hours. On cardboard, no viable SARS-CoV-2 was measured after 24 hours and no
viable SARS-CoV-1 was measured after 8 hours.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T.
E., Jr. (2010, April). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2),
575-600.
Vontress, C. E., Woodland, C. E., & Epp, L. (2007). Cultural dysthymia: An unrecognized
disorder among African Americans? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and
Development, 35(3)130-141.
Wagner, P., & Sawyer, W. (2018, June). States of incarceration: The global context 2018.
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global/2018.html
Wall, P. D. (1978). The gate control theory of pain mechanisms. A re-examination and re-
statement. Brain, 101(1), 1-18.
Walmsley, R. (2014, November). World prison population list (11th ed.). Bloomsbury, London:
Institute for Criminal Policy Research. http://www.prisonstudies.org/
Watson, J. D. (1968). The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of
DNA. New York, NY: Atheneum.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 110
Psychopathology Course Resources
Wang, E. W. (2019). The collected schizophrenias: Essays. Minneapolis, MN: Graywolf Press.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 3(1), 1-14.
Weintraub, K. (2011, November 2). The prevalence puzzle: Autism counts. Nature, 479, 22-24.
doi:10.1038/479022a Available: https://www.nature.com/articles/479022a
Weiss, H. (2019, June 17). Dogs’ eyes have changed since humans befriended them: Two
specialized muscles give them a range of expression that wolves’ eyes lack.
https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/06/domestication-gave-dogs-two-new-
eye-muscles/591868/?utm_source=pocket-newtab
Science correspondent for The Atlantic, Haley Weiss provides a summary of research
conducted by a team at the University of Portsmouth’s Dog Cognition Centre in the
United Kingdom. The researchers (i.e., Kaminski et al., 2019) looked at two muscles that
work together to widen and open a dog’s eyes, causing them to appear bigger, droopier,
and objectively cuter. The retractor anguli oculi lateralis (RAOL)muscle and the levator
anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) muscle form two short, straight lines, which connect the
ring of muscle around a dog’s eye to either end of the brow above.
Wen, T. (2917, June 27). The tricks to make yourself effortlessly charming. BBC Worklife.
https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170627-the-tricks-to-make-yourself-effortlessly-
charming
Key words: Charm, charisma, body language, affective presence
Citing some of the research that led to Princeton Professor Alexander Todorov’s (2017) book,
Face Value, BBC journalist Tiffanie Wen describes a few evidence-based strategies that can be
useful for those who wish to act with more charm. Some of these ideas include putting on a happy
face, raising your eyebrows, finding a common ground, watching the other person’s body
language, and so forth. Wen also draws from the ideas of Olivia Fox Cabane, in whose book The
Charisma Myth, the so-called “charisma myth” is replaced with the idea that charisma and charm
can be broken down into component behavioral expressions that can be learned. Wen summarizes
some key points found in the book The Like Switch, whose co-author, Jack Schafer, Ph.D. is a
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 111
Psychopathology Course Resources
psychologist and retired FBI special agent, Schafer (2015) maintains that the three major things
we do when we approach somebody that signal we are not a threat are: an eyebrow flash - a quick
up and down movement of the eyebrow that lasts about a sixth of a second - a slight head tilt, and
a smile.
Westreich, L. (2019, February 21). Coaching families to address addiction. Psychiatric Times,
36(2). https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/addiction/coaching-families-address-addiction
Weuve, J., Hebert, L., Scherr, P., & Evans, D. (2015). Prevalence of Alzheimer disease in U.S.
states. Epidemiology, 26, e4-e6.
Wilkinson, T. (2007). The Vatican’s Exorcists. New York, NY: Warner Books.
Williams, J. G., Higgins, J. P., & Brayne, C. E. (2000, August 15). Systematic review of
prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders. Achieves of Disease in Childhood,
91(1), 8-15.
Wolf, M. (2018). Fire and fury. Inside the Trump White House. New York, NY: Henry Holt &
Company.
Wolpe, J. (1964). The conditioning therapies: The challenge in psychotherapy. New York, NY:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Wolpe, J. (1969). The practice of behavior therapy. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
World Health Organization. (1948). International classification of diseases and related health
problems (6th rev.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
World Health Organization. (1955). International classification of diseases and related health
problems (7th rev.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
World Health Organization. (1965). International classification of diseases and related health
problems (8th rev.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
World Health Organization. (1979). International classification of diseases and related health
problems (9th rev.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
World Health Organization. (1992a). International classification of diseases and related health
problems (10th rev.). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 112
Psychopathology Course Resources
World Health Organization. (1992b). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural
disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf
World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural
disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/GRNBOOK.pdf
World Health Organization. (2010). ICD-10: Version 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#V
World Health Organization. (2016). International classification of diseases, 11th revision, for
mortality and morbidity statistics (ICD-11-MMS). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/f/en
World Health Organization. (2020, February 28). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Geneva: Author.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-
19-final-report.pdf
Key words: COVID-10, Coronavirus
See also report of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020).
World Professional Association for Transgender Health. (2011, September 25). Standards of care
for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people (7th version).
http://www.wpath.org/
Xu, J. Q., Murphy, S. L., Kochanek, K. D., Arias, E. (2020, January). Mortality in the United
States, 2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 355. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health
Statistics.
Jiaquan Xu, M.D., Sherry L. Murphy, B.S., Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., and Elizabeth
Arias, Ph.D. are the authors of NCHS Data Brief No. 355, January 2020, which contains
Data from the National Vital Statistics System. Here is a summary of the findings: Life
expectancy for the U.S. population in 2018 was 78.7 years, an increase of 0.1 year from
2017. The age-adjusted death rate decreased by 1.1% from 731.9 deaths per 100,000
standard population in 2017 to 723.6 in 2018. The 10 leading causes of death in 2018
remained the same as in 2017. From 2017 to 2018, age-adjusted death rates decreased for
6 of 10 leading causes of death and increased for 2. Age-specific death rates decreased
from 2017 to 2018 for age groups 15–24, 25–34, 45–54, 65–74, 75–84, and 85 and over.
The infant mortality rate decreased 2.3% from 579.3 infant deaths per 100,000 live births
in 2017 to 566.2 in 2018. The 10 leading causes of infant death in 2018 remained the same
as in 2017.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 113
Psychopathology Course Resources
Yufit, R. I. (1988). Manual of procedures: Assessing suicide potential: suicide assessment team.
Unpublished manual. In Bongar, B. (1992) Suicide: Guidelines for Assessment,
Management and Treatment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Page 155.
Zadra, A., Desautels, A., Petit, D., & Montplaisir, J. (2013). Somnambulism: Clinical aspects
and pathophysiological hypotheses. The Lancet Neurology, 12(3), 285-294.
Zhou, J. N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J. G, & Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the
human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature, 378(6552), 68-70.
Zisook, S., & Shear, K. (2009, June). Grief and bereavement: What psychiatrists need to know,
World Psychiatry, 8(2): 67–74.
The authors define and differentiate the terms bereavement, grief, and mourning, as well
as among the terms uncomplicated grief, complicated grief, and grief-related major
depression.
Zmigrod, L., Rentfrow, P. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2019). The partisan mind: Is extreme political
partisanship related to cognitive inflexibility? Journal of Experimental Psychology:
General. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000661
The rise of partisan animosity, ideological polarization, and political dogmatism has
reignited important questions about the relationship between psychological rigidity and
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 114
Psychopathology Course Resources
political partisanship. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed: One hypothesis
argues that mental rigidity is related to a conservative political orientation, whereas the
other hypothesis suggests that mental rigidity reflects partisan extremity across the
political spectrum. In a sample of 743 U.S. citizens, partisan extremity was related to
lower levels of cognitive flexibility, regardless of political orientation, across three
independent assessments of cognitive flexibility. Zmigrod et al. found that participants
who were extremely attached to either the Democratic Party or the Republican Party
displayed greater mental rigidity on the cognitive tests than those who were moderately
or weakly attached to a political party. The research team also found that self-described
Independents displayed greater cognitive flexibility than Democrats and Republicans
who were extremely attached to their respective party. The authors suggest that the
rigidity with which individuals process and respond to nonpolitical information may be
related to the extremity of their partisan identities.
Zorrilla I., Aguado, J., Haro, J. M., Barbeito, S., López Zurbano, S., Ortiz, A., López, P., &
Gonzalez-Pinto. A. (2015, February). Cannabis and bipolar disorder: Does quitting
cannabis use during manic/mixed episode improve clinical/functional outcomes? Acta
Psychiatica Scandinavica, 131(2), 100-110. doi: 10.1111/acps.12366. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
The purposes of this study was to examine whether bipolar disorder patients who stop
cannabis use during a manic/mixed episode have better clinical and functional outcomes
than continued use or never use. The three cannabis use groups were (1) current use
(between 12-week and 24-month visits), (2) no current but previous use (during first 12
weeks), and (3) never use. Of 1,922 patients analyzed, 6.9% were current users, 4.6%
previous users, and 88.5% never users. Previous users had highest rates of remission
(68.1%) and recovery (38.7%), and lowest rates of recurrence (42.1%) and relapse
(29.8%). Previous users had similar outcomes to never users, whereas current users had
lower recovery, lower remission, higher recurrence, greater work impairment, and were
more likely not to be living with partner than never users. The authors concluded that
bipolar patients who stop using cannabis during manic/mixed episode have similar clinical
and functional outcomes to never users, while continued use is associated with higher risk
of recurrence and poorer functioning.
William F. Doverspike, PhD, ABPP 115
Psychopathology Course Resources
The reference entry correct citation styles for this document are illustrated below. Students
should defer to the style preferences of their individual course instructors to determine
whether the course instructor has preferences that are more specific than those shown
below:
Doverspike, William, “Psychopathology Class Resource List: Bibliography,” July 04, 2018.
http://drwilliamdoverspike.com/
Note: According to the Chicago Manual of Style, blog posts are typically not included in
bibliographies, but can be cited in the running text and/or notes. However, if a blog is cited
frequently, you may include it in the bibliography.
Note: MLA guidelines assume that readers can track down most online sources by entering the
author, title, or other identifying information in a search engine or a database.
Consequently, MLA does not require a URL in citations for online sources such as
websites. However, some instructors still ask for it, so check with your instructor to
determine his or her preference.